CN105916532A - 用于纯化血液和其它流体的氧化还原控制的电吸着和分解装置 - Google Patents
用于纯化血液和其它流体的氧化还原控制的电吸着和分解装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105916532A CN105916532A CN201480063193.3A CN201480063193A CN105916532A CN 105916532 A CN105916532 A CN 105916532A CN 201480063193 A CN201480063193 A CN 201480063193A CN 105916532 A CN105916532 A CN 105916532A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于从血液和其它流体中去除物质的装置,所述装置包含:i)用于从血液、血浆、超滤液或透析液流体中去除物质如毒素、有毒溶质、有毒的小分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素的电催化分解过滤器,所述电催化分解过滤器包含直流电源,一组具有催化表面或与提供催化活性的吸着剂直接接触的电极,ii)用于从血液、血浆、超滤液或透析液流体中去除物质如毒素、有毒溶质、有毒的小分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素的电吸着过滤器,所述电吸着过滤器包含直流电源、一组电极、纳米结构的吸着材料和/或多孔聚合物基质,iii)供血液或血浆或透析液流体进入所述装置中的进口,iv)用于从所述装置中去除经纯化的血液、血浆、超滤液或透析液流体的出口,和v)导管,其连接所述进口与所述出口并且保持所述电吸着过滤器,以使得所述血液、血浆、超滤液或透析液流体被强迫通过所述电吸着和电催化分解过滤器,以及vi)传感器和控制系统,以保护装置不产生氧化应激。本发明的装置也适用于其它流体如水、废水、化学品和其它生物流体的纯化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于从透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液中去除有毒物质的装置,该装置包含:
i)外壳,其具有用于透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液进入所述外壳的进口,用于从所述外壳中去除经纯化的透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液和过量流体的出口,和将所述进口与所述出口连接的导管
ii)电催化分解过滤器,用于从所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液中去除毒素、有毒溶质、有毒的小分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素,所述电催化分解过滤器被包含在所述导管中,使得所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液在从所述进口流到所述出口时,必须经过所述电催化分解过滤器,且所述电催化分解过滤器包含:
a)具有电催化表面用于通过电氧化来分解和气化毒素的一组电极
b)或与已涂布有电催化材料的多孔材料直接电接触的一组电极
c)向所述电极提供电荷以激活所述电催化电极表面的电源
d)考虑到毒素的再吸着和释放而控制和转换所述电极上的电荷
并且防止沉积物在所述电极上积累的电子器件
iii)电吸着过滤器,用于从所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液中去除毒素、有毒溶质、有毒的小分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素,所述电吸着过滤器被包含在所述导管中,以使得所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液在从所述进口流到所述出口时,必须经过所述电吸着过滤器,且所述电吸着过滤器包含:
a)纳米结构吸着材料;
b)涂布有所述吸着材料或与所述吸着材料电接触的一组电极;
c)向所述电极提供电荷并且在所述吸着介质中产生电场强度的电源;
d)用于监测经净化的流体的质量的传感器单元和用于纠正和调节经净化的流体的质量的控制系统。
本发明涉及一种用于从生物流体中、例如从来自患者的血液中去除有毒物质的独立装置,涉及使用可佩戴单元中的本发明装置从血液中去除有毒物质的方法,该可佩戴单元在可移动的同时能够实现连续的血液纯化。本发明还适用于其它流体,例如废水;工艺化学品和其它生物流体,例如从尿液、透析液流体、奶、生物化学分析和处理流体中去除物质。采取了特定的措施以保证经净化的流体的生物相容性并且预防氧化过激。在反转模式下,本发明的系统可用于以受控的方式释放成份。
背景技术
