BR112016012587A2 - Método para reduzir as emissões de co2 na operação de uma fábrica metalúrgica - Google Patents

Método para reduzir as emissões de co2 na operação de uma fábrica metalúrgica

Info

Publication number
BR112016012587A2
BR112016012587A2 BR112016012587A BR112016012587A BR112016012587A2 BR 112016012587 A2 BR112016012587 A2 BR 112016012587A2 BR 112016012587 A BR112016012587 A BR 112016012587A BR 112016012587 A BR112016012587 A BR 112016012587A BR 112016012587 A2 BR112016012587 A2 BR 112016012587A2
Authority
BR
Brazil
Prior art keywords
production
emissions
blast furnace
reduce
metallurgical
Prior art date
Application number
BR112016012587A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
BR112016012587B1 (pt
Inventor
Achatz Reinhold
Wagner Jens
Oles Markus
Schmöle Peter
Kleinschmidt Ralph
meissner Christoph
KROTOV Denis
Von Morstein Olaf
Original Assignee
Thyssenkrupp Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thyssenkrupp Ag filed Critical Thyssenkrupp Ag
Publication of BR112016012587A2 publication Critical patent/BR112016012587A2/pt
Publication of BR112016012587B1 publication Critical patent/BR112016012587B1/pt

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21BMANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B5/00Making pig-iron in the blast furnace
    • C21B5/06Making pig-iron in the blast furnace using top gas in the blast furnace process
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/025Preparation or purification of gas mixtures for ammonia synthesis
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/06Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
    • C01B3/12Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21BMANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B7/00Blast furnaces
    • C21B7/002Evacuating and treating of exhaust gases
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21CPROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/38Removal of waste gases or dust
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01Products
    • C25B1/02Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27BFURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B1/00Shaft or like vertical or substantially vertical furnaces
    • F27B1/10Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B1/26Arrangements of controlling devices
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27DDETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D17/00Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27DDETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D99/00Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F27D99/0001Heating elements or systems
    • F27D99/0006Electric heating elements or system
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/025Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0283Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205Composition of the feed
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21BMANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B2100/00Handling of exhaust gases produced during the manufacture of iron or steel
    • C21B2100/60Process control or energy utilisation in the manufacture of iron or steel
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21BMANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B2100/00Handling of exhaust gases produced during the manufacture of iron or steel
    • C21B2100/60Process control or energy utilisation in the manufacture of iron or steel
    • C21B2100/62Energy conversion other than by heat exchange, e.g. by use of exhaust gas in energy production
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/10Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
    • Y02P10/122Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by capturing or storing CO2
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25Process efficiency
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Iron (AREA)

Abstract

MÉTODO PARA REDUZIR AS EMISSÕES DE CO2 NA OPERAÇÃO DE UMA FÁBRICA METALÚRGICA. A invenção refere-se a um método para reduzir as emissões de CO2 na operação de uma fábrica metalúrgica constituída por pelo menos um alto-forno para a produção de gusa e um conversor siderúrgico para a produção de aço bruto. De acordo com a invenção, pelo menos uma quantidade parcial do gás de topo de alto-forno que ocorre no alto-forno durante a produção de gusa, e/ou uma quantidade parcial do gás do conversor que ocorre na produção de aço bruto, é utilizada na produção de gás de síntese, o qual é usado na produção de produtos químicos. Simultaneamente, as necessidades de energia da fábrica metalúrgica são pelo menos parcialmente cobertas pela utilização de eletricidade obtida a partir de energias renováveis.
BR112016012587-8A 2013-12-12 2014-12-11 método para reduzir as emissões de co2 na operação de uma fábrica metalúrgica BR112016012587B1 (pt)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013113942.6A DE102013113942A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2013-12-12 Verfahren zur Reduzierung von CO2-Emissionen beim Betrieb eines Hüttenwerks
DE102013113942.6 2013-12-12
PCT/EP2014/003314 WO2015086148A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2014-12-11 Verfahren zur reduzierung von co2-emissionen beim betrieb eines hüttenwerks

