CN114382578A - 用于控制内燃机的废气的氢气含量的控制设备 - Google Patents

用于控制内燃机的废气的氢气含量的控制设备 Download PDF

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CN114382578A
CN114382578A CN202111214517.7A CN202111214517A CN114382578A CN 114382578 A CN114382578 A CN 114382578A CN 202111214517 A CN202111214517 A CN 202111214517A CN 114382578 A CN114382578 A CN 114382578A
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exhaust gas
combustion engine
internal combustion
control device
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伯恩哈德·吕尔斯
马库斯·埃尔利
林兹·梅内-罗布
卢卡斯·菲尔尼希
亚历山大·博贝里奇
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Fev Group Co ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于动力总成的控制设备，所述动力总成包括内燃机和废气后处理系统，所述控制设备用于控制内燃机，使得调整废气的氢气含量。根据本发明的用于动力总成(2)的控制设备(1)，所述动力总成包括内燃机(3)和废气后处理系统(4)，其中内燃机(3)构成为氢气发动机并且废气后处理系统(4)包括第一DeNOx系统(5)，所述控制设备构成和设立用于执行如下步骤：‑检测(S10)第一DeNOx系统(5)上游或下游的废气的组分的含量并且‑控制(S40)内燃机(3)，使得基于检测(S10)到的含量调整废气的H2含量。

Description

用于控制内燃机的废气的氢气含量的控制设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于包括内燃机的动力总成的控制设备，所述控制设备用于控制内燃机，使得调整废气的氢气含量。
背景技术
从DE 10 2007 021 827 A1中已知一种用于氢气发动机的废气清洁系统，其中基于在废气清洁系统的催化器上游的废气元件的探测将氢气导入所述废气中，以便改进废气元件的清洁。
发明内容
根据本发明的用于包括内燃机和废气后处理系统的动力总成的控制设备，其中内燃机构成为氢气发动机并且废气后处理系统包括第一DeNOx系统，所述控制设备构成和设置用于执行如下步骤：
-检测第一DeNOx系统上游或下游的废气的组分的含量，并且
-控制内燃机，使得基于检测到的含量调整废气的氢气(H2)含量。
控制设备控制内燃机使得基于检测到的含量调整废气的H2含量，通过这种方式，本发明实现：能够为通过第一DeNOx系统所进行的废气清洁提供所需的H2含量。这具有如下优点：能够调整废气的H2含量，而不需要附加的计量装置以在第一DeNOx系统上游提供氢气。
将DeNOx系统理解为用于减少NOx排放的系统。这例如能够是SCR催化器或NOx储存式催化器。
在此，将借助于设置在第一DeNOx系统上游和/或下游的传感器的测量以及替选地或补充地将借助于模型和/或特征曲线族计算废气的组分的含量理解为检测。例如能够将NOx或H2探头理解为传感器，然而也使用Lambda探头。
优选地，控制设备检测在第一DeNOx系统上游的氢气含量。通过与例如保存在特征曲线族中的所需的氢气含量比较，控制设备控制用于调整氢气含量的内燃机。
替选地或补充地，控制设备检测第一DeNOx系统下游的氧化氮(NOx)的含量。通过与用于氧化氮排放的目标值比较，控制设备引起对内燃机的控制，使得调整废气的氢气含量。
在此将具有开放的或有时闭合的作用路径的开环控制以及具有闭合的作用流程的闭环控制理解为控制。
优选地，控制设备构成和设立用于执行如下步骤：
-检测在第一DeNOx系统上游的废气的组分的第一含量；
-检测在第一DeNOx系统下游的废气的组分的第二含量；
