CN105899522A - 硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺 - Google Patents

硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺 Download PDF

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CN105899522A
CN105899522A CN201480064642.6A CN201480064642A CN105899522A CN 105899522 A CN105899522 A CN 105899522A CN 201480064642 A CN201480064642 A CN 201480064642A CN 105899522 A CN105899522 A CN 105899522A
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A·博克霍尔特
P·吉格莱尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及通式(1)的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺,其中R1表示具有1‑20个碳原子的未取代的或氟取代的烷基,R2、R3表示具有1‑20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基或烷基、或具有1‑20个硅原子的甲硅烷氧基,其中基团R1、R2、R3中的两个或三个可以彼此相连,R4表示具有1‑20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基,和n表示数值1或2。本发明还涉及一种制备通式(1)的膦酰胺的方法,在制备所述膦酰胺中使用的二胺,包括通式(1)的膦酰胺的电解质,以及包含阳极、阴极、隔膜和电解质的锂离子电池。

Description

硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺
本发明涉及硅烷基化环状膦酰胺,其制备方法,在制备所述膦酰胺中使用的二胺,包含所述膦酰胺的电解质以及包括所述电解质的锂离子电池。
锂离子电池是最有前景的移动应用系统之一。应用领域从高品质的电子设备延伸到电动车辆的电池。
锂离子电池的能量密度必须得到进一步显著的改善,以便于这种电池技术能够在更广泛的领域中得以应用。增加能量密度的一种可能的方式是使用相对于Li/Li+具有>4.4V电势的所谓的高电压阴极材料。这种材料的使用显著提高了电池电压,并因此提高了能量密度。然而,目前所使用的电解质的稳定性不足以使具有这种电势的阴极材料能够实现长的电池循环寿命。现今基于有机碳酸酯的电解质在>4.4V的电势下被氧化形成气态产物,如CO2,从而使电池电解质耗尽,并因此建立起越来越大的内部电阻,最终导致电容的下降和电池失效。此外,气体的释放导致电池中不期望的压力增加。
EP 2573854 A1记载了硅烷基化的膦酸酯作为锂离子电池的电解质添加剂。与非硅烷基化的类似物和常规的添加剂如碳酸亚乙烯酯相比,硅烷基化的膦酸酯能够降低电池电阻并提高高温储存稳定性。
US 2013/0250485 A1记载了使用三(三甲基甲硅烷基)磷酸酯作为超电容器的电解质添加剂,其在碳阴极上形成一层膜,并因此提高了高压稳定性。
在“Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii(1987),57,(2),311-21”中,Kurochkin等描述了多种合成N,N’-二(三甲基甲硅烷基)-N,N’-三亚甲基甲基膦酰二胺的方法。一种可行的方式为N,N’-二(三甲基甲硅烷基)-1,3-丙二胺与二(二甲基氨基)甲氧基膦反应。
本发明提供通式1的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺:
其中
R1为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基,
R2、R3各自为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基或烷氧基、或具有1-20个硅原子的硅烷氧基,其中基团R1、R2、R3中的两个或三个可以彼此相连,
R4为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代的或氟取代的烷基,和
n为1或2。
由于将通式1的膦酰胺作为添加剂加入到锂离子电池的电解质中,在阴极材料上形成保护层(固体电解质界面,SEI),这极大地减少了电解质的进一步氧化。因此获得了更长循环寿命的电池。
同时,电解质的导电性没有受到不利影响。