血液透析(HD)和腹膜透析(PD)是在肾不能充分从血液中去除有毒物质(杂质或废物)时进行的方法。透析最频繁用于患有肾衰竭的患者,但也可在急性情况下用于迅速去除药物或毒物。该技术可以挽救患有急性或慢性肾衰竭的人的生命。众所周知的是血液透析,其通过使血液在透析机中于体外沿专用过滤器循环来工作。此处,血液流动穿过半透膜(透析器或过滤器),在所述半透膜的另一侧以与血流逆流的方向流动透析流体。透析膜允许某个截止分子量以下的物质通过。通过扩散,这些物质的浓度将最终在膜的两侧相同。透析流体从血液中去除毒素并通常作为废物透析液被丢弃。使血液的化学失衡和杂质回到最小平衡并随后使血液回到身体。血液透析的功效为10至15%,其意思是10至15%的毒素从血液中被去除。通常,大多数患者每周经历三期血液透析。每期通常持续3至4小时。这是极不方便的,并且透析对患者的身体性和社会性副作用是很大的问题。
为了提供允许患者参加正常每日活动的便携式透析装置,已开发了人工肾。主要存在两种类型的人工肾。
在一个形式中,人工肾的原理由以下组成:通过透析从血液中提取尿素和其它更有毒的中等分子和利用吸附剂(通常为活性碳)使透析液再生。在基于这种透析肾脏机的系统的情况下,关键方面在于当透析流体再循环到透析器中时使所述透析流体再生。现有技术中可以遇见的透析肾脏机包括例如GB 1 406 133和US 2003/0097086中所述的那些。GB 1 406 133公开了一种再循环型人工肾,其具有包含活性碳和氧化铝的改进的吸附剂。US 2003/0097086公开了一种便携式透析装置,其包含串联连接的使用透析液的透析器,并且还包含多个具有波状外形的吸着剂装置,所述波状外形的吸着剂装置串联连接并且用于使用过的透析液再生。作为用于使用过的透析液再生的吸附材料,提供活性木炭、脲酶、磷酸锆、水合氧化锆和/或活性碳。
在另一个形式中,人工肾的原理可以基于使用合适膜的超过滤或血过滤,其中包括血细胞的大分子被保持在过滤器上的滞留物中,而有毒物质则被收集在(超)滤液中。在血过滤期间,使患者的血液经由机器流过一组管道(过滤回路)至半透膜(过滤器),在所述半透膜处去除废物和水。添加替换流体并且使血液回到患者。以与透析类似的方式,血过滤涉及溶质越过半透膜的运动。然而,血过滤中所用的膜比血液透析中所用的膜更加多孔得多,并且未使用透析液,相反地,正的流体静压驱动水和溶质穿过过滤膜,在所述过滤膜处将水和溶质作为滤液排走。将等渗替换流体添加至所得的经过滤的血液,以替换流体体积和重要的电解质。随后使其回到患者。因此,在超过滤的情况下,关键方面在于将尿素与超滤液中的其它成分如盐分离,所述其它成分也已流过所述膜,但其必须被重新掺入血液中以便维持其大体上恒定的电解质组成。
另一方法涉及电渗析,其是一种通过在类似于电泳系统的透析液膜上施加电场而加强透析工艺的方法。例如在WO03020403中,提出了一种在膜上具有电压的透析液系统。建议的电压在50至150伏特的范围内。其主张的是,电场促进毒素如小溶质、磷酸盐、肌酸酐、β2微球蛋白和甚至尿素的扩散率和因此的清除率。然而,主要缺点是所需的高电压导致血液显著受热。该系统因此需要附加的冷却部分,这使得该系统庞大并且耗能。
另一相关方法从水的纯化已知并且被称为电吸着。例如,在US2007/00728431中,公开了一种用于藉由用小电压激活的碳电极从水中去除无机离子如盐和金属的设备。该系统似乎对水和无机物质工作良好。迄今为止,尚未公开通过电吸着去除有机分子和物质如有毒的小分子和中等分子和蛋白的任何内容。
总之,现有技术公开了渗析装置和超滤装置,其中可以将各种物质用作吸着剂。也已公开了使用外部电场以加强透析液扩散过程。
然而,现有技术的系统的问题在于,由于材料的吸着容量有限,它们仍然过大,或者不够高效,或二者,从而不能允许小的、台式尺寸的或可佩戴的血液纯化系统。
已于1975年在US 3878564中描述了通过电激活氧化从血液和组织中去除毒素。在1982年,特别是在US4473449中,描述了使用具有TiO2、SnO2或RuO2涂层的Pt、Ti作为电极材料使透析液流体再生的这样一种工艺。该工艺从未在血液纯化中应用或实践,很可能是因为该工艺产生不想要的氧化产物如氯胺。
通过电吸着装置去除毒素已在2009年公布的专利EP2092944中详细描述。虽然将建议的技术视为血液纯化中重要的进步,但尿素的去除仍然有问题并且需要吸着剂的相对高的体积和质量。根据权利要求1的前序部分的电吸着和分解系统是WO2012060700A已知的。这种已知的系统通过包括吸附剂和电极的吸附剂单元结合了电解质的电吸着和有机毒素如尿素的电催化分解。这种方法已经过测试,具有很好的效果。然而,需要额外的安全措施以确保经净化的流体的质量,特别是预防氧化应激。氧化应激可能由于不想要的副产物(如电催化分解过程中氯胺)的形成而发生。氧化应激的预防对于安全且生物相容的操作是最重要的。
本发明的目的是克服与氧化应激相关的潜在问题,并且提供具有预防氧化应激的内置措施的紧凑且有效的吸着-过滤器和分解系统,以供血液透析、腹膜透析系统使用并且更一般来说供血液纯化系统如可佩戴的人工肾、人工肝、人工肺等使用。在类似形式中,这种系统适用于其它流体的纯化,例如水的纯化、废水处理和诸如水族箱水的纯化。
