CN105793445B - 链条元件 - Google Patents
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- CN105793445B CN105793445B CN201480066571.3A CN201480066571A CN105793445B CN 105793445 B CN105793445 B CN 105793445B CN 201480066571 A CN201480066571 A CN 201480066571A CN 105793445 B CN105793445 B CN 105793445B
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- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000885 Dual-phase steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003636 chemical group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011093 media selection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16G—BELTS, CABLES, OR ROPES, PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR DRIVING PURPOSES; CHAINS; FITTINGS PREDOMINANTLY USED THEREFOR
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- F16G13/06—Driving-chains with links connected by parallel driving-pins with or without rollers so called open links
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
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- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0087—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for chains, for chain links
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- C23C8/20—Carburising
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- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/40—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C8/42—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions only one element being applied
- C23C8/44—Carburising
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/60—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
- C23C8/62—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using solids, e.g. powders, pastes only one element being applied
- C23C8/64—Carburising
- C23C8/66—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种链条元件(2),其特别是用于链条传动机构的力传递链条,该链条元件由含碳的材料,特别是钢形成,其特征在于,具有芯层(5)并具有带有马氏体组织的经硬化的边缘层(6),芯层带有由铁素体基质构成的、包括至少一种分布于其中的硬质相的组织。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种链条元件,其由含碳的材料,特别是钢形成。
背景技术
该类链条元件例如用作链条传动机构或者用作相应的链条传动机构的部件用以传递力,并且在多个不同的技术领域,像例如机动车技术领域中得到采用。此类链条元件由于在运行中承受高机械负荷通常由在机械上特别能承受负荷的钢形成。
为了对由使用所引起的摩擦和磨损现象进行抵抗,常用的链条元件通常在由延展性、硬度、强度以及韧性构成的特性组合方面是值得改进的。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于,提供一种改进了的链条元件。
该任务通过前面述及的类型的链条元件得到了解决,根据本发明,该链条元件的特征在于,具有芯层并具有带有马氏体组织的经硬化的边缘层,芯层带有由铁素体基质构成的、包括至少一种分布于其中的硬质相的组织。
根据本发明的链条元件基本上由基于碳的材料形成。在此特别涉及非合金钢或合金钢。通过添加特定的合金元素从根本上对形成根据本发明的链条元件的材料的性能谱进行影响,即,特别是在链条元件的特定应用情况方面进行调整。
但是,形成链条元件的材料特别是以热学或者热化学的方式以如下方式来改性,即,形成了芯层和包围芯层的边缘层。根据本发明的链条元件的边缘层直接邻接到芯层上。由此,边缘层形成了根据本发明的链条元件的向外裸露的外部面或者说表面。
芯层具有由铁素体基质构成的、包括至少一种分布于其中的硬质相的组织。芯层的组织因而基本上是至少两相的。铁素体基质由铁素体形成,或者基本上包含铁素体。铁素体由于它的相对小的硬度而赋予芯层以及因而还有根据本发明的链条元件特别的延展性和韧性。由于硬质相比铁素体基质明显更硬,因此硬质相与铁素体基质的区别特别在于它的硬度。
经硬化的边缘层具有马氏体组织。边缘层的组织因此基本上是单相的。边缘层由马氏体形成,或者包含马氏体作为主要份额。马氏体组织赋予边缘层以及因而根据本发明的链条元件高硬度。由于边缘层比芯层明显更硬,经硬化的边缘层特别是以其硬度区别于芯层。
归因于根据本发明的链条元件的特别的结构方面的构建(带有由铁素体基质构成的包括至少一种分布于芯层中的硬质相的组织的芯层以及带有马氏体组织的经硬化的边缘层),根据本发明的链条元件具有来自于延展性、硬度、强度和韧性的特别的特性组合。各个特性的产生可以特别是在制造根据本发明的链条元件的范围内受到影响或者控制。
经硬化的边缘层可以经至少是链条元件的邻近表面的区域的马氏体转化来形成。因此,链条元件为了构造出经硬化的边缘层适宜地进行将非马氏体组织转化为马氏体组织的措施。进一步还可以得到,这种措施例如为对此前加温到奥氏体化温度以上的链条元件进行突然冷却,亦即,淬火。
分布在芯层中的硬质相同样可以由马氏体形成或者包含马氏体。硬质相的组织因而同样是马氏体的。相应地,芯层的组织可以相应于两相钢的组织,两相钢的组织的特征在于铁素体基质以及分布在芯层中的、特别是岛状分布的马氏体结构。铁素体组织与马氏体组织之比可以例如为80%基质/20%马氏体硬质相。马氏体硬质相的份额不应高于20%。按照两相钢构造的芯层赋予了根据本发明的链条元件相对低的且因而对于变形工艺来说有利的屈服极限以及相对高的抗拉强度。
经硬化的边缘层可以具有600HV至1800HV的硬度(维氏硬度),特别是大于1000HV的硬度。经硬化的边缘层的相对高的硬度显著促进了根据本发明的链条元件的耐磨强度。当然,在例外的情况下,边缘层的硬度也可以在600HV以下或者1800HV以上。
根据本发明的链条元件例如可以是链条接片(链条盘片)或者链条套筒或者链条销。当然,根据本发明的链条元件还可以是链条特别是力传递链条例如齿状链条的其它组件。
本发明还涉及一种制造由含碳的材料,特别是钢形成的链条元件的方法,该链条元件具有芯层并具有带有马氏体组织的经硬化的边缘层,芯层带有由铁素体基质构成的、包括至少一种分布于其中的硬质相的组织。根据本发明的方法因而尤其用于制造根据本发明的链条元件。
根据本发明的方法包含下述步骤:
-提供由含碳的材料、特别是钢形成的链条元件,
-将链条元件以如下方式加温到并且保持在形成链条元件的材料的奥氏体化温度以上的温度,即,形成单一的奥氏体相,
-施行至少一个用于将碳引入到链条元件的邻近表面的区域中的措施,
-如下地对链条元件进行淬火,即,形成了带有由铁素体基质构成的包括至少一种分布于芯层中的硬质相的组织的芯层,并且形成了带有马氏体组织的经硬化的边缘层。
在根据本发明的方法的第一步骤中,首先提供由含碳的材料形成的链条元件。要提供的或者已经提供的链条元件典型地由能硬化的钢形成。在此涉及非合金钢或者合金钢。链条元件例如是链条接片(链条盘片)、链条套筒或者链条销。
在根据本发明的方法的第二步骤中,加温到并且维持在形成链条元件的材料的奥氏体化温度以上的温度,典型地在723℃以上,从而形成单一的奥氏体相。因此,使链条元件的组织构建奥氏体化和均质化,直至(基本上)存在单一的奥氏体组织。
具体的温度和保持时长依赖于形成链条元件的初始材料的具体的化学组成,特别是该初始材料的按份额的化学组成,以及依赖于要制造的链条元件的预期的化学组成,特别是该链条元件的预期的按份额的化学组成。
典型地,将链条元件加温到830℃至1000℃之间的范围内的温度,特别是830℃以上的温度。典型地,将链条元件保持在奥氏体化温度以上的温度10分钟至60分钟。在例外情况下,相关的温度以及保持时长显然可以与给出的值有偏差。重要的是,链条元件的组织单一地转化成奥氏体相。
在根据本发明的第三步骤中,施行至少一个用于将碳引入到链条元件的邻近表面的区域中的措施。除了碳,在此可以把其它元素引入到链条元件的邻近表面的区域中。对于第三步骤重要的是,碳富集在表面或链条元件的邻近表面的区域中,其表现为针对随后构造出要制造的链条元件的经硬化的边缘层来说的基础。
用于将碳引入到链条元件的邻近表面的区域中的措施可以例如是渗碳(碳化)。在渗碳的范围内,可以采用固态、液态或者气态的渗碳剂。该措施例如还可以是碳氮共渗,亦即,特殊形式的表面硬化,在其中除了碳之外还将氮引入到链条元件的邻近表面的区域中。
在根据本发明的方法的第四步骤中,如此对链条元件进行冷却或淬火,即,形成带有由铁素体基质构成的包括至少一种分布于芯层中的硬质相的组织的芯层,并且形成带有马氏体组织的边缘层,特别地该硬质相同样由马氏体形成或者包含马氏体。通过淬火引起的在芯层与边缘层之间的不同的组织构建是由事先用碳来富集链条元件的形成边缘层的邻近表面的区域得到的,从而在此由于相对高的碳含量特别有利地进行马氏体转化。
淬火可以例如通过将经加温的链条元件引入到油浴或者盐浴中来实现。取决于淬火介质的选择,淬火可以在不同的温度进行。典型地,在0℃至400℃之间,特别是25℃至300℃之间的范围内的温度对链条元件进行淬火。
原则上,在根据本发明的方法的单个或者多个步骤的范围内,通过改变和调整特定的工艺参数可以实现要制造的链条元件的不同特性。尤其可以有针对性地使芯层或者边缘层的层厚、组织均质性发生变化。
原则上,根据本发明的链条元件的所有实施方案与根据本发明的方法是类似的,并且反之亦然。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在附图中示出,并在下文中进一步描述。附图中:
图1示出包括多个根据本发明的实施例的链条元件的链条的表征性的截面;
图2示出形式为根据本发明的实施例的链条盘片的链条元件;以及
图3至图5示出用于制造根据本发明的实施例的链条元件的主要的方法步骤。
具体实施方式
图1示出了链条1的表征性的截面。链条1由多个彼此连接的链条元件2形成。链条1因此显然包括多个形式为彼此相继布置的、特别是接片状的链条盘片3的链条元件2,这些链条元件通过链条销4彼此连接。链条1可以构造为齿状链条,并且因而例如用于驱动系中的力传递或者用作机动车的驱动系的部件。
图2示出了形式为链条盘片3的链条元件2的分开的视图,该链条盘片在安装于链条1中的状态下通过构造在其中的钻孔被链条销4贯穿,并且如此与其它的链条盘片3连接。在图2所示出的图示为链条元件2的纵截面图。
链条元件2最初由基于碳和铁的金属材料,即,例如由CK75钢形成,显而易见地,在图2所示出的制成的链条元件2具有芯层5以及包围芯层的边缘层6。
芯层5和边缘层6的区别在于它们的组织构建以及由此产生的机械特性,特别是硬度、延展性和韧性。芯层5具有由铁素体基质构成的包括分布于其中的马氏体硬质相的组织,从而芯层5的组织相应于双相钢的组织。芯层5因此尤其赋予链条元件2特定的延展性、强度和韧性。
相反,边缘层6仅具有马氏体组织。也就是说,边缘层6由马氏体形成,这赋予边缘层和链条元件2高硬度。边缘层6的硬度大约为1200HV(维氏硬度)。边缘层6的层厚度例如大约为15μm。
图3至图5示出了制造根据本发明的实施例的、例如在图1、2中示出的链条元件2的主要的方法步骤。
在图3所示出的方法步骤中,将此前所提供的由钢形成的链条元件2加热至形成链条元件2的材料的奥氏体化温度以上的温度,即,典型地为高于830℃,并且在此保持特定的时长,例如半小时。温度以及保持时长尤其可以依赖于所提供的链条元件2的具体的化学组成或者要制造的链条元件2的所预期的特性而变化。
将链条元件2加温至奥氏体化温度以上的温度并且将链条元件保持在该温度引起的是:构造出单一的奥氏体组织(γ相,如在图3中通过字母γ所示出)。
在图4所示出的方法步骤中,施行或者已施行了至少一个用于至少将碳引入到链条元件2的邻近表面的区域中的措施。碳的引入特别是扩散式或者以热化学式的。碳的引入可以例如以渗碳(碳化)或者碳氮共渗来进行。在此重要的是,碳富集在表面或在链条元件2的邻近表面的区域中,其是随后构造出链条元件2的经硬化的边缘层6的基础。正如通过标记C1和C2所示出的那样,在链条元件2的通过虚线所示出的邻近表面的区域(C1)中的碳含量要高于链条元件2的内部的区域(C2)中的碳含量。
在图5所示出的方法步骤中,在油浴或者盐浴中在25℃至300℃之间的温度对将链条元件2进行淬火。链条元件2的急速冷却导致形成芯层5,其带有由铁素体基质组成的组织(α相,正如在图5中用字母α所示出),该组织包括至少一种在芯层中岛式分布的马氏体硬质相(正如在图5中用字母MS示出),并且导致形成经硬化的边缘层6,其带有马氏体组织MS。
如所提及那样,通过淬火引起的、在芯层5与边缘层6之间的不同的组织构建是通过事先用碳来富集链条元件2的形成链条元件2的边缘层5的邻近表面的区域来得到的,从而在此由于高的碳含量特别有利地进行马氏体转化。
淬火可以例如通过将链条元件引入到油浴或者盐浴中来进行。取决于对淬火介质的选择,淬火可以在不同温度下进行。典型地,在0℃至400℃之间、特别是25℃至300℃之间的范围内的温度对链条元件进行淬火。
附图标记说明
1 链条
2 链条元件
3 链条盘片
4 链条销
5 芯层
6 边缘层
Claims (13)
1.一种链条元件(2),所述链条元件由含碳的材料形成,其特征在于,具有芯层(5)并具有带有马氏体组织的经硬化的边缘层(6),所述经硬化的边缘层(6)的马氏体组织由马氏体形成,所述芯层带有由铁素体基质构成的、包括至少一种分布于其中的硬质相的组织,分布在所述芯层(5)中的硬质相由马氏体形成,其中,所述芯层(5)中由马氏体形成的硬质相的份额不高于20%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的链条元件,其特征在于,所述经硬化的边缘层(6)具有600HV至1800HV的硬度。
3.根据权利要求1所述的链条元件,其特征在于,所述经硬化的边缘层(6)具有大于1000HV的硬度。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的链条元件,其特征在于,所述含碳的材料是钢。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的链条元件,其特征在于,所述链条元件(2)是用于链条传动机构的力传递链条。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的链条元件,其特征在于,所述链条元件是链条接片或者链条套筒或者链条销。
7.一种用于制造根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的链条元件(2)的方法,其特征在于下述步骤:
-提供由含碳的材料形成的链条元件(2),
-将所述链条元件(2)以如下方式加温到并且保持在奥氏体化温度以上的温度,即,形成单一的奥氏体相,
-施行至少一个用于将碳引入到所述链条元件(2)的邻近表面的区域中的措施,
-如此地对所述链条元件(2)进行淬火,即,形成带有由铁素体基质构成的、包括至少一种分布于芯层中的硬质相的组织的芯层(5),并且形成带有马氏体组织的经硬化的边缘层(6)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,将所述链条元件(2)加温到830℃至1000℃之间的范围内的温度。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,将所述链条元件(2)加温到高于830℃的温度。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述含碳的材料是钢。
11.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,将所述链条元件(2)保持在奥氏体化温度以上的温度10分钟至60分钟。
12.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在0℃至400℃之间的范围内的温度对所述链条元件(2)进行淬火。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,在25℃至300℃之间的范围内的温度对所述链条元件(2)进行淬火。
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