-将组分的第一和第二检测到的含量进行比较；并且
-控制内燃机，使得基于比较结果调整废气的H2含量。
控制设备控制内燃机，使得基于比较结果调整废气的H2含量，通过这种方式，本发明实现：在考虑组分的含量的变化的调节下能够经由第一DeNOx系统提供对于通过第一DeNOx系统所进行的废气清洁所需的H2含量。
优选地，控制设备检测废气的第一和第二NOx含量。基于第一和第二NOx含量的比较，控制设备能够确定第一DeNOx系统的NOx转化率。如果NOx转化率过低，那么能够控制内燃机，使得调整废气的H2含量。
尤其优选地，控制设备借助于设置在第一DeNOx系统下游的传感器检测第二NOx含量并且借助于模型检测第一NOx含量。因此能够节省传感器并且降低成本。设置在第一DeNOx系统下游的传感器在此例如能够构成为NOx探头或Lambda探头。
在此将NOx转化率小于85％，优选小于90％，尤其优选小于95％理解为过低。
优选地，内燃机构成为直喷式氢气发动机并且控制设备构成和设立用于在控制内燃机时将氢气以内燃机的推出冲程(Ausschiebetakt)输送给内燃机，使得能够基于检测到的含量或基于比较结果调整废气的H2含量。
控制设备引起在内燃机的推出冲程中对氢气的输送，通过这种方式，本发明实现：能够基于检测到的含量或基于比较结果调整废气的H2含量，而不需要实质地改变燃烧过程。
在推出冲程中输送氢气意味着，明显在上部的死点之后，然而在打开内燃机的气缸的排出阀之前将氢气引入气缸中。由此，这样引入的氢气不参与化学反应或仅非常少量地参与化学反应并且在废气中尽可能不燃烧。
优选地，控制设备构成和设立用于在控制内燃机时控制燃料-空气比、点火时间点、喷入时间点、AGR率和/或进气压力。
控制设备在控制时控制燃料-空气比、点火时间点、喷入时间点、AGR率和/或进气压力，通过这种方式，本发明实现：能够调整燃烧过程，使得能够基于检测到的含量或基于比较结果调整H2含量。
优选地，内燃机包括用于点燃氢气-空气混合物的火花塞。由此能够实现可靠的点火并且通过调整点火时间点能够直接影响燃烧重心从而还影响H2排放。
优选地，控制设备构成和设立用于在控制时考虑内燃机的爆震界限、燃烧重心、负荷要求和/或NOx排放。
控制设备在控制时考虑内燃机的爆震界限、燃烧重心、负荷要求和/或NOx排放，通过这种方式，本发明实现：能够避免爆震燃烧或至少降低产生爆震燃烧出现的概率，提供所期望的功率并且限制燃料消耗以及NOx排放。
优选地，控制设备能够控制H2和NOx之间的含量比，使得在废气中存在足够的H2，以便在第一DeNOx系统中降低在内燃机中产生的NOx排放。尤其优选的是，在废气中的H2/NOx比大于或等于七。
优选地，第一DeNOx系统包括计量单元，其中计量单元构成和设立用于将含H2或NH3的还原剂输送给废气后处理系统。控制设备构成和设立用于引起通过计量单元输送还原剂。
控制设备引起通过计量单元输送还原剂，通过这种方式，能够基于检测到的含量或基于比较结果调整废气中的氢气含量，无需干预内燃机的控制。
优选地，仅当对内燃机的控制不足以调整废气的H2含量时，和/或当还原剂的输送出于能量原因或关于待观察的排放比对内燃机的控制更有利时，控制设备引起还原剂的输送。
还优选的是，计量单元构成和设立用于关于废气后处理系统的横截面在至少两个位置处引入还原剂，使得能够改进还原剂和废气的混合。同样优选的是，废气后处理系统在计量单元下游包括混合器，使得能够改进还原剂和废气的混合。
优选地，第一DeNOx系统构成为H2SCR系统或构成为NH3-SCR系统。
第一DeNOx系统构成为H2-SCR系统或构成为NH3-SCR系统，通过这种方式，NOx排放能够通过废气后处理系统降低。
如果第一DeNOx系统构成为NH3-SCR系统，那么其优选包括三路催化器或NOx储存式催化器。这具有如下优点：包含在废气中的未燃烧的碳氢化合物的排放和在三路催化器中或在NOx储存式催化器中的NOx排放，如果后者再生，能够转化以形成NH3。NH3能够在NH3-SCR系统中用于降低NOx排放或为了之后降低NOx排放而储存在NH3-SCR系统中。由此实现：NH3-SCR系统能够构成为被动的SCR系统，即不具有计量设备。
还优选的是，废气后处理系统包括第二DeNOx系统，其中第二DeNOx系统设置在第一DeNOx系统下游。这具有如下优点，即使在具有非常高的NOx排放的运行点中也能够实现足够的NOx转换。