发明概述
根据本发明,通过提供一种装置而解决了该问题,所述装置的特征在于:传感器单元是用于监测经净化的流体的氧化还原态电催化分解速率的传感器单元,并且控制系统控制还原剂的输注以纠正和调节经净化的流体以预防氧化应激,其中电极由碳质材料制成。
所述有毒物质优选地选自钾、磷酸盐、尿素、尿酸、氨、肌酸酐、β2-微球蛋白(β2M)和与白蛋白结合的毒素例如对氨基马尿酸、对甲酚、硫酸吲哚酚、CMPF和胆红素。电吸着过滤器将具有高特异性和选择性表面区域的纳米结构吸着剂材料与由外部电源输送的额外的表面充电组合在一起。该组合能够实现十分有效、高效且因此小尺寸的吸着系统。与带有电极的过滤器(其提供尿素、尿酸盐、氨、肌酸酐和具有胺基团的其它成分的电催化分解,前提是这些毒素可以通过气化而非吸收去除)的组合显著地降低所需吸着剂的量。这有利于大大减小装置的尺寸。通过电吸着过滤器,有效去除由该电催化分解过程产生的可能不想要的氧化产物如部分氧化的氨基酸、肽和蛋白质以及由电催化分解产生的不想要的残余物如氯胺和氯。因此,电吸着过滤器和电催化分解过滤器以非常协同的模式操作:电催化分解过滤器能够实现大大减小电吸着过滤器中吸着剂的体积,而电吸着过滤器从电催化分解过滤器中去除所得的尿毒症毒素和不期望的副产物。电吸着过滤器和电催化分解过滤器可被理想地整合到一个电吸着/分解系统中,其中电吸着过滤器的电极由电催化分解材料制成。随后将电吸着和电催化解离过程组合。这允许进一步减小尺寸和重量。这种组合设置的另一重要特征在于吸着材料连续地暴露于电催化分解过程。这防止吸着材料被有机沉积物如蛋白质阻塞。
为了确保该装置的安全且生物相容的操作,通过传感器(即氧化还原传感器)和控制机构来测量和控制不想要的残留物如氯胺的去除以调节电催化分解的强度。此处,经净化的流体的氧化态可以保持在生物相容性限度内(<0.1mg/L氯胺)。在氯胺突然骤增的情况下,采取第二行动并且激活注射器系统以注射具有例如维生素C、维生素E或谷胱甘肽的还原剂的流体以中和氧化性氯胺。
小尺寸和随之而来的低重量允许小的、台式尺寸的系统,且甚至用于水处理、血液过滤或血液透析或腹膜透析的可佩戴装置也是可行的。
所述电吸着过滤器包含:吸收、吸附、离子交换和/或表面结晶材料,其具有提供与高化学表面活性组合的大比表面积的极小的纳米尺寸的颗粒或孔,如活性碳、离子交换树脂(例如基于ps-pvb)、纳米粘土、纳米晶水滑石、纳米多孔硅石、纳米多孔或层状硅酸铝(如沸石)、纳米多孔金属氧化物和金属氢氧化物、金属有机框架、沸石咪唑酯框架、纳米尺寸和/或活化石墨、环糊精、晶种;高度多孔的基质材料,其同样具有大比表面积,具有可调的多孔性和高特异性化学活性,如羧甲基纤维素和如生物聚合物,例如用特异性吸收的官能团改性的氧化淀粉,或它们的组合。
使用氧化还原传感器来调节电催化分解能力并在紧急情况下激活注射器以注射还原剂或氧化剂。也可以应用此注射器来注射药物或用于控制pH的物质(例如碳酸氢盐)。
根据本发明的装置的另一实施方案的特征在于,所述装置还包含用于将患者血浆与患者血细胞分离的血浆过滤器。
根据本发明的装置的另一实施方案的特征在于,所述装置还包含用于将血液超滤液与患者血液分离的滤血器,其中将超滤液与血细胞、血小板和大的(一般>50kDa)分子如白蛋白、蛋白质S和C和LDL胆固醇分离。
在该实施方案中,所述吸着-过滤器与血浆过滤器或滤血器系统组合,以形成用于从患者的血液中去除有毒物质的人工肾装置,其包含用于将患者血浆与患者血细胞分离的血浆过滤器,或将血液超滤液与患者血液分离的滤血器,与吸着-过滤器组合的电极(该吸着-过滤器用于从患者血浆中去除毒素、有毒的小尺寸分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素且任选地用选自维生素、矿物质、抗凝剂、抗微生物剂和其它药物的至少一种物质补充该血液),以及由催化材料制成或涂布的用于尿素、尿酸盐、氨和具有胺基团的其它成分的分解和气化的电极。
在血液过滤的情况下,使用用于将患者的血浆与血液分离的血浆过滤器或用于将患者的血液超滤液与血液分离的滤血器,随后使用用于从患者的血浆或超滤液中去除有毒的离子性溶质、有毒的小尺寸分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素的电吸着和分解过滤器。
在另一优选实施方案中,所述装置是血液透析或腹膜透析系统的一部分,以便提高透析流体的吸收能力或者通过所述电吸着和分解过滤器使透析液原位再生,并且因此使透析液流体体积和透析液系统的尺寸最小化,从而使透析系统可佩戴。
在另一优选实施方案中,所述透析系统是可佩戴的透析系统。
在另一优选实施方案中,所述血浆过滤器或滤血器包含用于回收患者血细胞的至少另一出口。
通过以反转模式操作该装置也可以使吸着材料再生,其中电极上的电压反转导致结合的毒素的排斥。
通过用会促进反转离子交换和随后的毒素释放的再生流体冲洗吸着剂,也可以实现吸着剂的再生。这种再生流体可以由具有特定盐的水溶液组成,例如NaCl溶液(典型浓度1至10wt%)或其它钠盐。再生流体也可以含有来自钙、镁、铁的其它盐(优选氯化物)或其它成分例如维生素、EPO和药物。从而吸着剂不仅可以被再生,而且也可以用这些成分预负载。这些成分随后将在正常使用中释放至血液系统。该预负载也用于中和由吸着剂不期望地摄取的特定成分。
