CN105960470A - 在冶炼厂的运行过程中降低co2排放的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于在冶炼厂的运行过程中降低CO2排放的方法，该冶炼厂至少包括一个用于生铁制造的高炉和一个用于粗钢制造的转炉炼钢设备。按照本发明，至少由在高炉中的生铁制造过程中产生的高炉煤气的部分量和/或在粗钢制造过程中产生的转炉煤气的部分量制造合成气，该合成气用于制造化学产品。同时冶炼厂的能量需求的至少一部分通过使用由可再生能源获得的电能得以满足。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在冶炼厂的运行过程中降低CO2排放的方法，该冶炼厂至少包括一个用于生铁制造的高炉和一个用于粗钢制造的转炉炼钢设备。
背景技术
在高炉中，由铁矿、添加物以及焦炭和其他还原剂(比如煤、油、气体、生物质、再生废塑料或者其他含有碳和/或氢的物质)得到生铁。作为还原反应的产物不可避免地产生了CO，CO2、氢气和水蒸气。从高炉工序中抽出的高炉煤气除了以上组成成分之外通常还具有高含量的氮气。高炉煤气的气体量和组成成分取决于投料和操作方式并且并不稳定。尽管如此，高炉煤气通常含有：35至60体积％N2、20至30体积％CO、20至30体积％CO2和2至15体积％H2。在通常情况下，在生铁制造过程中产生的高炉煤气的约30至40％用于加热在热风炉中用于高炉过程的热风；剩余的高炉煤气量可以在用于加热用途的其他的工厂领域中使用或者用于发电。
设置在高炉过程下游的转炉炼钢设备中，生铁转变为粗钢。通过在液态生铁上吹入氧气除去了干扰杂质，比如碳、硅、硫和磷。由于氧化过程会导致剧烈的产热，因此可以加入不超过生铁量的25％的废铁作为冷却剂。另外还加入用于形成炉渣的石灰和合金剂。从炼钢转炉中抽走具有非常高含量的CO并另外含有氮气、氢气和CO2的转炉煤气。典型的转炉煤气组成成分具有：50至70体积％CO、10至20体积％N2、约15体积％CO2和约2体积％H2。该转炉煤气或者可以燃尽排出或者也可以在现代炼钢厂中收集并提供给产能用途。
在高炉中的生铁制造和在转炉炼钢设备中的粗钢制造的方法必然会导致不可避免的工序相关的CO2排放。最终，在通过高炉中的冶金加工消耗原料之后并且在出于热力学原因不可避免将剩余含量的、特别是一氧化碳用于产能之后，所有引入的碳都作为二氧化碳排放。降低对气候有害的CO2的排放是目标。可能的是，使用预还原的或金属的材料，但这只有当这类材料的生产过程中产生的CO2排放更小时才是有利的。只有当同时抵消了植物在生长期间的CO2消耗量时，使用可再生能源(例如木炭或菜籽油)作为用于高炉过程的含碳物质才是目的明确的。P.(Stahl und Eisen(钢与铁)124 2004,编号5,27至32页)已指出，当在冶炼厂的能量产耗平衡的情况下在高炉中使用的焦炉煤气的能量通过购买由可再生能源产生的电能而得到补偿时，在将冶炼内部的副产物(例如焦炉煤气)通入高炉的风口中能够实现更低的CO2排放。
根据主流的教导，对于在生铁制造和粗钢制造过程中的CO2产耗平衡的改善取决于涉及高炉运行的方法的改变。属于这类方法的改变例如有:无氮气的高炉的运行，其中代替热风将冷氧气在风口平面中吹入而且将高炉煤气的绝大部分引入至CO2净化(CO2-)。另外还提出，通过等离子加热高炉。以等离子加热的高炉的过程既不需要热风和氧气也不需要额外的替代还原剂。但是，新的高炉方法的引进极度地干涉到了用于生铁和粗钢制造的验证为可靠的技术并且与巨大的风险相关。
发明内容
在该背景下，本发明的目的在于改善冶炼厂的CO2平衡，该冶炼厂具有常规方式运行的、用于生铁制造的高炉和常规方式运行的转炉炼钢设备。
本发明的主体和该目的的解决方案为根据权利要求1所述的方法。该方法的有利设计在权利要求2至9中阐述。
按照本发明，至少由在高炉中的生铁制造过程中产生的高炉煤气的部分量和/或在粗钢生产过程中产生的转炉煤气的部分量制造合成气，该合成气用于制造化学产品。在将这些粗煤气用于制造合成气的情况下，冶炼厂的能量需求不再能得到满足并按照本发明至少有一部分通过使用从可再生能源获得的电能而满足。在生铁制造和粗钢制造过程中产生的粗煤气的一部分用于制造化学产品的用途以及将可再生能源产生的电流用于补偿能量产耗平衡的使用是相互结合的并且在冶炼厂的运行过程中起到了降低CO2排放的作用，因为将碳化合到了化学产品中并不以CO2的形式排放。
如果冶炼厂结合焦炉设施而运行，则也可以适宜地将在焦炉设施中产生的焦炉煤气的至少部分量用于合成气的制造。
按照本发明的用于降低CO2排放的方法的潜力很大，因为结合炼焦炉而运行的冶炼厂中作为高炉煤气、转炉煤气和焦炉煤气产生的粗煤气中仅有约40％至50％用在了工艺技术过程而所产生气体的50％至60％则可以用于其他方面。在实际中，该部分目前主要用于发电。如果按照本发明这部分通过制造合成气的方法而用于制造化学产品而且缺少的能量需求通过使用由可再生能源产生的电流而得到满足，实现了冶炼厂的CO2排放的显著降低。
在按照本发明的教导的范围内设置为，作为高炉煤气和转炉煤气产生的粗煤气或者作为高炉煤气、转炉煤气和焦炉煤气产生的粗煤气的1％至60％、优选10％至60％的部分用于制造合成气。
合成气的制造有益地包括气体净化和气体调节，其中，例如通过水蒸气的蒸汽重整和/或通过空气或氧气的部分氧化和/或用于CO转换的水-煤气变换反应可以用于气体调节。这些调节步骤可以单独地或者结合地使用。按照本发明的方法制成的合成气为用于合成的混合气。“合成气”的概念例如是指由N2和H2组成的、用于氨合成的混合气或者尤其是主要含有CO和H2或者含有CO2和H2或者含有CO、CO2和H2的混合气。在化学设施中可以由该合成气制成分别含有反应物的组分的化学产品。化学产品例如可以是氨气或甲醇或者也可以是其他的碳氢化合物。
例如为了制造氨气必须制备含有以正确比例的氮气和氢气的合成气。氮气可以从高炉煤气中获得。高炉煤气或转炉煤气特别是可以用作氢气源，其中，氢气可以通过水-煤气变换反应 由CO成分的转换而产生。为了产生用于氨合成的合成气也可以使用由焦炉煤气和高炉煤气组成的混合物或者使用由焦炉煤气、转炉煤气和高炉煤气组成的混合气。为了制造碳氢化合物(例如甲醇)必须制备基本上由CO和/或CO2和H2组成的合成气，该合成气含有以正确比例的一氧化碳和/或二氧化碳和氢气的组分。该比例通常通过系数(H2-CO2)/(CO+CO2)表示。氢气例如可以通过水-煤气变换反应由高炉煤气中的CO成分的转换而产生。为了提供CO可以抽出转炉煤气。高炉煤气和/或转炉煤气可以用作CO2源。由焦炉煤气和转炉煤气组成的混合气或者由焦炉煤气、转炉煤气和高炉煤气组成的混合气适合用于制造碳氢化合物。
代替用于由合成气体制造化学产品的化学设施，在本发明的范围内也可以使用生物技术设施。此处涉及一种用于合成气的发酵的设施。在这种情况下，合成气应理解为优选具有高CO含量的CO和H2的混合物，通过该混合物可以制造醇、丙酮或者有机酸。但是，在生化工序的应用中，氢气主要来自于在发酵过程中作为介质的水。优选转炉煤气作为CO源。使用高炉煤气或由转炉煤气和高炉煤气组成的混合气同样是可能的。相反地，焦炉煤气对于生物技术过程是不利的。因此借助于生物技术过程可以制造含有碳和氢的产品，其中碳来自在冶炼厂中产生的粗煤气的CO成分而氢来自在发酵过程中使用的水。
按照本发明的方法的另一种设计设置为，合成气添加有通过水电解而产生的氢气，其中同样由可再生能源产生的电流用于水电解。
另外，冶炼厂可以与储能器处于电连接地运行，该储能器供应由可再生能源产生的电流并且时间延迟地将所储存的能量再次输出到冶炼厂的用电设备上。
为了满足冶炼厂的用电需求而使用外部获得的电能，外部获得的电能至少部分并优选完全地从可再生能源获得并且例如来自风力发电厂、太阳能电厂、水力发电站或类似的设施。但是也不应排除将冶炼厂结合发电站来使用，该发电站设计作为燃气轮机发电站或者作为燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机发电站并且通过在冶炼厂中作为高炉煤气、转炉煤气或焦炉煤气而产生的气体的一部分而运行。包含发电站的设施组合这样设计，即，发电站可以以待机运行模式(Stand-by-Betrieb)使用，并且可以至少暂时地关闭。当化学设施或生物技术设施不运行时或者当来自可再生能源的或在储能器中存储的能量暂时不足以满足冶炼厂的能量需求时，可以使用发电站。为了为设施组合提供对于生铁制造和粗钢制造所必需的电量，在可再生能源充分可供使用的时间内将电能储存在储能器中。当不能在可接受的价格下以充足的量从外部提供可再生能源时，所需的电能从储能器获得。储能器可以形成为化学的或电化学的储蓄器。