未取代的烷基R1、R2、R3、R4的实例为甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、异戊基、新戊基、叔戊基、己基如正己基、庚基如正庚基、辛基如正辛基和异辛基例如2,2,4-三甲基戊基、壬基如正壬基、癸基如正癸基、十二烷基如正十二烷基。氟取代的烷基的实例为三氟甲基、3,3,3-三氟丙基和5,5,5,4,4,3,3-七氟戊基。优选的烷基R1、R2、R3、R4具有1-10个碳原子。烷氧基R2、R3的实例为甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、异丙氧基、正丁氧基和异丁氧基。优选的烷基和烷氧基R1、R2、R3、R4具有1-10个碳原子。特别优选甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、甲氧基和乙氧基。特别优选的R1、R2、R3、R4为甲基、乙基、正丙基和异丙基。
硅烷氧基可以是甲硅烷基如三甲基甲硅烷基,或硅氧烷基,其优选具有至多10个硅原子。
当基团R1、R2、R3、R4中的两个或三个彼此相连时,其可形成单环或双环烷基或硅氧烷环。
n优选为2。
特别优选N,N’-二(三甲基甲硅烷基甲基)-N,N’-三亚甲基甲基膦酰二胺。
本发明同样提供一种制备通式1的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺的方法
其中通式2的二胺与如通式3的膦酰二卤反应:
R1R2R3Si-NH-CH2-(CH2)n-NH-SiR1R2R3 (2)
R4POX2 (3),
其中
X为氟、氯或溴,和
R1、R2、R3、R4和n如前所定义。
X优选为氯。
在该反应中优选使用碱,特别是强碱。优选的碱为胺如单胺,例如辛胺、壬胺、癸胺、十一烷基胺、十二烷基胺(月桂胺)、十三烷基胺、十三烷基胺(异构体混合物)、十四烷基胺(肉豆蔻胺)、十五烷基胺、十六烷基胺(鲸蜡胺)、十七烷基胺、十八烷基胺,以及多胺,例如乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、四亚乙基五胺、五亚乙基六胺、六亚乙基七胺、2-(二异丙胺基)乙胺、五甲基二亚乙基三胺;碱金属和碱土金属氢氧化物如LiOH、NaOH、KOH、RbOH、CsOH、Mg(OH)2、Ca(OH)2、Sr(OH)2、Ba(OH)2;醇盐,特别是碱金属醇盐如甲醇钠、甲醇钾、乙醇钠;氨化物如氨基钠和氨基钾;以及氢化物如氢化钠、氢化钾和氢化钙。
所述制备方法可以在存在或不存在疏质子溶剂的条件下进行。如果使用疏质子溶剂,优选在0.1MPa下沸点或沸程为至多120℃的溶剂或溶剂混合物。这种溶剂的实例为醚如二氧六环、四氢呋喃、二乙醚、二异丙醚、二乙二醇二甲醚,氯代烃如二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、三氯乙烯,烃如戊烷、正己烷、己烷异构体混合物、庚烷、辛烷、石脑油、石油醚、苯、甲苯、二甲苯,硅氧烷,特别是具有三甲基甲硅烷端基和优选0至6个二甲基硅氧烷单元的链状二甲基聚硅氧烷,或具有优选4至7个二甲基硅氧烷单元的环状二甲基聚硅氧烷,例如六甲基二硅氧烷、八甲基三硅氧烷、八甲基环四硅氧烷和十甲基环五硅氧烷,酯如乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯,二硫化碳和硝基苯,或这些溶剂的混合物。
反应的温度优选为0℃-150℃,特别优选为10℃-120℃,尤其优选为20℃-100℃。
反应时间优选为1-20小时,特别优选为2-10小时。
反应期间的压力优选为0.10-10MPa(abs.),特别优选为0.5-2MPa(abs.).
通式1的膦酰胺优选通过蒸馏分离。如果使用的碱形成了微溶的卤化物或氢卤化物,优选预先分离。如果使用了溶剂,优选在蒸馏通式1的膦酰胺之前将其分离。
通式2的二胺可以通过二氨基乙烷或二氨基丙烷与氯甲硅烷和碱反应制备,例如在“Journal of Organometallic Chemistry,268(1984)31-38”中所记载的。
通式2的二胺优选的制备方法为使通式4的二胺与通式5的硅烷反应:
H2N-CH2-(CH2)n-NH2 (4)
R1R2R3Si-CH2Y (5),
其中
Y为氟、氯或溴,和
R1、R2、R3、R4和n如前所定义。
Y优选为氯。
在反应中,优选使用碱,特别是强碱。优选的碱为能够在制备通式1的环状膦酰胺中使用的碱,以及碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐,例如碱金属和碱土金属碳酸盐,如碳酸钠、碳酸钾和碳酸钙。
制备方法可以在存在或不存在疏质子溶剂的条件下进行。优选的疏质子溶剂为能够在制备通式1的环状膦酰胺中使用的溶剂。
制备通式2的二胺的反应的温度优选为20℃-200℃,特别优选为40℃-150℃。
反应时间优选为1小时至3天,特别优选为10小时至2天。
反应期间的压力优选为0.10至10MPa(abs.),特别为0.5至2MPa(abs.).