尤其优选的是，第一DeNOx系统构成为H2-SCR系统并且第二SCR系统构成为NH3-SCR系统。这具有如下优点：NOx转换能够在大的温度范围上实现，因为NH3-SCR系统在与H2-SCR系统不同的温度范围中具有足够的NOx转化率。
本文说明本发明的其他有利的实施方式。
附图说明
根据附图详细阐述优选的实施例。在此示出：
图1示出具有控制设备的动力总成的一个实施例；
图2示出用于控制废气中的H2含量的通过控制设备实施的步骤的一个实施例；
图3示出动力总成的废气后处理系统的一个实施例；以及
图4示出动力总成的废气后处理系统的另一实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示出车辆的动力总成2。动力总成2包括抽吸线路9、内燃机3、废气线路10以及第一废气反馈线路11和第二废气反馈线路12。在此，抽吸线路9设置在内燃机3上游。废气线路10设置在内燃机3下游并且包括废气清洁系统4。
内燃机3构成为增压的、直喷式的且外部点火的氢气发动机，其具有四个气缸13。为此，内燃机3包括废气涡轮增压机14。废气涡轮增压机14包括设置在抽吸线路9中的压缩机15和设置在废气线路10中的涡轮机16。涡轮机16和压缩机15彼此耦联，使得通过涡轮机16从废气吸收的能量能够被压缩机15利用，以便将新鲜气体压缩至提高的压力水平。
为了将氢气引入气缸13中，内燃机3包括喷入设备30。喷入设备30包括每个气缸13一个喷射器、输入管路和燃料供应装置。
为了点燃氢气-空气混合物，内燃机包括点火设备40。点火设备40包括每个气缸13一个火花塞和与火花塞连接的点火设施。
废气清洁系统4包括H2-SCR催化器5、NH3-SCR系统和氨泄漏催化器(ASC)7。H2-SCR催化器5构成用于利用H2降低氧化氮排放。
NH3-SCR系统设置在H2-SCR催化器5下游并且包括NH3-SCR催化器6、计量单元19和混合器20。计量单元19构成和设立用于将氨气(NH3)在NH3-SCR催化器6上游引入废气线路10中。在设置在计量单元19和NH3-SCR催化器6之间的混合器20中，将引入的氨气和废气混合。NH3-SCR催化器6构成和设立用于利用氨气降低NOx排放。
为了检测NOx排放，将NOx传感器22设置在废气后处理系统4下游。
第一废气反馈线路11设置在废气清洁系统4上游并且构成用于将废气在废气涡轮增压机14的涡轮机16上游从废气线路10中导出并且在废气涡轮增压机14的压缩机15下游输送给吸入线路9。第二废气反馈线路12构成用于，将废气在H2-SCR系统5下游从废气线路10中导出并且在废气涡轮增压机14的压缩机15上游输送给吸入线路9。借助于第一废气反馈线路11和第二废气反馈线路12能够提供对于内燃机3的运行优选的废气反馈率并且实现内燃机3的尽可能有效的运行。
动力总成2包括控制设备1。控制设备1构成和设立用于执行控制程序。控制程序包括执行如下步骤的命令：
-借助于模型检测S10在废气后处理系统4上游的废气的第一NOx含量，
-借助于NOx传感器22检测S20在废气后处理系统4下游的废气的第二NOx含量，
-将第一检测S10到和第二检测S20到的NOx含量进行比较30，并且
-控制S40内燃机3，使得基于比较S30的结果调整废气的H2含量。
为了检测S10第一NOx含量，控制程序包括执行模型的命令。所述模型构成用于确定在内燃机3的出口处(engine-out NOx)处的废气的NOx含量。
为了检测S20第二NOx含量，控制程序包括用于读取和处理NOx传感器22的测量数据的命令。
为了进行比较S30，控制程序包括如下命令：基于检测S10到的第一NOx含量和检测S20到的第二NOx含量确定用于NH3-SCR系统6和H2-SCR催化器5的NOx转化率。
为了控制S40内燃机3，控制程序包括如下命令：调整燃料-空气比、点火时间点和进气压力或将氢气在内燃机3的推出冲程中输送给气缸13，使得基于比较S30的结果调整废气的H2含量。包含在废气中的H2随后在H2-SCR催化器中用于降低NOx排放。
如果比较例如得出，提高H2含量，那么控制程序相应地调整燃料空气比、点火时间点和/或进气压力。为了进行调整，在控制程序中保存特征曲线族。在替选的实施例中，为了调整补充地或替选地使用测量数据和/或模型。
