CN105940502B - X射线探测器、使用该x射线探测器的x射线成像设备及其驱动方法 - Google Patents

X射线探测器、使用该x射线探测器的x射线成像设备及其驱动方法 Download PDF

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CN105940502B
CN105940502B CN201480074624.6A CN201480074624A CN105940502B CN 105940502 B CN105940502 B CN 105940502B CN 201480074624 A CN201480074624 A CN 201480074624A CN 105940502 B CN105940502 B CN 105940502B
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ray
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李东镇
金泰佑
任星
任星一
全杓珍
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Yiyou Technology Co Ltd
Rayence Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明的目的是有效改善直接转换探测器的图像滞后现象。本发明提供了一种X射线探测器,包括:下电极,其形成在衬底上,被施加第一驱动电压V1;辅助电极,在所述下电极的周围,被施加第三驱动电压V3;光导层,其形成在所述下电极和所述辅助电极上;以及上电极,其形成在所述光导层上,被施加第二驱动电压V2,其中,正好在X射线发射关闭后,所述第三驱动电压V3是反向偏置电压。

Description

X射线探测器、使用该X射线探测器的X射线成像设备及其驱动 方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种X射线探测器和使用该X射线探测器的X射线成像设备,尤其涉及能够改善图像滞后现象的直接X射线探测器、使用该直接X射线探测器的X射线成像设备和驱动该X射线成像设备的方法。
背景技术
常规地,在医学和工业的X射线摄影中,采用了使用胶片和屏幕的方法。在这种情况下,由于显影和拍摄的胶片储存的难题,在成本和时间方面是低效的。
为了改善该问题,现在广泛采用数字探测器。检测器的类型可以分为间接转换法和直接转换法。
在间接转换法中,将X射线转换为可见光,采用闪烁器将可见光转换为电信号。相反,在直接转换法中,采用光导层将X射线直接转换为电信号。这样的直接转换法的特点是适用于高分辨率系统,因为不需要形成单独的闪烁器,且不会发生光扩散现象。
直接转换法中采用的光导层通过采用例如真空热沉积的方法在CMOS衬底表面沉积例如CdTe的多晶半导体材料而形成。
同时,下电极和上电极分别形成在光导层下方和光导层上方。下电极收集当发射X射线时光导层产生的电荷。为此目的,将偏置电压施加到上电极。
然而,即使在X射线发射停止后,在发射X射线期间光导层中俘获的电子和空穴会脱阱(detrap),从而产生滞后信号。为了减少这种滞后信号,可以提出减少光导层中的俘获的方法,但由于通过真空热沉积所形成的多晶半导体的自然性质,该方法不可能将俘获减少到特定水平或更少。
同时,作为另一方法,可以提出在发射X射线后,通过将反向偏置电压施加到上电极,能够使脱阱电荷处于复合过程的方法。然而,在这种情况下,需要以很快的频率施加高电压。这具有技术限制。此外,下电极和光导层以及CMOS衬底之间的肖特基二极管可能会被极大地破坏。因此,不能应用相应的方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是有效改善直接转换型探测器的图像滞后现象。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供了一种X射线探测器,包括:在衬底上形成的并向其施加第一驱动电压V1的下电极;在下电极的周围形成的并向其施加第二驱动电压V2的辅助电极;在下电极和辅助电极上形成的光导层;以及在光导层上形成的并向其施加第三驱动电压V3的上电极。正好在X射线发射关闭后,第三驱动电压V3是反向偏置电压。