通式2的二胺优选使用蒸馏分离。
同样由本发明提供通式2a的二胺:
R1R2R3Si-NH-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-SiR1R2R3 (2a)
其中R1、R2、R3如前所定义。
本发明也提供一种包含疏质子溶剂、含锂电解质盐和通式1的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺的电解质。
所述电解质能够用于锂离子电池。该电解质优选包含0.1-10%重量,特别是0.5-3%重量的通式1的膦酰胺。
所述疏质子溶剂优选选自有机碳酸酯如碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲基乙基酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯,环状和链状的酯如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯,环状和链状的醚如2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,2-二乙氧基甲烷、THF、二氧六环、1,3-二氧戊环、二异丙基醚、二乙二醇二甲醚,酮如环戊酮、二异丙基酮、甲基异丁基酮,内酯如γ-丁内酯,环丁砜、二甲基亚砜、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、3-甲基-1,3-噁唑烷-2-酮,和这些溶剂的混合物。
优选上述有机碳酸酯。
所述电解质优选包含0.1至3mol/kg,特别是0.5至2mol/kg的含锂电解质盐。
所述含锂电解质盐优选选自LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、(LiB(C2O4)2、LiBF2(C2O4))、LiSO3CxF2x+1、LiN(SO2CxF2x+1)2和LiC(SO2CxF2x+1)3,其中x为0至8的整数,以及其混合物。
电解质,如例如DE 10027626 A中所述,也能够含有其它添加剂如有机异氰酸酯以减少含水量,HF清除剂,LiF增溶剂,有机锂盐和/或复合盐。
本发明同样提供一种锂离子电池,其包括阴极、阳极、隔膜以及如上所述的电解质。
锂离子电池的负极(阴极)优选包括能够可逆的吸附锂离子并再释放它们的材料,例如碳如炭黑或石墨。锂离子电池的正极(阳极)优选包括锂-过渡金属氧化物或锂-过渡金属磷酸盐。优选的过渡金属为Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Fe、Ni、Mo、W。优选的锂-过渡金属氧化物为LiCoO2、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、Li(CoNi)O2、Li(CoV)O2、Li(CoFe)O2。优选的锂-过渡金属磷酸盐为LiCoPO4、Li(NiMn)O2和LiNiPO4。锂离子电池的电极可包含其它例如增加导电率的添加剂、粘合剂、分散剂和填充剂。可以使用如EP785586 A中记载的其它添加剂。
本发明同样提供如上所述的电解质在锂离子电池中的用途。
上述通式中的所有符号在每种情况下都具有独立的含义。在所有通式中,硅原子为四价的。
在以下实施例中,除非特别指明,所有的量和百分比均为重量,所有的压力为0.10MPa(abs.),以及所有温度为20℃。
实施例:
1.合成N,N’-二(三甲基甲硅烷基甲基)-1,3-丙二胺
40g二氨基丙烷、132.4g氯甲基三甲基硅烷和149.2g碳酸钾加入到1升的甲苯和160升的二甲基亚砜中,回流24小时。随后过滤掉沉淀,并在旋转蒸发仪上除去溶剂。减压下蒸馏获得粗品(b.p.68℃/5.0*10-2mbar)。
1NMR(C6D6,ppm):=0.04(s,18H,Si-CH 3),1.61(qu,3JHH=6.6Hz,2H,N-CH2-CH 2),2.02(s,4H,Si-CH 2-N),2.67(t,3JHH=6.6Hz,4H,N-CH 2-CH2)。
29Si{1H}NMR(C6D6,ppm):=-0.9(s)。
2.合成N,N’-二(三甲基甲硅烷基甲基)-N,N’-三亚甲基甲基膦酰二胺
将53.8g N,N’-二(三甲基甲硅烷基甲基)-1,3-丙二胺与44.2g三乙胺一起放入1升的苯中,降温至0℃并缓慢滴加溶解于200ml苯的29g甲基膦酰二氯。随后将反应混合物升至室温,并在60℃下搅拌6小时。将沉淀分离之后,将滤液在旋转蒸发仪上除去溶剂,并在减压下蒸馏(b.p.85-86℃,2.9*10-2mbar)。获得N,N’-二(三甲基甲硅烷基甲基)-N,N’-三亚甲基甲基膦酰二胺(通式1中R1、R2、R3、R4=甲基,n=2)。
1NMR(C6D6,ppm):=0.11(s,18H,Si-CH 3),0.90-1.00(m,1H,N-CH2-CH 2),1.07(d,2JHP=13.5Hz,3H,P-CH 3),1.74-1.91(m,1H,N-CH2-CH 2),2.01(dd,2JHH=15Hz,3JHH=7.4Hz,2H,Si-CH 2-N),2.83-2.51(m,2H,N-CH 2-CH2),2.56-2.75(m,2H,N-CH 2-CH2),2.63(dd,2JHH=15Hz,3JHP=8.9Hz,2H,Si-CH 2-N).