控制程序包括命令，在调整时考虑内燃机3的爆震界限、燃烧重心和负荷要求以及产生的NOx排放，使得尽可能避免爆震燃烧，在燃料消耗尽可能低的情况下提供低功率并且限制NOx排放。
如果对燃料-空气比、点火时间点和进气压力的控制不足以提供在废气中的所期望的H2含量，和/或出于能量原因或排放规定无法有意义地实现控制，那么控制程序引起氢气在气缸13的推出冲程中的喷入，使得喷入的氢气尽可能在不参与化学反应的情况下存在于废气中。
在内燃机以高负荷运行时，控制程序包括如下命令：将氨气经由计量单元19引入到位于NH3-SCR催化器6上游的废气线路10中。利用NH3，NH3-SCR催化器6降低在废气中的NOx排放。因此，能够在内燃机3的大的运行范围上有效地降低NOx排放。
图3示出废气后处理系统4的一个替选的实施例。在此，NH3-SCR系统构成为被动的系统并且仅包括NH3催化器6。然而，在NH3催化器上游设置有NOx储存式催化器(NSK)8。
NSK构成用于吸收氧化氮(NOx)的排放并且在再生运行中通过形成NH3来减少所述排放。NH3-SCR催化器6能够储存由NSK8形成的NH3并且直接或在之后的时间点用于减少氧化氮排放。
在NSK8上游，废气后处理系统4包括计量单元19和混合器。计量单元19在此构成和设立用于将H2引入到动力总成10中。因此，控制程序引起在内燃机3的运行点中对H2的输送，以便降低在NH3-SCR催化器6中的NOx排放，在所述运行点中在NSK8上游的废气中的H2含量不足以在NSK8中形成足够量的NH3。
图4示出废气后处理系统4的另一替选的实施例。在本实施例中，废气后处理系统4在H2-SCR催化器5和NH3-SCR系统之间双流地构成有第一废气流道51和第二废气流道52。在此，废气后处理系统4包括封闭设备53，使得穿流第一废气流道51和第二废气流道52的废气流是可控制的。
第一废气流道51和第二废气流道52分别包括NOx储存式催化器8。计量单元19在此构成和设立用于给第一废气流道和/或第二废气流道输送H2作为还原剂。
封闭设备53构成和设立用于将第一废气流道51和第二废气流道52通过滑块至少部分地关闭。这两个废气流道51、52中的至少一个废气流道保持完全打开。
在图4中第二废气流道52是完全打开的。第二废气流道52中的NSK8储存在大约200℃至500℃的温度范围中的NOx排放。随着NSK8的液位升高，其效率减小并且NSK8必须通过还原NOx再生。
为了NOx储存式催化器8的再生，控制程序引起通过封闭设备53封闭相应的废气流道51、52。在图4中，这对于第一废气流道51的情况示出。附加地，控制程序引起通过计量单元19引入氢气。氢气在NSK8中在再生时进行转化以形成NH3。
废气后处理系统4包括计量线路54，所述计量线路构成用于将引入的氢气从计量单元19引导至第一废气流道51和/或第二废气流道52。H2计量线路54为此构成为，使得从第一部位P1处的压力到第二部位P2处的压力的压降足以将废气的少量冲洗流连同经计量的H2朝向要再生的NSK8引导，使得氢气的一部分能够借助于废气的氧来氧化。通过氢气的氧化实现放热，由此能够避免或至少降低要再生的NSK8的冷却。
在再生时在NSK8中形成的NH3在下游设置的NH3-SCR催化器6中用于NOx还原。废气后处理系统的在图4中示出的实施例实现通过氢气计量设定NH3量。
控制程序能够将封闭设备53定位为，使得第一废气流道51和第二废气流道52完全打开。通过将氢气通过计量单元19经由计量线路54引入能够使这两个NSK8再生。这种运行尤其在内燃机的运行中在中间负荷下是有利的。
在另一替选的实施例中，NH3-SCR系统6包括三路催化器。在三路催化器中减少CO、HC以及NOx的排放，其中尤其在偏离内燃机3的化学计量的运行时也形成NH3。NH3储存在NH3-SCR系统中并且直接或在之后的时间点用于降低氧化氮排放。
在其他替选的实施例中，废气后处理系统包括颗粒过滤器和/或氧化催化器。颗粒过滤器实现减少煤烟排放，氧化催化器实现减少废气中的未燃烧的碳氢化合物和二氧化碳。在此，颗粒过滤器在一个实施例中构成有氧化覆层。
在其他替选的实施例中，H2-SCR催化器5、NH3-SCR催化器6或ASC7构成为具有相应的覆层的颗粒过滤器。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于动力总成(2)的控制设备(1)，所述动力总成包括内燃机(3)和废气后处理系统(4)，其中所述内燃机(3)构成为氢气发动机，其中所述废气后处理系统(4)包括第一DeNOx系统(5)，并且其中所述控制设备(1)构成和设立用于执行如下步骤：