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
BR112016012587A2 true BR112016012587A2 (pt) 2017-08-08
BR112016012587B1 BR112016012587B1 (pt) 2021-04-20

Family

ID=52134102

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
BR112016012587-8A BR112016012587B1 (pt) 2013-12-12 2014-12-11 método para reduzir as emissões de co2 na operação de uma fábrica metalúrgica

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US20160319381A1 (pt)
EP (1) EP3080305A1 (pt)
KR (3) KR20220054444A (pt)
CN (1) CN105960470A (pt)
AU (1) AU2014361203B2 (pt)
BR (1) BR112016012587B1 (pt)
CA (1) CA2930342A1 (pt)
DE (1) DE102013113942A1 (pt)
MX (1) MX2016006971A (pt)
RU (1) RU2693980C2 (pt)
TW (1) TWI660072B (pt)
UA (1) UA119337C2 (pt)
WO (1) WO2015086148A1 (pt)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013113913A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 Thyssenkrupp Ag Anlagenverbund zur Stahlerzeugung und Verfahren zum Betreiben des Anlagenverbundes
DE102013113958A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 Thyssenkrupp Ag Anlagenverbund zur Stahlerzeugung und Verfahren zum Betreiben des Anlagenverbundes
DE102013113933A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 Thyssenkrupp Ag Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Synthesegas im Verbund mit einem Hüttenwerk
DE102013113921A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 Thyssenkrupp Ag Anlagenverbund zur Stahlerzeugung und Verfahren zum Betreiben des Anlagenverbundes
DE102013113950A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 Thyssenkrupp Ag Anlagenverbund zur Stahlerzeugung und Verfahren zum Betreiben des Anlagenverbundes
CA3069817A1 (en) 2017-07-25 2019-01-31 Haldor Topsoe A/S Method for the preparation of ammonia synthesis gas
LU100453B1 (en) * 2017-09-25 2019-03-29 Wurth Paul Sa Method for Producing a Synthesis Gas, in particular for use in Blast Furnace Operation
DE102018211104A1 (de) * 2018-07-05 2020-01-09 Thyssenkrupp Ag Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Betrieb einer Produktionsanlage
EP3670705B1 (en) 2018-12-21 2022-02-02 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Carbon dioxide conversion process
RU2734215C1 (ru) * 2020-04-16 2020-10-13 Автономная некоммерческая организация «Научно-исследовательский институт проблем экологии» Способ выплавки чугуна в доменной печи
CN112662824A (zh) * 2020-12-18 2021-04-16 昆明理工大学 一种高效利用冶金废气的高炉富氢冶炼工艺
CN114657317B (zh) * 2022-03-24 2023-03-28 鞍山市恒成设备制造有限公司 一种低碳冶金方法
WO2023217703A1 (en) 2022-05-11 2023-11-16 Topsoe A/S Process and plant for producing renewable fuels
KR20240058008A (ko) 2022-10-25 2024-05-03 한국화학연구원 제철 부생가스를 이용하여 플라스틱 원료를 제조하는 방법
CN115807143B (zh) * 2022-12-20 2024-06-11 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 一种高炉煤气动态调控方法及系统