通过反转电极模式操作与再生流体的组合,也可以促进吸着剂的再生。
需要用于电催化分解的电极上的电压的反转,以避免因成分从流体中电沉积而导致的失活。电压反转的频率并不十分关键,并且可以从每秒转换到每0.1至20小时转换变化。
优选地,取决于传感器系统尤其是氧化还原传感器的读数,电子地调节外部电源的电压。
附图简述
图1示出用于血液透析应用的流体系统的示意性设置。通过使用滤血器和透析液回路的透析过程来纯化患者血液。在回路中的透析液通过配备有用于电吸附和电催化分解的吸着剂和电极的吸着单元而被连续地纯化。吸着剂单元的尺寸为100-1000ml,通常约200ml。透析液的体积是50-500ml,一般为100ml。透析液和吸着剂单元的重量总共是150-1500克,通常是300克。在被毒素饱和后,吸着剂单元可以通过用盐水或其它钠盐溶液冲洗以除去毒素而再生。此处的频率取决于患者的大小和吸着剂单元的大小,通常为每天1-4次。提供传感器和控制系统以确保透析液的质量。为了防止患者发生氧化应激,透析液的氧化还原态被连续地测量并基于此调节电化学分解的强度。作为第二安全措施,具有还原剂如维生素C的注射器系统可在紧急情况下被激活。此注射器系统还可以用来输注药物或化合物如碳酸氢盐以纠正患者的酸中毒。
图2示出基于本发明的可佩戴的血液透析装置的原型。其包括滤血器、血液泵、透析液泵、监测透析液质量(温度、压力、电导率、pH值和氧化还原)的各种传感器、具有电吸着和电催化分解的吸着单元和脱气机。
图3-6是用本发明的原型获得的实验结果,表明了在毒素清除方面的通常性能。
图7示出电量测定法氧化还原态传感器的典型实例,其可用于测量经净化的流体的氧化还原电势。
图8示出这种传感器在氯胺作为电分解反应的副产物存在时的响应。为了保持在生物相容性的安全侧,氯胺水平必须保持低于0.1mg/l,对于这种传感器而言,这对应于<20mV的氧化还原值。
图9示出在骤增的情况下,中和所存在的氯胺所需要的维生素C的量。抗氧化的维生素C会与氯胺反应(还原)形成无害的氯离子和胺。
图10和11示出用MDA测试(脂质氧化)和AOPP测试(蛋白氧化)测量的预防氧化应激方面的实验结果。
具体实施方案
本文所用的术语“吸着”是指吸附和吸收二者。吸附是这样的过程:其发生于气体或液体或溶质(称为被吸附物)累积在固体或更少见的液体(吸附剂)的表面上形成分子或原子膜(被吸附物)时。其不同于吸收,在吸收中物质扩散到液体或固体中而形成“溶液”。术语“吸着”涵盖这两种过程,而解吸是逆向过程。
本文所用的术语“小尺寸分子”是指分子量低于500Da的分子,例如尿酸、尿素、胍、ADMA、肌酸酐。
本文所用的术语“中等尺寸分子”是指分子量为500Da至5000Da的分子,例如来自肽和脂质的终产物,胺,氨基酸,与蛋白结合的化合物,细胞因子,瘦素,微球蛋白和某些激素。
术语“纳米多孔材料”是指具有按定义大致为纳米范围(即1×10-7至0.2×10-9m之间)的孔的材料,并且包括指由IUPAC提出的3类:孔径为0.2至2nm的微孔材料(例如沸石);孔径为2至50nm的中孔材料;和孔径为50至1000nm的大孔材料。
本文所用的术语“离子性溶质”是指诸如磷酸盐、硫酸盐、碳水化合物、氯化物、氨、钾、钙、钠的成分。
本文所用的“纳米尺寸”是指大约1至1000nm、更优选1至100nm的尺寸。
术语“电吸着”是指一种过程,其中借助于电源提供的吸着剂上额外的表面电荷,溶液中的离子性溶质和带电分子被吸附到吸着剂的表面上。
术语“电吸着过滤器”是指一种包含吸着剂的过滤器系统,其可以用外部电源经由连接到该吸着剂材料的电极而充电或放电。
本文所用的术语“催化”是指这样的过程:其中特定的化学反应在与另一材料接触时因特定的分子间相互作用而被促进。
本文所用的术语“电催化”是指经由电激活而引发的催化化学反应。
本文所用的术语“分解”是指这样的化学反应:其中成分被离解成其较小的组成部分。
本文所用的术语“气化”是指这样的化学反应:其中成分被气化并从系统中释放。
本文所用的术语“电催化分解”是指这样的过程:其中化学成分经由电催化氧化被离解为较小的化学物质,优选气态物质。
本文所用的术语“电催化分解过滤器”是指包含电极的过滤器系统,其经由毒素的电催化激活分解和随后的气化来去除这些毒素。
本文所用的术语“电吸着分解过滤器”是指将电吸着过滤器和电催化分解过滤器组合的过滤器系统。
保持电吸着和分解过滤器组件的纯化装置
本发明的装置可以采取置于血液透析或腹膜透析系统的透析流体体系中的电吸着和分解过滤器组件的形式,使得能够从透析流体中去除毒素。电吸着和分解过滤器连续纯化透析液流体,保持透析流体中的毒素浓度低,导致血液透析和腹膜透析效率提高,通常为100%,并且显著地降低所需透析流体的消耗,理想地降至0.1至1升。吸着过滤器的其它的和任选的功能是释放用于补充血液的成份,例如钙,维生素A、C和B12,抗凝剂,抗微生物剂,矿物质,特定药物等。该选择会简化现有血液透析和腹膜透析系统的操作,并会降低腹膜透析系统中发生感染的机会。成分、补充剂或药物的输注还可以通过作为氧化还原态控制系统一部分的注射器系统进行递送。
本发明的装置可以采取可佩戴的腹膜透析系统的形式,其中电吸着和分解过滤器组件被置于可佩戴的腹膜透析系统中。由于电吸着和分解过滤器的连续过滤,透析液流体的体积可以降至通常为1至2升。可佩戴的腹膜透析装置包含至腹腔的管状通路系统和一种单元,所述单元包含流体泵、电源、传感器、电子控制、通常每天放置和替换所述电吸着和分解过滤器组件的设施以及排放过量水的系统。可以使用氧化还原控制单元的注射器系统来将葡萄糖连续输注至腹膜液中,以保持从患者提取流体的渗透压。这可以降低所需的总葡萄糖浓度,其反过来又可有利于患者腹膜的状况和寿命。
本发明的装置可以采取可佩戴的血液透析系统的形式,其中电吸着和分解过滤器组件被置于可佩戴的血液透析系统中。由于电吸着和分解过滤器的连续过滤,透析液流体的体积可以降至通常为50至500ml。可佩戴的血液透析装置包含血管通路管道系统和一种单元,所述单元包含小的滤血器系统、流体泵、电源、传感器、电子控制、通常每天至每周放置和替换所述电吸着和分解过滤器组件的设施以及排放过量水的系统。该装置的其它的和任选的功能是释放用于补充血液的成份,例如钙、维生素A、抗凝剂、抗微生物剂、矿物质、特定药物等。该选择会简化血液透析系统的操作,并会降低发生感染的机会。
d)本发明的装置可以采取基于血浆过滤或血液超过滤与电吸着和分解过滤的组合的可佩戴的或台式尺寸的人工肾的形式。在这种实施方案中,将通过专用的血浆过滤器进行血浆过滤步骤,或超滤液将经由具有相对大孔径的专用滤血器来提取,所述专用滤血器将血液与血浆或超滤液分离,允许有毒溶质、小/中等分子和与蛋白结合的毒素随血浆超滤液进入到具有电吸着分解过滤器组件的室中进行清洁。经由具有较小孔径的另外的滤血器,可以从血浆或超滤液中去除过量的水,防止白蛋白的损失。经清洁的血浆或超滤液随后再进入到血流中。应当理解,在这种实施方案中,装置还包含必需的管道、血管通路和反馈系统、泵送、电子元件、传感器、电源组和其它要求。然而,这些对本发明来说并非实质性的。人工肾装置的优点在于不会需要透析流体。在该装置的优选实施方案中,血浆、超滤液或滤血器以及电吸着和分解过滤器被组合以形成过滤器组件,所述过滤器组件包含封套,所述封套由滤血器材料制成,包围过滤器材料和电极。
图1示出这种用于血液透析治疗的装置的示意图。来自患者的血液经由血液管线11以100至200ml/min(通常125ml/min)的流速送至滤血器。毒素通过透析器膜13(例如高通量过滤器)传输到透析液回路。在透析液回路15中,透析液通过吸着单元17,在那里透析液通过电吸附和电催化分解被清洗掉毒素。
此处,尿素、尿酸盐、氨、肌酸酐和具有胺基团的其它毒素被分解并脱气。每对电极上的电压可以高达20V,但为了限制水解,应保持低电压差,一般低于4V。其它毒素如小溶质钾和磷酸盐以及有毒中等分子如β2微球蛋白和与蛋白结合的毒素如对甲酚、吲哚硫酸酯和马尿酸被吸附在电吸着部分中。
此处,纳米结构吸着材料提供十分大的表面积和化学活性,以结合通常范围为10至50wt%的高负载毒素。可以操作该纯化模式,直至吸着材料被毒素饱和。这取决于所用吸着剂的量。代表性实施方案会包含100至500克(通常约150至200克)吸着剂,允许持续6至24小时的连续纯化模式。通过与再生流体组合地将外部电压转换成其相反符号,装置可以设定为反转模式。在反转电压下,吸着功能变化为排斥功能并且迫使毒素去结合(unbind)并离开吸着剂表面。从而,吸着剂被清洁并再生。通过处理再生流体,去除室中释放的毒素。
透析液的质量由控制单元19进行监测。该控制单元具有通常用于温度、电导率、pH值和氧化还原态的传感器21。氧化还原传感器21用于确保系统不产生氧化应激。根据读数,调节电催化分解,并且如果需要的话,注射器系统23被激活以输注还原剂或氧化剂。
为了防止流体过载,可经由从患者除去超滤液的单独管线来从患者抽回过剩流体。这可以连续(作为排水,通常流速为1ml/min)或不连续地以每天几次(例如20ml/min并持续20分钟)进行。
处理的超滤液的体积通常为每天约1至2L,这是由人释放的过量流体的正常量。血液回路11还包括温度传感器25、血液泵27和温度压力气泡探测器29。透析液回路还包括两个阀门31和32、透析液泵33和脱气器35。
图2中示出用于实验验证的原型的图片。其包括滤血器41,以便将毒素从血液中交换到透析液并且提取超滤液。电吸着和分解单元43连续地从透析液中去除毒素。图2中示出了其它组件,例如泵送单元45和47,脱气单元55、传感器49-53、流体阀和注射器57。
本发明的装置中的滤血器优选是市售的滤血器(例如,由GambroGmbH,Hechingen,Germany或Membrana GmbH,Wuppertal,Germany生产)。
在替代性实施方案中,本发明的装置中的电吸着和分解过滤器可以包含用于接受离开所述血浆过滤器或滤血器的患者血浆或超滤液的进口59,和用于回收经纯化的血浆或超滤液的至少一个出口61和63。
在任何实施方案中,本发明的装置可以还包含用于用选自维生素如维生素A、C、E和B12;矿物质如钙、钠和钾;抗凝剂;使酸中毒患者恢复的碳酸氢盐;抗微生物剂和其它药物的至少一种物质补充(经纯化的)血浆或透析液流体的装置。
任选地,装置或过滤器垫可以包含离子交换系统。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种用于从血液中去除有毒物质的方法,其包括使用根据本发明的装置。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种用于从血液透析或腹膜透析流体中去除有毒物质的方法,其包括使用根据本发明的装置。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种用于从其它流体如水中去除物质的方法,例如用于制造饮用水或纯化水族箱水的方法,和用于纯化工业过程中所用的化学制品以及从其它生物流体如尿液、奶、生物分析流体中去除物质的方法,所述方法包括使用根据本发明的装置。
本发明的装置中的电吸着和分解过滤器可以采取过滤器筒的形式,其由包含一组内置式电极和具有吸着材料的可替换过滤器垫的刚性或柔性容器组成。
在另一方面,本发明可以采取具有连接到电源如电池或整流器的内置式电极的装置的形式,其保持与这些电极接触的电吸着和分解过滤器筒并且包含血浆分离器或滤血器和吸着过滤器垫,所述吸着过滤器垫具有用于从血浆、超滤液或透析液中提取离子性溶质和小尺寸分子和中等尺寸分子的吸着材料。
因此在优选实施方案中,用于从来自患者的血液中去除有毒物质的装置包含滤血器和电吸着过滤器,其中电吸着过滤器从血液中去除有毒溶质、小分子和中等尺寸分子,并且包括诸如选择性吸着、受控释放和抗微生物控制的功能。
在最优选实施方案中,滤血器的血浆过滤器以及电吸着过滤器是单独的部分。例如,血浆过滤器或滤血器可以由现有的市售血浆过滤器或(高通量)滤血器组成,并且电吸着过滤器可以由具有内置电极的筒组成。在该筒中,也含有吸着材料。吸着材料可以被保持在多孔封套中以形成过滤器垫。
本发明的装置可以用于对患有(发展出)肾衰竭的患者的血液进行过滤或纯化。在优选的实施方案中,装置采取可佩戴的人工肾装置的形式,但也可实施为台式尺寸的设备或适合的血液透析或腹膜透析设备。
人工肾能够进行某些通常通过适当地起作用的人或动物肾脏所进行的功能,特别是过滤血液以及调节和控制血液中物质的含量。
氯胺的氧化还原控制和预防
氯胺是作为电催化分解的副产物而形成的。在除了尿素和有机毒素之外还存在氯离子的溶液中,电催化分解还会与氯离子相互作用,导致氧化并且根据以下反应形成氯(Cl2)和次氯酸盐(HOCl)。
2Cl->Cl2+2e
Cl2+H2O>HOCl+HCl
次氯酸盐进而可以与氨或胺反应以形成氯胺,主要是一氯胺NH2Cl:
NH3+HOCl→NH2Cl+H2O
氯胺提供氧化应激,这可能损害例如红血细胞,导致溶血。必须在任何时候防止这一点。氯胺的安全限度被设定为最大0.1mg/l(ANSI/AMIRD5标准)。
防止氯胺的一种方式是确保在能够吸着或消除氯胺的吸着剂单元本身中存在足够的吸着剂材料。尤其活性炭在这方面是非常有用的,因为活性炭可以捕获氯胺并且可以通过催化还原来分解氯胺。这在水净化工业中是公知的。已经发现,对于可佩戴的血液透析装置,50-100克的碳捕集器足以消除所有的氯胺残余物。含碳物质中其他类型的碳,例如碳纳米管和石墨烯,可能显示出类似或甚至更好的能力。
在这方面也很重要的是电催化电极的选择和尺寸。业已发现,含碳物质的成员,如碳和石墨,倾向于产生比金属电极例如Pt更少的氯胺。然而,尿素和相关毒素的催化分解也不如Pt有效。这反过来影响了系统的整体设计。
为了确保系统不产生氧化应激,三级安全方法如下:
(1)取决于电催化分解系统的容量和相关的氯胺产生,采用具有足够容量的碳捕集器以捕获并分解所形成的氯胺。为了安全起见,这个碳捕集器应该用2倍因子来超安全标准设计。
(2)为了控制碳捕集器随时间的效率,通过氧化还原传感器来连续监测氧化还原态。氧化还原态是氯胺水平的量度。在氧化还原态上升并倾向于达到限值的情况下,电催化分解的强度降低。这会降低氧化还原态。氧化还原态传感器测量流体的氧化还原电势(ORP)。这种传感器可以是市售的ORP传感器(通常包括Pt电极、Ag/AgCl参比电极和盐桥,参见例如Mettler Toledo或Vernier)或如图7中所示的流过式电量测定传感器。在图7中,三个Pt丝用于参比电极、工作电极和对电极,但是也可以使用其它材料如Au、Ag或Ag/AgCl。在图8中示出这种传感器对于氯胺(氧化剂)存在的响应。
(3)在氧化还原态突然地、意外地上升的情况下(例如由于氯胺的骤增),注射器被激活以输注还原剂如维生素C(抗坏血酸)或类似的抗氧化剂。抗氧化剂使氯胺还原变回氨和氯离子:
C5H5O5CH2OH+NH2Cl>C5H3O5CH2OH+NH3+HCl
实验结果
实施例1:血液透析性能
如图2中所示构造原型机。已在动态试验中使用1.5L动物血液以120ml/min通过高通量过滤器以进行透析处理从而进行了测试。透析液回路含有100mL透析液。电吸着和分解单元中填充有110克离子交换树脂(ps-pvb)、50克纳米结构的FeOOH吸着剂和50克活性碳。石墨电极用于在每电极对3.6V的电压下分解尿素和相关毒素。总的电极表面达585cm2。透析液流速设定为45ml/min。每小时测量动物血液中的浓度。每一个小时后,向血液中添加新的毒素(尿素10mmol、钾1.5mmol、磷酸盐0.75mmol、肌酸酐0.5mmol)以维持代表性的毒素水平。浓度分布描绘在图3-6中,其中:
图3示出在透析装置(Gambro 2H过滤器)中用具有160g吸着剂和585cm2电极的吸着剂单元从1.5L的动物血液(牛)中除去尿素的图。每小时向血液中添加10mmol尿素。在6小时内除去的总量:60mmol尿素;
图4示出在透析装置(Gambro 2H过滤器)中用具有160g吸着剂和585cm2电极的吸着剂单元从1.5L的动物血液(牛)中除去肌酸酐的图。每小时向血液中添加0.5mmol肌酸酐。在6小时内除去的总量:3.7mmol肌酸酐;
图5示出在透析装置(Gambro 2H过滤器)中用具有160g吸着剂和585cm2电极的吸着剂单元从1.5L的动物血液(牛)中除去钾的图。每小时向血液中添加1.5mmol钾。在6小时内除去的总量:9mmol钾;和
图6示出在透析装置(Gambro 2H过滤器)中用具有160g吸着剂和585cm2电极的吸着剂单元从1.5L的动物血液(牛)中除去磷酸盐的图。每小时向血液中添加0.75mmol磷酸盐。在6小时内除去的总量:5mmol磷酸盐。
以下表格中给出了总的结果。
表:血液透析实验:动物血液的6小时透析
毒素 | 6小时内除去的总量(mmol) |
尿素 | 60 |
肌酸酐 | 3.7 |
钾 | 9 |
磷酸盐 | 5 |
图7示出了电量测定法流过式氧化还原态传感器的实例。其包括三个电极:参考电极、其中分子被氧化或还原的工作电极和用于测量已被氧化或还原的分子的量的对电极。在此设置中,电极是Pt丝,但其它几何形状和金属(如Au、Ag、AgCl)也是可行的。
图8示出氯胺和氧化还原态相对于电催化电势的示意图。作为第一安全措施,氯胺水平通过氧化还原传感器和调节电催化分解的控制系统控制在小于0.1mg/l。氯胺阈值是0.1mg/l(ANSI/AAMI RD5:2003)。在本实施例(见实验1)中,这意味着电催化分解的电压应保持低于4.1V。
图9示出了用维生素C中和氯胺的图。作为第二安全措施,在电压控制机构未能使氯胺水平保持在低于0.1mg/l的情况下,启动维生素C(或类似的抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸钠、维生素E、谷胱甘肽)的输注。该图显示了充分中和所存在的氯胺所需要的维生素C的量。
实施例2:氧化应激的预防
实施例1中所描述的原型也用于验证对于氧化应激的预防。进行两个氧化应激测试:
(1)MDA测试:脂质过氧化是动物和植物中的细胞损伤的明确机制。脂质过氧化物是细胞中氧化应激的不稳定指示剂,其分解以形成更加复杂和反应性更强的化合物如丙二醛(MDA)和4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE),它们是脂质过氧化反应的天然副产物。脂质的氧化修饰可在体外通过种类繁多的促氧化剂来诱导,并且在体内在老化过程和某些疾病状况下发生。测量脂质过氧化反应的终产物是用于氧化损伤的最广泛接受的测定法之一。脂质过氧化反应的这些醛类次级产物是普遍接受的氧化应激的标志物。
(2)AOPP测试:晚期氧化蛋白产物(AOPP)是氧化应激过程中通过氯化的氧化剂如氯胺和次氯酸与血浆蛋白的反应而产生的尿毒症毒素。AOPP在结构上类似于晚期糖基化终产物(AGE)蛋白质并且发挥类似的生物活性。AOPP在患有肾脏并发症、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、全身性硬化症的患者以及HIV阳性患者中升高。用在体内产生的HOCl和AOPP处理的人血清白蛋白(HSA)可以引发在嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞二者中的氧化反应,这表明这二者均可以用作炎症的真实介导物(mediator)。
这些测试结果示于图10(MDA测试)和11(AOPP测试)中,其中:
图10示出电催化分解对氧化应激的作用的图,其中在实施例1描述的条件下根据MDA测试(脂质氧化,形成丙二醛加合物)测量氧化应激。电催化分解不产生氧化应激。甚至倾向于降低氧化应激(可能是由于透析液回路中存在碳);和
图11示出电催化分解对氧化应激的作用的图,其中在实施例1描述的条件下根据AOPP测试(晚期蛋白氧化形成)测量氧化应激。电催化分解不产生氧化应激。
从这些图中可以明显看出,所采取的用于预防氧化应激的措施(在电催化分解上的碳捕集器和电压控制)显然是成功的。未检测到由于电催化分解导致的氧化应激。
Claims (12)
1.一种用于从透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液中去除有毒物质的装置,其包含:
i)外壳,其具有用于透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液进入所述外壳的进口,用于从所述外壳中去除经纯化的透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液和过量流体的出口,和将所述进口与所述出口连接的导管
ii)电催化分解过滤器,用于从所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液中去除毒素、有毒溶质、有毒的小分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素,所述电催化分解过滤器被包含在所述导管中,使得所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液在从所述进口流到所述出口时,必须经过所述电催化分解过滤器,且所述电催化分解过滤器包含:
a)具有电催化表面用于通过电氧化来分解和气化毒素的一组电极
b)或与已涂布有电催化材料的多孔材料直接电接触的一组电极
c)向所述电极提供电荷以激活所述电催化电极表面的电源
d)考虑到毒素的再吸着和释放而控制和转换所述电极上的电荷并且防止沉积物在所述电极上积累的电子器件
iii)电吸着过滤器,用于从所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液中去除毒素、有毒溶质、有毒的小分子和中等尺寸分子和与蛋白结合的毒素,所述电吸着过滤器被包含在所述导管中,以使得所述透析液流体、血液、血浆或超滤液在从所述进口流到所述出口时,必须经过所述电吸着过滤器,且所述电吸着过滤器包含:
a)纳米结构吸着材料;
b)涂布有所述吸着材料或与所述吸着材料电接触的一组电极;
c)向所述电极提供电荷并且在所述吸着介质中产生电场强度的电源;
d)用于监测经净化的流体的质量的传感器单元和用于纠正和调节经净化的流体的质量的控制系统,
特征在于,所述传感器单元是用于监测经净化的流体的氧化还原态电催化分解速率[权利要求14]的传感器单元,并且所述控制系统控制还原剂的输注[权利要求14]以纠正和调节经净化的流体以预防氧化应激,其中所述电极由碳质材料制成[权利要求2(v)]。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,将所述电吸着过滤器和电催化分解过滤器组合到一个过滤器室中,其中所述吸着材料被包含在所述电催化电极之间。
3.根据权利要求1和2所述的装置,其特征在于,以筒的形式提供所述电催化分解和电吸着过滤器,所述筒具有涂布有所述吸着材料的所述电极或具有由含有所述吸着材料的多孔封套包围的所述电极。
4.根据权利要求1和2所述的装置,其特征在于,所述电催化分解和电吸着过滤器与可渗透的封套组合以形成过滤器垫,所述过滤器垫包含包围过滤器垫内容物的封套,其中所述垫的所述封套包含可渗透的膜并且所述垫的所述内容物包含所述吸着材料。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置还包含用于将患者血浆与患者血细胞分离的血浆过滤器。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置还包含用于将患者超滤液与患者血细胞分离或允许在透析设置中进行血液-透析液毒素交换的滤血器。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置还包含用于从所述患者血浆中去除毒素、小分子和中等尺寸分子的电吸着过滤器。
8.根据权利要求4和6所述的装置,其特征在于,将所述血浆过滤器和所述电吸着过滤器组合以形成所述过滤器垫,其中所述可渗透的膜由所述血浆过滤器形成。
9.根据权利要求5和7所述的装置,其特征在于,将所述滤血器和所述电吸着过滤器组合以形成所述过滤器垫,其中所述可渗透的膜由所述滤血器形成。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置还包含用于用选自维生素、矿物质、抗凝剂、抗微生物剂和其它药物的至少一种物质补充所述透析液流体和/或所述(经纯化的)血浆的工具。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置还包含离子交换系统。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述吸着材料用再生流体与电极上的反转电压模式的组合进行再生,并且任选地,根据传感器系统的读数对外部电源的电压进行电子调节和/或外部电源的电压能够反转为相反的值以排斥并且释放毒素、不想要的沉积物以及使吸着材料再生。
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JP2016538027A (ja) | 2016-12-08 |
US20160250404A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
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