Claims (9)
1.一种用于在冶炼厂的运行过程中降低CO2排放的方法，所述冶炼厂至少包括一个用于生铁制造的高炉和一个用于粗钢制造的转炉炼钢设备，
a)其中，至少由在所述高炉中的生铁制造过程中产生的高炉煤气的部分量和/或在所述粗钢制造的过程中产生的转炉煤气的部分量制造合成气，所述合成气用于制造化学产品，而且
b)其中，所述冶炼厂的能量需求至少部分地通过使用由可再生能源获得的电能得以满足。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冶炼厂结合焦炉设施而运行，而且在所述焦炉设施中产生的焦炉煤气的至少部分量用于合成气的制造。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，作为高炉煤气和转炉煤气产生的粗煤气的1％至60％、优选10％至60％用于合成气的制造。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，作为高炉煤气、转炉煤气和焦炉煤气产生的粗煤气的1％至60％、优选10％至60％用于合成气的制造。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述合成气的制造包括气体净化和气体调节。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，为了所述气体调节而使用：通过水蒸气的蒸气重整和/或通过空气或氧气的部分氧化和/或水-煤气变换反应。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，由转炉煤气或由高炉煤气或者由转炉煤气和高炉煤气组成的混合气制造合成气，所述合成气用于在生物技术设施中制造化学产品。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述合成气中添加有通过水电解而产生的氢气，而且将由可再生能源产生的电流用于所述水电解。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冶炼厂与储能器处于电连接地运行，所述储能器供应由可再生能源产生的电流并且时间延迟地将所储存的能量再次输出给冶炼厂的用电设备和/或所述水电解。
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| DE102013113933A1 (de) | 2013-12-12 | 2015-06-18 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Synthesegas im Verbund mit einem Hüttenwerk |
| LU100453B1 (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2019-03-29 | Wurth Paul Sa | Method for Producing a Synthesis Gas, in particular for use in Blast Furnace Operation |
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| CN115807143B (zh) * | 2022-12-20 | 2024-06-11 | 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 | 一种高炉煤气动态调控方法及系统 |
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