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3515250A1 (de) * 1985-04-27 1986-10-30 Hoesch Ag, 4600 Dortmund Verfahren zur herstellung von chemierohstoffen aus koksofengas und huettengasen
AT385051B (de) * 1986-08-07 1988-02-10 Voest Alpine Ag Huettenwerk und verfahren zur erzeugung von stahl
US5454853A (en) * 1994-06-10 1995-10-03 Borealis Technical Incorporated Limited Method for the production of steel
US6030430A (en) * 1998-07-24 2000-02-29 Material Conversions, Inc. Blast furnace with narrowed top section and method of using
WO2006013455A1 (en) * 2004-08-03 2006-02-09 Hylsa, S.A. De C.V. Method and apparatus for producing clean reducing gases from coke oven gas
RU2353036C1 (ru) * 2008-05-12 2009-04-20 Юрий Петрович Баталин Способ электроэнергоснабжения потребителя
EP2464617B1 (de) * 2009-08-13 2014-01-08 Silicon Fire AG Verfahren und anlage zum bereitstellen eines kohlenwasserstoff-basierten energieträgers unter einsatz eines anteils von regenerativ erzeugtem methanol und eines anteils von methanol, der mittels direktoxidation oder über partielle oxidation oder über reformierung erzeugt wird
DE102011077819A1 (de) * 2011-06-20 2012-12-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kohlendioxidreduktion in Stahlwerken
US20140343339A1 (en) * 2011-09-15 2014-11-20 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Method for obtaining olefins from furnace gases of steel works
EP2660547A1 (de) * 2012-05-03 2013-11-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Metallurgische Anlage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102013113942A1 (de) 2015-06-18
BR112016012587B1 (pt) 2021-04-20
CA2930342A1 (en) 2015-06-18
US20160319381A1 (en) 2016-11-03
TWI660072B (zh) 2019-05-21
TW201546331A (zh) 2015-12-16
RU2693980C2 (ru) 2019-07-08
EP3080305A1 (de) 2016-10-19
WO2015086148A1 (de) 2015-06-18
CN105960470A (zh) 2016-09-21
KR20220054444A (ko) 2022-05-02
AU2014361203A1 (en) 2016-06-30
KR20160098339A (ko) 2016-08-18
UA119337C2 (uk) 2019-06-10
AU2014361203B2 (en) 2019-01-31
KR20210038695A (ko) 2021-04-07
MX2016006971A (es) 2017-01-20

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
BR112016012587A2 (pt) Método para reduzir as emissões de co2 na operação de uma fábrica metalúrgica
MX2016006560A (es) Procedimiento de produccion de gas de sintesis en operacion combinada con una planta metalurgica.
MX2016007044A (es) Complejo de plantas para la produccion de acero y procedimiento de operacion del complejo de plantas.
BR112016015491B8 (pt) Método para operar alto-forno
MX2016006185A (es) Complejo de planta para producir acero y procedimiento para operar el complejo de planta.
BR112016012681A2 (pt) Complexo de usinas para produção de aço e método para operar o complexo de usinas
MX2016006970A (es) Complejo de plantas de produccion de acero y procedimiento de operacion del complejo de plantas.
BR112017015111A8 (pt) Processo para converter carbonato de cálcio natural em carbonato de cálcio precipitado
IN2014DN01809A (pt)
BR112017005780A2 (pt) ?uso de um carbonato de cálcio reagido na superfície como agente antiaglomerante, métodos para controlar, reduzir ou evitar aglomeração de uma composição particulada e para produzir uma composição, e, composição?
BR112014004521A2 (pt) método para tratar gases de refugo de usinas para a produção de gusa
BR112013023620A2 (pt) cano de liga austenítica e método para produzir o mesmo
BR112013017236A2 (pt) produto de dessulfurização resistente a aglomeração para remover contaminantes de um fluxo de fluido, método para produzir um produto de dessulfurização resistente à aglomeração para remover contaminantes de um fluxo de fluido, e método para remover contaminantes de um fluxo de fluido
EA201690017A1 (ru) Доменная печь и способ работы доменной печи
IN2015DN03313A (pt)
BR112019003090A2 (pt) métodos e configuração para reformar usina de ngl para alta recuperação de etano
BR112014011397A2 (pt) bandagem pneumática com uma banda de rolamento que contém um feltro
SG195184A1 (en) A vessel and a method for installing or repairing an offshore structure
BR112017014420A2 (pt) ?processo para desfosforação de metal fundido durante um processo de refino?
MX2011012529A (es) Metodo para enfriar un horno metalurgico.
MX2016000493A (es) Tobera de ceramica refractaria.
MX2012007142A (es) Uso de 2,3-dihidroxipropil dodecanoato para tratar seborrea.
BR112014013879A8 (pt) composição e método de usinagem de ferro
EA201692078A1 (ru) Способ конвертирования медьсодержащего материала
BR112016018594B8 (pt) Método para produção do derivado de 2-aciliminopiridina

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
B06U Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]
B06A Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]
B09A Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]
B16A Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]

Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 11/12/2014, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS.