CN105878529A - 一种针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物及其制备方法,其中,包括以下原料药材:金钱草、丁香、苏木、刺五加、牡丹皮、远志、金荞麦、花椒、黄连、栀子、珍珠草、艾叶、金银花、灵芝、桔梗、红花、甘草、树舌、松橄榄、车前、玫瑰花、鱼腥草和当归;并公开了制备方法。本发明的有益效果是:本药物针对淋巴瘤,减少化疗后感染,针对感染具有较好的疗效,与化疗相辅相成达到较好的作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中医药领域,特别涉及一种针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物及其制备方法。
背景技术
感染是各种癌症死亡的主要原因,约75%的急性白血病、50%的淋巴瘤因感染死亡。癌症患者感染的危险因素是多方面的,这包括癌症本身的因素、癌症化疗的因素、以前是否接受抗生素治疗等。其中以中性白细胞减少是癌症合并感染的最重要因素之一。当白细胞总数下降时,感染的危险性增高;当中性白细胞计数低于0.5×109/L时,感染的危险性最大。白细胞计数低于0.1×109/L 时会发生极重症感染。除了中性白细胞减少的程度外,其持续的时间也是一个重要因素。持续时间延长,感染的危险性增高。
针对淋巴癌,由于有荚膜的微生物、肺炎球菌、嗜血流感杆菌、奈瑟菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌、需氧革兰阳性菌、葡萄球菌,肠球菌、需氧革兰阴性菌、绿脓杆菌,各类肠道菌真菌:念珠菌,曲霉菌等多种细菌造成抗体反应性降低和白细胞功能或数量下降,进而发生感染。
针对感染一般采取下列预防性措施对中性白细胞减少患者有一定的保护作用。(一)一般性预防措施:1、严格按要求洗手;2、有传播呼吸道疾病可能的医护人员不要诊视患者。患者离开病房做治疗检查时应戴口罩;3、病房的空气应保持流通,但不要使灰尘飞扬,避免致病菌(例如曲霉菌)经空气传播;4、切断革兰阴性菌的来源;5、在使用有骨髓抑制作用的化疗药物之前,对有活动性感染的部位加以关注,并针对可能存在的感染源采取预防治疗措施。(二)特殊预防措施:1、在许多器官移植中心安装了高效空气净化器,因为器官移植患者可因抗排斥治疗而产生持续的中性白细胞减少,安装空气净化器的目的是清除经空气传播的致病菌,例如曲霉菌。2、肺炎球菌菌苗和嗜血杆菌菌苗的免疫接种,特别是接受择期脾切除的患者,必要时还可接种脑膜炎双球菌菌苗。3、预防性使用抗生素常根据临床需要决定。
针对感染,应使用抗生素,在选择抗生素时应考虑下列因素:①患者的药物过敏反应;②给药途径;③药物的配伍;④可能是什么致病菌感染;⑤细菌对抗生素的耐药方式;⑥以前使用过什么抗生素;⑦以前是什么致病菌感染;⑧中性白细胞减少的时间;⑨患者暴露于什么致病菌。
众所周知,虽然抗生素具有很大的药效,但是由于抗生素长期以来的使用会造成会机体的免疫伤害,因此,寻求天然生物的中医药对淋巴癌化疗后感染的治疗,是本发明研究的内容。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物及其制备方法。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供了一种针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物,其中,包括以下原料药材:金钱草、丁香、苏木、刺五加、牡丹皮、远志、金荞麦、花椒、黄连、栀子、珍珠草、艾叶、金银花、灵芝、桔梗、红花、甘草、树舌、松橄榄、车前、玫瑰花、鱼腥草和当归。
其中,由以下质量份数的原料制得:金钱草10-15重量份、丁香12-16重量份、苏木4-8重量份、刺五加5-10重量份、牡丹皮10-15重量份、远志4-8重量份、金荞麦5-8重量份、花椒2-4重量份、黄连6-9重量份、栀子4-8重量份、珍珠草5-8重量份、艾叶3-6重量份、金银花5-8重量份、灵芝2-4重量份、桔梗5-8重量份、红花4-8重量份、甘草6-10重量份、树舌3-8重量份、松橄榄8-12重量份、车前4-9重量份、玫瑰花5-10重量份、鱼腥草5-10重量份和当归3-6重量份。
其中,由以下质量份数的原料制得:金钱草12重量份、丁香15重量份、苏木6重量份、刺五加8重量份、牡丹皮12重量份、远志6重量份、金荞麦6重量份、花椒3重量份、黄连7重量份、栀子6重量份、珍珠草6重量份、艾叶5重量份、金银花7重量份、灵芝3重量份、桔梗6重量份、红花5重量份、甘草8重量份、树舌5重量份、松橄榄10重量份、车前6重量份、玫瑰花7重量份、鱼腥草7重量份和当归5重量份。
为了达到上述目的,本发明还提供了所述的针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物,其中,其制备方法为:
第一步、将丁香和花椒按配比混合,加相对于混合物4~6倍的水提取得到挥发油a;
第二步、将艾叶、甘草和金银花混合,并加入1-3倍量的温度为40-60℃的水进行浸泡12-20小时,得到水浸液b;
第三步、将刺五加、二分之一的金荞麦和二分之一的灵芝混合,加入相对于混合物质量1~3倍的醇浓度为75~85%的乙醇,加热回流1~3小时,提取,过滤获得第一提取液;过滤获得的药渣再加入相对于所述药渣质量1~2倍的醇浓度为75~85%的乙醇,加热回流1~3小时,提取,过滤获得第二提取液;将第一提取液和第二提取液合并,减压浓缩除去乙醇溶剂,得到30℃时相对密度为1.01的浓缩液c;
第四步、将其余原料按比例混合,加入6~8倍量的水,煎煮2~4次,每次1~3小时,各次煎煮液过滤,合并各次过滤液,静置3~5小时,过滤,滤液浓缩至30℃时相对密度为1.03的浓缩液d;
第五步、将挥发油a、水浸液b、浓缩液c和浓缩液d合并,减压浓缩为30℃时相对密度为1.3的混合物,并加入0.2~0.4倍的蔗糖粉和0.1~0.2倍的糊精,制成颗粒,于40~50℃干燥,获得颗粒剂。
各位药物的药理如下:
金钱草:本品为报春花科植物过路黄的干燥全草。夏、秋二季采收,除去杂质,晒干。含多量单萜酮,其主要成分是l-蒎莰酮、l-薄荷酮和l-胡薄荷酮;尚含α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯、对-聚伞花素、异薄荷酮、异蒎莰酮、芳樟醇、薄荷醇、α-松油醇,熊果酸、β-谷甾醇、棕榈酸、琥珀酸、多种氨基酸、鞣质、苦味质、胆碱、硝酸钾等。具有很好的抗炎、提高免疫系统能力的作用。主治清利湿热,通淋,消肿。用于热淋,沙淋,尿涩作痛,黄疸尿赤,痈肿疔疮,毒蛇咬伤;肝胆结石,尿路结石。
丁香:花蕾(公丁香)含挥发油,油中含丁香酚、乙酰丁香酚及少量的丁香烯、甲基正戊酮、甲基正庚酮、香荚兰醛;具有抗菌和抗真菌作用。主治温中降逆,补肾助阳。用于脾胃虚寒,呃逆呕吐,食少吐泻,心腹冷痛,肾虚阳痿。
苏木:本品为豆科云实属植物苏木的干燥心材。多于秋季采伐,除去白色边材,干燥。木部含无色的原色素-巴西苏木素。又含挥发油,油的主要成分为水芹烯及罗勒烯。还含鞣质。具有保护心血管、中枢抑制、抗菌作用。主治行血祛瘀,消肿止痛。用于经闭痛经,产后瘀阻,胸腹刺痛,外伤肿痛。
刺五加:根含刺五加甙A、B、B1、C、D、E,刺五加甙A即是胡萝卜甙,刺五加甙B即是丁香甙,还含芥子醛葡萄糖甙,松柏醛葡萄糖甙,松柏甙,苦杏仁甙,等。具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、提高免疫和抗菌抗病毒作用,对白色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用。前者对奈瑟氏菌、大肠杆菌也有一定抗菌效果。明显地提高了对感染的抵抗力。主治益气健脾,补肾安神。用于脾肾阳虚,体虚乏力,食欲不振,腰膝酸痛,失眠多梦。
牡丹皮:根含牡丹酚、牡丹酚甙、牡丹酚原甙、芍药甙。具有抗菌作用。主治清热凉血,活血化瘀。用于温毒发斑,吐血衄血,夜热早凉,无汗骨蒸,经闭痛经,痈肿疮毒,跌扑伤痛。
远志:根含皂甙,水解后可分得两种皂甙元结晶,远志皂甙元A和远志皂甙元B。近又从本植物和同属美远志的根中分离出一种皂甙细叶远志素,即2β,27-二羟基-23-羧基齐墩果酸的3-β-葡萄糖甙。另含远志醇、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、生物碱细叶远志定碱、脂肪油、树脂等。具有抗癌抗病抗突变、抑菌作用。主治安神益智,祛痰,消肿。用于心肾不交引起的失眠多梦,健忘惊悸,神志恍惚,咳痰不爽,疮疡肿毒,乳房肿痛。
金荞麦:含野荞麦甙。此甙 碱水解后生成对香豆酸、阿魏酸及葡萄糖;另含有双聚原矢车菊甙元,是主要有效成分。具有抗癌抑菌作用,抑菌作用 金荞麦对金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌均有抑制作用。主治清热解毒,排脓祛瘀。用于肺脓疡,麻疹肺炎,扁桃体周围脓肿。
花椒:花椒果实含挥发油、。挥发油中含牻牛儿醇、柠檬烯、枯醇等。果实尚含甾醇、不饱和有机酸等。具有抑菌作用。主治温中止痛,杀虫止痒。用于脘腹冷痛,呕吐泄泻,虫积腹痛,蛔虫症;外治湿疹瘙痒。
黄连:黄连含小檗碱、黄连碱,甲基黄连碱、掌叶防已碱、非洲防己碱等生物碱,尚含黄柏酮、黄柏内酯。具有抗菌作用。主治泻火,燥湿,解毒,杀虫。治时行热毒,伤寒,热盛心烦,痞满呕逆,菌痢,热泻腹痛,肺结按,吐、衄、下血,消渴,疳积,蛔虫病,百日咳,咽喉肿痛,火眼,口疮,痈疽疮毒,湿疹,汤火烫伤。
栀子:含黄酮类栀子素、果胶、鞣质、藏红花素、藏红花酸、D-甘露醇、廿九烷、β-谷甾醇。另含多种具环臭蚁醛结构的甙:栀子甙、去羟栀子甙泊素-1-葡萄糖甙,格尼泊素-1-β-D-龙胆二糖甙及小量的山栀甙。主治泻火除烦,清热利尿,凉血解毒。用于热病心烦,黄疸尿赤,血淋涩痛,血热吐衄,目赤肿痛,火毒疮疡。
珍珠草:全草含酚性成分、三萜成分。有抑菌作用。主治清热利尿,明目,消积。用于肾炎水肿,泌尿系感染、结石,肠炎,痢疾,小二疳积,眼角膜炎,黄疸型肝炎。
艾叶:含挥发油,油中主要为Ⅰ,8-桉叶精、α-侧柏酮、α-水芹烯、β-丁香烯、莰烯、樟脑、藏茴香酮、反式苇醇、Ⅰ-α-松油醇。具有抗菌作用。主治散寒止痛,温经止血。用于少腹冷痛,经寒不调,宫冷不孕,吐血,衄血,崩漏经多,妊娠下血;外治皮肤瘙痒。醋艾炭温经止血。用于虚寒性出血。
金银花:花含木犀草素、肌醇约1%及皂甙、鞣质等。对多种细菌均有抑制作用。主治清热解毒,凉散风热。用于痈肿疔疮,喉痹,丹毒,热毒血痢,风热感冒,温病发热。
灵芝:主含氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质、真菌溶菌酶,以及糖类、麦角甾醇、三萜类、香豆精甙、挥发油、硬脂酸、苯甲酸、生物碱、维生素B2及C等;孢子还含甘露醇、海藻糖等。具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病和调节免疫等作用。主治治虚劳,咳嗽,气喘,失眠,消化不良。
桔梗:根含皂甙,有远志酸,桔梗皂甙元及葡萄糖,又含菠菜甾醇、α-菠菜甾莳-β-D-葡萄糖甙、Δ7-豆甾烯醇、白桦脂醇,并含菊糖、桔梗聚糖。桔梗无直接抗菌作用,但其水提取物可增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能,增强中性白细胞的杀菌力。提高溶菌酶的活性。主治宣肺,利咽,祛痰,排脓。用于咳嗽痰多,胸闷不畅,咽痛,音哑,肺痈吐脓,疮疡脓成不溃。
红花:红花含红花黄色素及红花甙。红花甙经盐酸水解,得葡萄糖和红花素。还含15α,20β-二羟基-Δ4-娠烯-3-酮。另尚含脂肪油称红花油,是棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等的甘油酯类。具有抗炎作用。主治活血通经,散瘀止痛。用于经闭,痛经,恶露不行,症瘕痞块,跌扑损伤,疮疡肿痛。
甘草:根及根状茎含有甘草甜素,并含少量甘草黄甙、二羟基甘草次酸、甘草西定、甘草醇、5-0-甲基甘草醇、异甘草醇,此外,尚含有甘露醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、苹果酸、桦木酸、天冬酰胺、菸酸、生活素。具有抗炎抗病毒抗病菌作用。主治补脾益气,清热解毒,祛痰止咳,缓急止痛。用于脾胃虚弱,倦怠乏力,心悸气短,咳嗽痰多,脘腹、四肢挛急疼痛,痈肿疮毒,缓解药物毒性、烈性。
树舌:含麦角甾醇,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇,麦角甾-5,8,22-三烯-3β,15-二醇,麦角甾-7,22-三烯-3β-醇棕榈酸酯,麦角甾醇过氧化物,24-甲基胆甾烷-7,22-二烯-3β-醇,灵芝-22-烯酸A、F、G,灵芝-22-烯酸H、I甲酸,7-表灵芝酸A甲酯,呋喃灵芝酸,灵芝酸A、P甲酸,树舌环氧酸A、B、C、D,赤杨烯酮,无羁萜,无羁萜醇,表无羁萜醇,D:B-弗瑞德齐墩果-5-烯-3-酮,即是赤杨烯酮,色素葡萄糖CF1、CF2,多糖和棕榈酸,亚油酸等脂肪酸。具有提高免疫力和抗肿瘤作用。主治消炎抗癌。主咽喉炎;食管癌;鼻咽癌。
松橄榄:含松橄榄酸A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H。还含麦角甾醇,蛋白质结合多糖。松橄榄酸E有抗肿瘤作用。主治止咳;平喘;解毒。主支气管炎;哮喘;痔疮;牙疼。
车前:具有抗肿瘤作用。主治利水,清热,明目,祛痰。治小便不通,淋浊,带下,尿血,黄疸,水肿,热肉,泄泻,鼻衄,目赤肿痛,喉痹乳蛾,咳嗽,皮肤溃疡。
玫瑰花:鲜花含挥发油(玫瑰油),主要成分为香茅醇、牻牛儿醇、橙花醇、丁香油酚、苯乙醇等。油又含壬醇、苯甲醇、芳樟醇、乙酸苯乙酯。此外,花尚含槲皮甙、苦味质、鞣质、脂肪油、有机酸(没食子酸)、红色素、黄色素、蜡质、β-胡萝卜素等。具有抗病毒作用。主治理气解郁;和血调经。主肝气郁结所致胸膈满闷,脘胁胀痛,乳房作胀,月经不调,痢疾,泄泻,带下,跌打损伤痈肿。
鱼腥草:含挥发油,油中主要为甲基壬酮、鱼腥草素、桂叶烯、辛酸、癸酸;另含槲皮甙、异槲皮甙、金丝桃甙、芸香甙。具有抗菌抗病毒作用。主治清热解毒,利尿消肿。治肺炎,肺脓疡,热痢,疟疾,水肿,淋病,白带,痈肿,痔疮,脱肛,湿疹,秃疮,疥癣。
当归:根含挥发油,挥发油的主要成分有:亚丁基苯酞、邻羧基苯正戊酮及Δ2,4-二氢酞酐。具有抗肿瘤、提高免疫力、抗炎等作用。主治补血;活血;调经止痛;润燥滑肠。主血虚诸证;月经不调;经闭;痛经;症瘕结聚;崩漏;虚寒腹痛;痿痹;肌肤麻木;肠燥便难;赤痢后重;痈疽疮疡;跌扑损伤。
本发明带来的有益效果是:本药物针对淋巴瘤,减少化疗后感染,针对感染具有较好的疗效,与化疗相辅相成达到较好的作用。
具体实施方式
具体列举以下实施例进行说明。
实施例1
组成:金钱草10g、丁香12g、苏木4g、刺五加5g、牡丹皮10g、远志4g、金荞麦5g、花椒2g、黄连6g、栀子4g、珍珠草5g、艾叶3g、金银花5g、灵芝2g、桔梗5g、红花4g、甘草6g、树舌3g、松橄榄8g、车前4g、玫瑰花5g、鱼腥草5g和当归3g。
制备方法:
第一步、将丁香和花椒按配比混合,加相对于混合物5倍的水提取得到挥发油a;
第二步、将艾叶、甘草和金银花混合,并加入2倍量的温度为50℃的水进行浸泡16小时,得到水浸液b;
第三步、将刺五加、二分之一的金荞麦和二分之一的灵芝混合,加入相对于混合物质量2倍的醇浓度为80%的乙醇,加热回流2小时,提取,过滤获得第一提取液;过滤获得的药渣再加入相对于所述药渣质量2倍的醇浓度为80%的乙醇,加热回流2小时,提取,过滤获得第二提取液;将第一提取液和第二提取液合并,减压浓缩除去乙醇溶剂,得到30℃时相对密度为1.01的浓缩液c;
第四步、将其余原料按比例混合,加入7倍量的水,煎煮2次,每次2小时,各次煎煮液过滤,合并各次过滤液,静置3小时,过滤,滤液浓缩至30℃时相对密度为1.03的浓缩液d;
第五步、将挥发油a、水浸液b、浓缩液c和浓缩液d合并,减压浓缩为30℃时相对密度为1.3的混合物,并加入0.2倍的蔗糖粉和0.2倍的糊精,制成颗粒,于40℃干燥,获得颗粒剂I。
实施例2
组成:金钱草15g、丁香16g、苏木8g、刺五加10g、牡丹皮15g、远志8g、金荞麦8g、花椒4g、黄连9g、栀子8g、珍珠草8g、艾叶6g、金银花8g、灵芝4g、桔梗8g、红花8g、甘草10g、树舌8g、松橄榄12g、车前9g、玫瑰花10g、鱼腥草10g和当归6g。
制备方法:
第一步、将丁香和花椒按配比混合,加相对于混合物5倍的水提取得到挥发油a;
第二步、将艾叶、甘草和金银花混合,并加入2倍量的温度为60℃的水进行浸泡15小时,得到水浸液b;
第三步、将刺五加、二分之一的金荞麦和二分之一的灵芝混合,加入相对于混合物质量2倍的醇浓度为80%的乙醇,加热回流1小时,提取,过滤获得第一提取液;过滤获得的药渣再加入相对于所述药渣质量1倍的醇浓度为80%的乙醇,加热回流1小时,提取,过滤获得第二提取液;将第一提取液和第二提取液合并,减压浓缩除去乙醇溶剂,得到30℃时相对密度为1.01的浓缩液c;
第四步、将其余原料按比例混合,加入6倍量的水,煎煮2次,每次1小时,各次煎煮液过滤,合并各次过滤液,静置3小时,过滤,滤液浓缩至30℃时相对密度为1.03的浓缩液d;
第五步、将挥发油a、水浸液b、浓缩液c和浓缩液d合并,减压浓缩为30℃时相对密度为1.3的混合物,并加入0.2倍的蔗糖粉和0.2倍的糊精,制成颗粒,于45℃干燥,获得颗粒剂II。
实施例3
组成:金钱草12g、丁香15g、苏木6g、刺五加8g、牡丹皮12g、远志6g、金荞麦6g、花椒3g、黄连7g、栀子6g、珍珠草6g、艾叶5g、金银花7g、灵芝3g、桔梗6g、红花5g、甘草8g、树舌5g、松橄榄10g、车前6g、玫瑰花7g、鱼腥草7g和当归5g。
制备方法:
第一步、将丁香和花椒按配比混合,加相对于混合物5倍的水提取得到挥发油a;
第二步、将艾叶、甘草和金银花混合,并加入2倍量的温度为60℃的水进行浸泡15小时,得到水浸液b;
第三步、将刺五加、二分之一的金荞麦和二分之一的灵芝混合,加入相对于混合物质量2倍的醇浓度为80%的乙醇,加热回流2小时,提取,过滤获得第一提取液;过滤获得的药渣再加入相对于所述药渣质量2倍的醇浓度为80%的乙醇,加热回流1小时,提取,过滤获得第二提取液;将第一提取液和第二提取液合并,减压浓缩除去乙醇溶剂,得到30℃时相对密度为1.01的浓缩液c;
第四步、将其余原料按比例混合,加入6倍量的水,煎煮2次,每次1小时,各次煎煮液过滤,合并各次过滤液,静置3小时,过滤,滤液浓缩至30℃时相对密度为1.03的浓缩液d;