在这种情况下,在X射线发射开启时间区间中,第一至第三驱动电压可以表示为V2<V3<V1的关系,而在X射线发射关闭时间区间的至少一部分中,第一至第三驱动电压可以表示为V2<V1<V3的关系。反向偏置的第三驱动电压V3可以在与X射线发射关闭的时刻同时具有以脉冲形式同步的脉冲形式。X射线探测器可以进一步包括具有垫孔的钝化膜,其被置于在下电极和辅助电极之间并露出下电极。辅助电极可以位于垫孔的周围。光导层可以由碲化镉(CdTe)、碲锌镉(CdZnTe)、氧化铅(PbO)、二碘化铅(PbI2)、碘化汞(HgI2)、砷化镓(GaAs)、硒(Se)、溴化铊(TlBr)和三碘化铋(BiI3)中的至少一种制成。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种X射线成像设备,包括:X射线探测器,其包括形成在衬底上的下电极、形成在下电极的周围的辅助电极、形成在下电极和辅助电极上的光导层和形成在光导层上的上电极;X射线发射设备,其向X射线探测器发射X射线;以及电源单元,分别将第一驱动电压V1、第二驱动电压V2和第三驱动电压V3施加到下电极、上电极和辅助电极,正好在X射线发射关闭后,第三驱动电压V3是反向偏置电压。
在这种情况下,在X射线发射开启时间区间中,第一至第三驱动电压V1、V2和V3可以表示为V2<V3<V1的关系,而在X射线发射关闭时间区间的至少一部分中,第一至第三驱动电压可以表示为V2<V1<V3的关系。可以与X射线发射关闭的时刻同时地以脉冲形式对反向偏置的第三驱动电压V3进行同步。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种驱动X射线成像设备的方法,包括步骤:在X射线发射开启时间区间中,向X射线探测器发射X射线,其中X射线探测器包括形成在衬底上的下电极、形成在下电极的周围的辅助电极、形成在下电极和辅助电极上的光导层和形成在光导层上的上电极;以及在X射线发射关闭时间区间中,将反向偏置电压施加到辅助电极。
在这种情况下,在X射线发射开启时间区间中,可将具有V2<V3<V1的关系的第一至第三驱动电压分别施加到下电极、辅助电极和上电极。在X射线发射关闭时间区间的至少一部分中,可将具有V2<V1<V3的关系的第一至第三驱动电压分别施加到下电极、辅助电极和上电极。可以与X射线发射关闭的时刻同时地以脉冲形式对反向偏置电压进行同步。
在另一方面,本发明提供了一种X射线探测器,包括,第一电极;接收X射线和产生电荷的光导层;面对第一电极的至少一部分的第二电极,光导层置于第二电极和第一电极之间,第二电极被施加电压以便由第一电极收集电荷;以及与光导层的至少一部分接触的第三电极。在X射线发射过程中,第三电极的电位被确定为处于第一电极的电位和第二电极的电位之间。正好在X射线发射关闭后,施加第三电极的电位,使得第二电极和第三电极之间的电位高于第一电极和第三电极之间的电位。
在这种情况下,第一电极、第二电极和第三电极可以形成在不同层。第三电极可以位于第一电极和第二电极之间。在X射线发射过程中或X射线发射关闭后,施加到第一电极和第二电极的电压可以没有变化。
根据本发明,辅助电极被配置为在光导层下、下电极的周围,在X射线发射时间区间期间,将下电极电压和上电极电压之间的偏置电压施加到辅助电极,并且正好在发射X射线后,将高于下电极电压的反向偏置电压施加到辅助电极。因此,可以显著提高下电极的电荷收集效率,并且可以改善脱阱电荷造成的图像滞后现象。
附图说明
图1是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的X射线成像设备的框图。
图2是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的X射线成像设备的探测器的剖视图。
图3、图4是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的在X射线发射开启时间区间中和在发射X射线之后的X射线发射关闭时间区间中的探测器的状态的图。
图5是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的在X射线发射开启/发射关闭时间区间中的第二和第三驱动电压的波形的图。
具体实施方式
以下将参考附图详细描述本发明的实施例。
图1是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的X射线成像设备的框图,图2是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的X射线成像设备的探测器的剖视图。
参见图1,根据本发明的一个实施例的X射线成像设备10可以包括X射线发射设备100,探测器200,电源单元300和控制单元400。
X射线发射设备100是用于产生和发射X射线的元件。X射线通过测试对象150入射到探测器200。
探测器200采用直接方法将入射的X射线直接转换为电信号。像素区,即X射线探测的基本单元,可以以矩阵的形式布置在探测器200中。
电源单元300是用于产生驱动探测器200的驱动电压的元件。具体地,电源单元300产生第一至第三驱动电压V1至V3并将它们施加到探测器200。
同时,电源单元300可以以被嵌入探测器200的方式实现。此外,如果需要,电源单元300可以产生用于驱动X射线发射设备100的驱动电压。可选地,电源单元300可以包括用于产生X射线发射设备100的驱动电压的附加电源单元。
控制单元400是用于控制构成X射线成像设备10的元件的操作的元件。具体地,控制单元400可以基于X射线发射设备100发射X射线的时序,产生用于控制电源单元300输出的驱动电压V1至V3中的至少一个的输出时序的控制信号。
以下参考图2,更为详细地描述探测器的配置。
参见图2,根据本发明的一个实施例,可以在探测器200的每个像素区P中在衬底210上形成用于将X射线转换为电信号的光电转换元件PC。
在这种情况下,例如,CMOS衬底、玻璃衬底、石墨衬底或在氧化铝(Al2O3)基底上堆叠ITO的衬底可以用作探测器200中使用的衬底210,但本发明并不限于此。在本发明的一个实施例中,为了便于描述,描述了使用CMOS衬底作为衬底210的示例。
钝化膜215形成在衬底210的表面上。钝化膜215可以由氧化硅(SiO2)或氮化硅(SiNx)制成,即,例如无机绝缘材料。
垫孔217可以形成在钝化膜215中用于每个像素区P。下电极220可以形成在垫孔217中。下电极220可以组成光电转换元件PC,例如,对应于第一电极220。
下电极220可以由在上侧与光导层240形成肖特基结的材料制成。例如,铝(Al)可以用作该材料,但本发明并不限于此。将来自电源单元300的第一驱动电压V1施加到下电极200。
在这种情况下,在本发明的一个实施例中,描述了通过下电极220收集具有比正空穴具有更高迁移率的电子的示例。在这种情况下,当发射X射线时,施加到下电极220的第一驱动电压V1具有高于第二驱动电压V2的电平,第二驱动电压V2是施加到上电极250的偏置电压。同时,在本发明的一个实施例中,为了便于描述,描述了施加地电压作为第一驱动电压V1的情况。
在已经形成了下电极220的衬底210上方形成辅助电极230。辅助电极230被配置为以与下电极220电分离的方式与下电极220间隔开。在这种情况下,辅助电极230可以被配置为位于高于下电极220并低于上电极240的位置。即,在每个像素区P中,辅助电极230可以与下电极220的边缘间隔开,并在下电极220的周围的上电极的至少一部分中形成。在本发明的一个实施例中,辅助电极230可以被配置为与垫孔217间隔开,并在垫孔217的周围在钝化膜215的至少一部分上形成。
辅助电极230是组成用于本发明的实施例的光电转换元件PC的电极,例如,其对应于第三电极230。辅助电极230可以由在上侧与光导层240形成欧姆接触的材料制成。例如,金(Au)可以用作该材料,但本发明并不限于此。将来自电源单元300的第三驱动电压V3施加到辅助电极230。
可以在已经形成了辅助电极230的衬底210上方形成光导层240,用于每个像素区P。
当X射线入射到光导层240上时,光导层240产生电子-正空穴对。具有良好的电荷迁移率、高的吸收系数、低的暗电流和低电位能量以产生电子-正空穴对的材料可用作光导层240。例如,光导材料组的至少一种,诸如碲化镉(CdTe)、碲锌镉(CdZnTe)、氧化铅(PbO)、二碘化铅(PbI2)、碘化汞(HgI2)、砷化镓(GaAs)、硒(Se)、溴化铊(TlBr)和三碘化铋(BiI3),可用作该材料。
在已经形成了光导层240的衬底210上形成上电极250。上电极250是组成光电转换元件PC的电极,例如,其对应于第二电极250。
上电极250可以由与光导层240形成欧姆接触的材料制成。因此,上电极250可以由与光导层240形成欧姆接触的辅助电极230相同的材料制成。例如,金(Au)可以用作该材料,但本发明并不限于此。
电源单元300将第二驱动电压V2施加到上电极250。例如,负极性电压,即,低于第一驱动电压V1的电压可以作为第二驱动电压V2施加。因此,光导层240产生的电子可以流入下电极220。
同时,在按以上描述配置的探测器200中,在光导层240下面、下电极220的周围形成辅助电极230。将第三驱动电压V3施加到辅助电极230,从而能够改善图像滞后现象,也进一步改善电荷收集效率。这在以下参考图3至图5进行更为详细的描述。
图3、图4是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的在X射线发射开启时间区间中和在发射X射线之后的X射线发射关闭时间区间中的探测器的状态的图,图5是示意性地示出根据本发明的一个实施例的在X射线发射开启/发射关闭时间区间中的第二和第三驱动电压的波形的图。
首先,参见图3和图5,在X射线发射设备100发射X射线的部分,即,在X射线发射开启时间区间Ton中,将具有负极性的第二驱动电压V2和具有低于第一驱动电压V1的电平的偏置电压施加到上电极250。
因此,发射X射线时产生的电子可以流入下电极220并可以被下电极220收集。
同时,将第三驱动电压V3施加到辅助电极230。第三驱动电压V3优选地作为具有低于第一驱动电压V1的电平和高于第二驱动电压V2的电平的偏置电压施加(即,V2<V3<V1)。
当施加具有这样的电平的第三驱动电压V3时,可以改善朝向下电极220并且在发射X射线时光导层240产生的电子的运动。相应地,可以显著增加下电极220的电荷收集,并且可以减少光导层240俘获的电子数量。
当辅助电极230变为尚未施加电压的浮置状态时,无法控制浮置状态的辅助电极230上积累的电子。此外,当辅助电极230变为接地状态时,除了下电极220以外,电子还会流入辅助电极230,使得恶化了电荷收集效率。此外,当施加到辅助电极230的第三驱动电压V3变为低于施加到上电极250的第二驱动电压V2时,会阻碍电子的运动。
从这一点看来,当发射X射线时,施加到辅助电极230的第三驱动电压V3优选具有V2<V3<V1的关系。
接下来,参见图4和图5,在终止X射线发射开启时间区间Ton之后不发射X射线的部分,即,在X射线发射关闭时间区间Toff中,可以将在X射线发射开启时间区间Ton中相同的电压作为第一和第二驱动电压V1和V2施加。如上文所描述的,第一和第二驱动电压V1和V2可以具有DC形式,其中,在X射线发射开启和X射线发射关闭时间区间Ton和Toff中,保持一定的电压电平。
同时,具有高于第一驱动电压V1的电平的反向偏置电压优选地作为施加到辅助电极230的第三驱动电压V3施加(即,V3>V1)。具体地,反向偏置的第三驱动电压V3优选地以脉冲形式与X射线发射关闭时间区间Toff的开始同步地施加,但本发明不限于此。在这种情况下,脉冲形式的电压可以施加例如几微秒的短时间。
当反向偏置的第三驱动电压V3按以上描述的施加时,上电极250和辅助电极230之间的电位V3-V2变为大于上电极250和下电极220之间的电位V1-V2。因此,在X射线发射关闭状态脱阱的电子不会被下电极220收集,脱阱电荷可以处于复合过程中。
因此,可以有效改善脱阱电荷造成的图像滞后现象。
如上文所描述的,根据本发明的一个实施例,辅助电极被配置为在光导层下面、下电极的周围,在发射X射线的部分,将下电极电压和上电极电压之间的偏置电压施加到辅助电极,并且在发射X射线之后,施加高于下电极电压的反向偏置电压。因此,可以显著提高下电极的电荷收集效率,并且可以改善由于脱阱电荷造成的图像滞后现象。

Claims (14)

1.一种X射线探测器,包括:
下电极,在衬底上形成并被施加第一驱动电压V1;
辅助电极,在下电极的周围形成并被施加第三驱动电压V3;
光导层,在下电极和辅助电极上形成;以及
上电极,在光导层上形成并被施加第二驱动电压V2,
其中,第三驱动电压V3正好在关闭X射线发射后是反向偏置电压;
其中光导层被布置在下电极和上电极之间,并且被配置为接收X射线并产生电荷,下电极被配置为收集由光导层产生的电荷。
2.如权利要求1所述的X射线探测器,
其中,在X射线发射开启时间区间中,第一至第三驱动电压表示为V2<V3<V1的关系;
其中,在X射线发射关闭时间区间的至少一部分中,第一至第三驱动电压表示为V2<V1<V3的关系。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的X射线探测器,其中,在X射线发射关闭的同时,反向偏置的第三驱动电压V3具有以脉冲形式同步的脉冲形式。
4.如权利要求1所述的X射线探测器,进一步包括钝化膜,该钝化膜具有被置于所述下电极和所述辅助电极之间并露出所述下电极的垫孔,其中,所述辅助电极位于所述垫孔的周围。
5.如权利要求1所述的X射线探测器,其中,所述光导层由CdTe、CdZnTe、PbO、PbI2、HgI2、GaAs、Se、TlBr和BiI3中的至少一种制成。
6.一种X射线成像设备,包括:
X射线探测器,其包括形成在衬底上的下电极、形成在所述下电极周围的辅助电极、形成在所述下电极和所述辅助电极上的光导层和形成在所述光导层上的上电极;
X射线发射设备,其向所述X射线探测器发射X射线;
其中光导层被布置在下电极和上电极之间,并且被配置为接收X射线并产生电荷,下电极被配置为收集由光导层产生的电荷;以及
电源单元,其分别将第一驱动电压V1、第二驱动电压V2和第三驱动电压V3施加到所述下电极、所述上电极和所述辅助电极,
其中,正好在X射线发射关闭后,所述第三驱动电压V3是反向偏置电压。
7.如权利要求6所述的X射线成像设备,
其中,在X射线发射开启时间区间中,第一至第三驱动电压V1、V2和V3表示为V2<V3<V1的关系,以及
其中,在X射线发射关闭时间区间的至少一部分中,所述第一至第三驱动电压表示为V2<V1<V3的关系。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的X射线成像设备,其中,与X射线发射关闭同时地以脉冲形式对反向偏置的所述第三驱动电压V3进行同步。
9.一种驱动X射线成像设备的方法,包括以下步骤:
在X射线发射开启时间区间中,向X射线探测器发射X射线,所述X射线探测器包括形成在衬底上的下电极、形成在所述下电极周围的辅助电极、形成在所述下电极和所述辅助电极上的光导层和形成在所述光导层上的上电极;以及
在X射线发射关闭时间区间中,将反向偏置电压施加到所述辅助电极。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,
其中,在X射线发射开启时间区间中,将具有V2<V3<V1的关系的第一至第三驱动电压分别施加到所述下电极、所述辅助电极和所述上电极,并且
其中,在X射线发射关闭时间区间的至少一部分中,将具有V2<V1<V3的关系的第一至第三驱动电压分别施加到所述下电极、所述辅助电极和所述上电极。
11.如权利要求9或10所述的方法,其中,与X射线发射关闭同时地以脉冲形式对反向偏置电压进行同步。
12.一种X射线探测器,包括:
第一电极;
光导层,接收X射线和产生电荷;
第二电极,面对所述第一电极的至少一部分,第二电极被施加电压以便通过所述第一电极收集电荷;以及
第三电极,与所述光导层的至少一部分接触,
其中光导层被布置在第一电极和第二电极之间;
其中,在X射线发射开启期间,所述第三电极的电位被确定为处于所述第一电极的电位和所述第二电极的电位之间,并且
其中,在所述X射线发射关闭后,所述第二电极和所述第三电极之间的电位高于所述第一电极和所述第三电极之间的电位。
13.如权利要求12所述的X射线探测器,
其中,所述第一电极、所述第二电极和所述第三电极被形成在不同层,并且
其中,所述第三电极位于所述第一电极和所述第二电极之间。
14.如权利要求12或13所述的X射线探测器,其中,在X射线发射开启期间或正好在X射线发射关闭后,施加到所述第一电极和所述第二电极的电压没有变化。
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