-检测(S10)所述第一DeNOx系统(5)上游或下游的废气的组分的含量，并且
-控制(S40)所述内燃机(3)，使得基于检测(S10)到的含量调整所述废气的H2含量。
2.一种用于动力总成(2)的控制设备(1)，所述动力总成包括内燃机(3)和废气后处理系统(4)，其中所述内燃机(3)构成为氢气发动机，其中所述废气后处理系统(4)包括第一DeNOx系统(5)，并且其中所述控制设备(1)构成和设立用于执行如下步骤：
-检测(S10)所述第一DeNOx系统(5)上游的废气的组分的第一含量，
-检测(S20)所述第一DeNOx系统(5)下游的废气的组分的第二含量，
-将所述组分的检测(S10、S20)到的所述第一含量和第二含量进行比较(S30)，并且
-控制(S40)所述内燃机(3)，使得基于所述比较(S30)的结果调整所述废气的H2含量。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述内燃机(3)构成为直喷式氢气发动机，并且其中所述控制设备(1)构成和设立用于在控制(S40)所述内燃机(3)时在所述内燃机(3)的推出冲程中将氢气输送给所述内燃机(3)，使得基于检测(S10)到的含量或基于所述比较(S30)的结果调整所述废气的H2含量。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述控制设备(1)构成和设立用于在控制(S40)所述内燃机(3)时控制燃料-空气比、点火时间点、喷入时间点、AGR速率和/或进气压力。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述控制设备(1)构成和设立用于在控制(S40)时考虑所述内燃机(3)爆震界限、燃烧重心、负荷要求和/或NOx排放。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述废气后处理系统(4)包括计量单元(19)，其中所述计量单元(19)构成和设立用于将含H2或NH3的还原剂输送给所述废气后处理系统(4)，并且其中所述控制设备(1)构成和设立用于通过所述计量单元(19)输送所述还原剂。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述第一DeNOx系统(5)构成为H2-SCR系统或构成为NH3-SCR系统。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述废气后处理系统(4)包括第二DeNOx系统(6)，其中所述第二DeNOx系统(6)设置在所述第一DeNOx系统(5)下游，其中所述第一DeNOx系统(5)构成为H2-SCR系统并且其中所述第二DeNOx系统(6)构成为NH3-SCR系统。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述NH3-SCR系统包括三路催化器或NOx储存式催化器。
10.根据权利要求8或9结合权利要求6所述的控制设备(1)，其中所述控制设备(1)构成和设立用于检测所述NH3-SCR系统(6)的加载状态并且在在通过所述计量单元(19)输送还原剂时考虑检测到的所述加载状态。
11.根据权利要求8至10结合权利要求6所述的控制设备，其中所述废气后处理系统(4)在所述H2-SCR系统(5)和所述NH3-SCR系统(6)之间双流地构成有第一废气流道(51)和第二废气流道(52)，其中
-所述废气后处理系统(4)包括封闭设备(53)，使得能够控制穿流所述第一废气流道(51)和所述第二废气流道(52)的废气流，
-所述第一废气流道(51)和所述第二废气流道(52)分别包括NOx储存式催化器(8)，并且
-所述计量单元(19)构成和设立用于给所述第一废气流道(51)和/或所述第二废气流道(52)输送还原剂。
12.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制设备，其中所述废气后处理系统(4)包括颗粒过滤器和/或氧化催化器。
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