第五步、将挥发油a、水浸液b、浓缩液c和浓缩液d合并,减压浓缩为30℃时相对密度为1.3的混合物,并加入0.2倍的蔗糖粉和0.1倍的糊精,制成颗粒,于40℃干燥,获得颗粒剂III。
药物的安全性试验
一、急性毒性试验
1 试验方法
1.1受试动物:清洁级 ICR小鼠,约 20 克每只,雌雄各半。
1.2受试药物:本发明实施例1的颗粒剂I。
1.3 本发明实施例1的颗粒剂I的半数最大耐受量测定:将40只小鼠按体重均衡分为二组,每组20只,雌雄各半,分笼饲养。实验前适应性观察1周,禁食16小时后,以颗粒剂I的溶解浓度(1.4g·mL-1)灌胃,每4小时灌胃一次,单次灌胃容量为每只0.5mL,连续灌服三次,灌服总容量为每只1.5mL,总灌服剂量为105g·kg 体重-1,对照组灌服等量蒸馏水。观察给药后动物的即时及14天内毒副反应、死亡情况。观察小鼠的行为活动、精神状态、毛色光泽、摄食饮水,排泄物情况,鼻、眼、口腔有无异常分泌物以及死亡等情况,连续观察14天。于第14天处死所有小鼠,观察心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑等脏器的病理变化并取组织迅速至于4%的中性蚁醛溶液中固定,用于制作病理组织切片进行常规 H.E.检验。记录给药前以及给药后第7天及第14天小鼠的体重。
1.4组织形态学观察和分析
在光学显微镜下初步观察组织结构,进行分析。对比试验组与对照组的组织结构,寻找试验组小鼠脏器组织,特别是代谢负担重的肝脏和肾脏组织的损伤。
1.5数据统计与分析
体重单位为克(g),实验结果数据表示为平均值±标准差,使用 SPSS(17.0)统计软件中的 student t 检验组间进行组间比较,P<0.05即判定为差异显著,P<0.01 即判定为差异极显著。
2结果与分析
2.1半数致死量测定结果
试验组小鼠灌胃给药后,饮水、皮肤、被毛、精神、行为、口鼻眼分泌物、排泄物(粪便)等的情况良好,采食与自主活动稍有增加,其余项目与对照组小鼠无明显区别。第3天采食量与自主活动回降到给药前水平,与对照组小鼠相比已无明显区别。观察期的7天内无小鼠死亡,故颗粒剂I不存在对小鼠的半数致死量和最小致死量,故测定小鼠对颗粒剂I的最大耐受量。
2.2最大耐受量测定结果
试验组小鼠灌胃给药后,未出现闭眼、卧伏、躁动等不良现象。
小鼠的最大耐受量倍数计算如下:
鼠每日最大耐受量:1.4g·ml×0.5m·0.02kg 体重-1×3 次·天-1=105g·kg 体重-1
2.3试验期的表现状况
试验组小鼠灌胃给药后,未出现闭眼、卧伏等不良现象。与对照组相比,试验组小鼠自主活动增多,采食也有所增加,粪便呈黑褐色。在观察期内,试验组小鼠无叫声异常、震颤、惊厥、运动失调、流涎、流泪、流鼻涕、呼吸困难、心跳异常、腹泻、便秘、肠胀气等现象发生,小鼠皮毛光泽,给药后 14天内小鼠未出现死亡。试验组小鼠采食、饮水均属正常。此外,试验组小鼠皮肤、被毛、精神状况、行为、眼睑、眼球、呼吸、口鼻眼分泌物、排泄物情况均良好,与对照组无明显区别。
2.4体重变化
小鼠在被给予最大浓度和极大量的颗粒剂I前及给药后的 7 天、14 天,体重上均没有显著性差异。具体情况见下表1。
表1 颗粒剂I对小鼠体重的影响(n=20)(单位:克)
组别 | 第0天 | 第7天 | 第14天 |
对照组 | 22.34±3.23 | 26.45±3.34 | 32.52±3.25 |
试验组 | 22.34±2.35 | 27.34±2.45 | 31.45±2.36 |
由表1可知,大剂量给药后,颗粒剂I不会对小鼠体重造成明显的影响。
2.5系统尸检和病理组织学检查结果
解剖观察心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑均无明显大体病变,病理组织学检查也未见明显异常。
本试验结果表明,ICR小鼠12小时内3次灌服颗粒剂I水溶液达 105g·kg体重-1(相当于人体推荐剂量0.25g·kg-1的 420倍)时无明显毒副反应,提示颗粒剂I经口给药的安全剂量范围较宽。一般认为,按体重计算,小鼠1天最大给药量相当于成人临床日用量的 100 倍以上就是较为安全的。上述结果表明,颗粒剂I以最大给药量灌服小鼠不产生急性毒性。
二、亚急性毒性试验
2.1试验方法
2.1.1受试动物:SD大鼠,约 200 克每只,雌雄各半。
2.1.2受试药物:本发明实施例2的颗粒剂II
2.1.3颗粒剂II亚慢性毒性测试:将80只健康的清洁级SD大鼠在恒温实验室(温度:24±1℃,湿度:50±10%)适应 7天。雌雄各半,按体重均衡随机分为 4 组,即颗粒剂II高、中、低剂量组和对照组,每组20只,大鼠自由饮水。高剂量组给予颗粒剂II 100g·kg 体重-1(相当于成人有效剂量 0.25g·kg 体重-1的400倍),中剂量组给予颗粒剂II 50g·kg体重-1(相当于成人有效剂量 0.25g·kg 体重-1的200倍),低剂量组给予颗粒剂II 10g·kg-1(相当于成人有效剂量 0.25g·kg 体重-1的40倍),对照组给予等容积蒸馏水。给药容积为 0.8mL·100 g-1体重,每天一次,连续给药7天,每天更换垫料、饮水以及饲粮,每天称重一次,依体重变化调整给药量。
停药后继续观察28天,记录每周采食量和体重。
试验结束后禁食12小时,断颈采集血液,进行血液学检查。
将采集到的血液进行血液生化学检查。
尸体解剖后系统检查心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器,之后采集心、肝、脾、肺、肾等脏器的组织制作病理切片,采用 H.E.染色后进行病理学检查。
2.1.4血液学血常规检查
进行血液学血常规指标检查,包括血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞(RBC)、平均细胞容积(MCV)、平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、红细胞平均分布宽度(RDW)、网织红细胞(RETIC)、白细胞总数(WBC)、中性粒细胞(NEU)、淋巴细胞(LYM)、单核细胞(MONO)、嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)、嗜碱性粒细胞(BASO)、平均血小板体积(MPV)及血小板分布宽度(PDW)等16项项目的检查。
2.1.5血液生化学检查
血液生化学指标检查,包括谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)以及肌酐(CREA)等指标的检查。
2.1.6 组织形态学观察和分析
在光学显微镜下初步观察组织结构,进行分析。对比试验组与对照组的组织结构,寻找试验组小鼠脏器组织,特别是代谢负担重的肝脏和肾脏组织的损伤。
2.1.7数据统计与分析
体重单位为克(g),实验结果数据表示为平均值±标准差,使用 SPSS(20.0)统计软件中的单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)模型进行组间差异显著性检验,P<0.05 即判定为差异显著,P<0.01 即判定为差异极显著。
2.2结果与分析
2.2.1试验期的表现状况
试验组大鼠在灌胃给药后,并未出现闭眼、卧伏等不良现象。在 7 天给药期内,与对照组相比,试验组大鼠均未出现叫声异常、震颤、惊厥、运动失调、流涎、流泪、流鼻涕、呼吸困难、心跳异常、腹泻、便秘、肠胀气等现象,大鼠皮毛光亮柔滑,给药的 7 天内以及观察期的 28 天内,大鼠均未出现因药物毒性造成的死亡。给药组大鼠采食、饮水均属正常。此外,给药组大鼠在 28 天观察期内,皮肤、被毛、精神状况、行为、眼睑、眼球、呼吸、口鼻眼分泌物、排泄物情况亦均正常,与对照组相比均无明显区别。
2.2.2体重变化
试验期内,各给药组大鼠(雌、雄)体重与对照组比较显著无统计学差异。也就是说,在7天的服药、28天常规饲养之后,给药各组间,同性大鼠体重并无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。具体结果见下表。(表2)
表2 颗粒剂II灌胃对雌、雄大鼠体重的影响(n = 10)
由表2可知,同性大鼠在试验期内,各组间在体重上均没有显著性差异。表明长期服用颗粒剂II后,药物不会对大鼠体重造成明显的影响。
2.2.3 血液学血常规检查结果
血液学检测结果表明,不同剂量的颗粒剂II灌胃对大鼠各项血液学指标均无显著影响。也就是说,在7天的服药、28天常规饲养之后,各组大鼠的各项血液学指标并无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。具体结果见下表。(表3)
测定项目 | 单位 | 高剂量组 | 中剂量组 | 低剂量组 | 对照组 |
红细胞计数(RBC) | M/uL | 8.42±0.54 | 8.65±0.43 | 8.52±0.54 | 8.35±0.62 |
红细胞压积(HCT) | % | 45.4±3.54 | 45.5±3.63 | 45.5±3.53 | 45.2±3.64 |
血红蛋白(HGB) | g/dl | 16.1±1.45 | 16.5±1.52 | 16.3±1.33 | 16.3±1.42 |
平均细胞容积(MCV) | Fl | 54.1±2.45 | 53.2±2.43 | 53.2±2.32 | 53.1±2.25 |
平均血红蛋白含量(MCH) | Pg | 19.2±0.44 | 18.9±0.42 | 19.1±0.56 | 19.4±0.52 |
红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC) | g/dL | 35.9±1.25 | 35.6±1.35 | 35.3±1.3 | 35.2±1.35 |
红细胞平均分布密度(RDW) | % | 20.9±1.65 | 21.1±0.97 | 21.5±1.25 | 21.8±1.4 |
网织红细胞(RETIC) | K/uL | 376.5±42.02 | 371.6±43.2 | 373.3±35 | 379.4±47 |
白细胞总数(WBC) | K/uL | 16.5±2 | 16.2±1.7 | 15.8±1.6 | 11.6±1.8 |
中性粒细胞(NEU) | K/uL | 1.93±1.13 | 1.82±0.84 | 1.76±0.78 | 1.56±0.83 |
淋巴细胞(LYM) | K/uL | 11.1±2.74 | 10.8±2.57 | 10.95±3.2 | 9.93±4.1 |
单核细胞(MONO) | K/uL | 0.71±0.31 | 0.7±0.42 | 0.6±0.45 | 0.35±0.32 |
嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS) | K/uL | 0.35±0.5 | 0.32±0.25 | 0.29±0.25 | 0.25±0.26 |
嗜碱性粒细胞(BASO) | K/uL | 0.02±0.02 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 |
平均血小板体积(MPV) | FL | 6.8±0.00 | 6.9±0.54 | 6.83±0.15 | 6.92±0.17 |
血小板分布宽度(PDW) | fL | 7.5±2.23 | 6.4±2.43 | 6.2±2.5 | 6.3±2.6 |
由表3可知, 白细胞和中性粒细胞的数量有所增加。白细胞总数(WBC)、中性粒细胞(NEU)、淋巴细胞(LYM)、单核细胞(MONO)、嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)和嗜碱性粒细胞(BASO)都有所增加。其他各项指标未见明显差异。
这个结果表明,长期服用颗粒剂II后,药物不会对大鼠造成太明显的血液学影响,对中性白细胞等各项产生一定的增多影响。
2.4.4 血液生化学检查结果血液生化学检测结果显示,不同剂量颗粒剂II溶液灌胃对大鼠的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶以及肌酐等均无显著影响(P > 0.05)。高、中剂量的颗粒剂II灌胃会导致大鼠血液中尿素氮含量较对照组大鼠显著降低(P< 0.05)(表4),但仍处于正常生理范围。
表 4 颗粒剂II灌胃对大鼠血液生化学指标的影响(n = 20)
测定项目 | 单位 | 高剂量组 | 中剂量组 | 低剂量组 | 对照组 |
谷丙转氨酶(ALT) | U/L | 51.5±3.75 | 48.5±3.7 | 46.3±3.8 | 44.5±3.7 |
谷草转氨酶(AST) | U/L | 102.5±15.3 | 101.6±15.2 | 102.4±15.5 | 103.8±15.6 |
尿素氮(BUN) | mmol/L | 5.72±0.58 | 5.79±0.57 | 6.1±0.53 | 7.3±0.54 |
肌酐(CREA) | mmol/L | 28.4±2.6 | 32.5±2.5 | 36.2±2.34 | 35.2±2.54 |
由表 4可知,大鼠在试验期内,各组间各项血液生化学项目上均没有显著性差异,各组的尿素氮指标均在正常生理范围之内。因此,长期服用颗粒剂II后,药物不会对大鼠造成明显的血液生化学影响。
2.4.5 系统尸检和病理组织学检查结果
尸检未见明显大体变化,不同剂量药物处理组大鼠心、肝、脾、肺和肾等脏器固有结构清晰,无病理改变。
3总结
本研究结果表明,连续 7 天灌服不同剂量颗粒剂II水溶液对大鼠精神、行为、活动、毛色、排泄物等均未造成不良影响,停药 28 天内也未见大鼠有明显的行为学、体表特征和排泄物异常。
停药观察期的 28 天内,同性别各组大鼠间均无显著性体重差异,血液学和血液生化指标也未见异常。此外,在血生化检测中,大鼠尿素氮水平,中、高剂量组与对照组没有显著性差异。由于灌胃中、高剂量组的大鼠尿素氮指标仍在正常范围之内,结合血常规中谷丙转氨酶指标来看,灌胃高剂量的颗粒剂II组的大鼠谷丙转氨酶水平,与对照组相比没有显著性差异且在正常范围之内,表明最大溶解浓度的的颗粒剂II对肝脏没有毒副作用。病理组织学检测结果表明口服不同剂量颗粒剂II水溶液未对心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器未造成明显损伤。
因此,颗粒剂II经口给药不会对动物造成亚慢性损伤或亚慢性毒性。
综上所述,本发明的药物对动物不具有急性、亚慢性损伤或者亚慢性毒性,临床使用安全。
临床试验
一般资料
200例省立医院2013年6月至2014年12月收治的的淋巴瘤患者,将患者按随机数字表法分为四组。四组性别、年龄等资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。分组之后进行化疗治疗。
纳入标准
(1)明确诊断为淋巴瘤;(2)年龄在45~60岁之间者,性别不限。
治疗方法
对照组:本组采用复方磺胺甲基异恶唑和克霉唑进行化疗的辅助治疗。
实施例1组:采用实施例1的颗粒剂I进行辅助治疗。口服,一次5g,每日3次。
实施例2组:采用实施例2的颗粒剂II进行辅助治疗。口服,一次5g,每日3次。
实施例3组:采用实施例3的颗粒剂III进行辅助治疗。口服,一次5g,每日3次。
结果
化疗后辅助药物治疗后患者的观察结果见表5
由表5可知,三个实施例组的淋巴瘤患者进行化疗后的药物辅助治疗后,感染人数和发热人数较对比组来说,都有很大的减少。本药物对于化疗后的感染有很好的减少和降低作用。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物,其特征在于,包括以下原料药材:金钱草、丁香、苏木、刺五加、牡丹皮、远志、金荞麦、花椒、黄连、栀子、珍珠草、艾叶、金银花、灵芝、桔梗、红花、甘草、树舌、松橄榄、车前、玫瑰花、鱼腥草和当归。
2.根据权利要求1所述的针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物,其特征在于,由以下质量份数的原料制得:金钱草10-15重量份、丁香12-16重量份、苏木4-8重量份、刺五加5-10重量份、牡丹皮10-15重量份、远志4-8重量份、金荞麦5-8重量份、花椒2-4重量份、黄连6-9重量份、栀子4-8重量份、珍珠草5-8重量份、艾叶3-6重量份、金银花5-8重量份、灵芝2-4重量份、桔梗5-8重量份、红花4-8重量份、甘草6-10重量份、树舌3-8重量份、松橄榄8-12重量份、车前4-9重量份、玫瑰花5-10重量份、鱼腥草5-10重量份和当归3-6重量份。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物,其特征在于,由以下质量份数的原料制得:金钱草12重量份、丁香15重量份、苏木6重量份、刺五加8重量份、牡丹皮12重量份、远志6重量份、金荞麦6重量份、花椒3重量份、黄连7重量份、栀子6重量份、珍珠草6重量份、艾叶5重量份、金银花7重量份、灵芝3重量份、桔梗6重量份、红花5重量份、甘草8重量份、树舌5重量份、松橄榄10重量份、车前6重量份、玫瑰花7重量份、鱼腥草7重量份和当归5重量份。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的针对淋巴瘤化疗后感染的药物,其特征在于,其制备方法为:
第一步、将丁香和花椒按配比混合,加相对于混合物4~6倍的水提取得到挥发油a;
第二步、将艾叶、甘草和金银花混合,并加入1-3倍量的温度为40-60℃的水进行浸泡12-20小时,得到水浸液b;
第三步、将刺五加、二分之一的金荞麦和二分之一的灵芝混合,加入相对于混合物质量1~3倍的醇浓度为75~85%的乙醇,加热回流1~3小时,提取,过滤获得第一提取液;过滤获得的药渣再加入相对于所述药渣质量1~2倍的醇浓度为75~85%的乙醇,加热回流1~3小时,提取,过滤获得第二提取液;将第一提取液和第二提取液合并,减压浓缩除去乙醇溶剂,得到30℃时相对密度为1.01的浓缩液c;
第四步、将其余原料按比例混合,加入6~8倍量的水,煎煮2~4次,每次1~3小时,各次煎煮液过滤,合并各次过滤液,静置3~5小时,过滤,滤液浓缩至30℃时相对密度为1.03的浓缩液d;
第五步、将挥发油a、水浸液b、浓缩液c和浓缩液d合并,减压浓缩为30℃时相对密度为1.3的混合物,并加入0.2~0.4倍的蔗糖粉和0.1~0.2倍的糊精,制成颗粒,于40~50℃干燥,获得颗粒剂。
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