29Si{1H}NMR(C6D6,ppm):=0.4(d,3JSiP=8.0Hz)。
31P{1H}NMR(C6D6,ppm):=30.6(s)。
3.用作电解质添加剂
将1-10重量%的实施例2的膦酰胺混合到常规的标准电解质中。使用含有比例为3∶7的碳酸亚乙酯(EC)和碳酸乙基甲基酯(EMC)的混合物作为标准电解质,所述混合物含有2%的碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)作为SEI形成的添加剂,和1MLiPF6作为电解质盐。在该混合物中加入重量比为1、2、3、5和10%的膦酰胺,将所得到的电解质进行电化学表征。
使用以下进行测量:
METTLER TOLEDO
Seven Multi
(电导率TDS/SAL/电阻率)
电导传感器:INLAB741
通过添加所述添加剂,电解质的电导率仅有少量改变,见表1表1
添加剂含量(重量%) 电导率(30℃,mS/cm)
0 9.9
1 9.9
2 9.6
3 9.6
5 9.2
10 8.7

Claims (11)

1.通式1的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺:
其中
R1为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基,
R2、R3各自为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基或烷氧基、或具有1-20个硅原子的甲硅烷氧基,其中基团R1、R2、R3中的两个或三个可以彼此相连,
R4为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基,和
n为1或2。
2.如权利要求1所述的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺,其中R1和R4各自独立地选自甲基、乙基、正丙基和异丙基。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺,其中R2和R3各自独立地选自甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、甲氧基和乙氧基。
4.一种制备通式1的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺的方法,
其中通式2的二胺与通式3的膦酰二卤反应:
R1R2R3Si-NH-CH2-(CH2)n-NH-SiR1R2R3 (2)
R4POX2 (3),
其中
X为氟、氯或溴,
R1为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基,
R2、R3各自为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基或烷氧基、或具有1-20个硅原子的甲硅烷氧基,其中基团R1、R2、R3中的两个或三个可以彼此相连,
R4为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基,和
n为1或2。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中X为氯。
6.一种电解质,其包含:
疏质子溶剂,
含锂电解质盐和
如权利要求1所述的通式1的硅烷基化的环状膦酰胺。
7.如权利要求6所述的电解质,其中所述疏质子溶剂选自有机碳酸酯、环状和链状的酯、环状和链状的醚、酮、内酯、环丁砜、二甲基亚砜、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、3-甲基-1,3-噁唑烷-2-酮、和这些溶剂的混合物。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的电解质,其中所述含锂电解质盐选自LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiSO3CxF2x+1、(LiB(C2O4)2、LiBF2(C2O4))、LiN(SO2CxF2x+1)2和LiC(SO2CxF2x+1)3,其中x为0至8的整数,以及其混合物。
9.如权利要求6-8之一所述的电解质,其包含0.1-10重量%的通式1的膦酰胺。
10.一种锂离子电池,其包括阴极、阳极、隔膜以及如权利要求6-9之一所述的电解质。
11.一种通式2a的二胺:
R1R2R3Si-NH-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-SiR1R2R3 (2a)
其中
R1为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基,
R2、R3各自为具有1-20个碳原子的未取代或氟取代的烷基或烷氧基、或具有1-20个硅原子的甲硅烷氧基,其中基团R1、R2、R3中的两个或三个可以彼此相连。
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