CN105789902A - Compound loop antenna - Google Patents

Compound loop antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105789902A
CN105789902A CN201610146869.6A CN201610146869A CN105789902A CN 105789902 A CN105789902 A CN 105789902A CN 201610146869 A CN201610146869 A CN 201610146869A CN 105789902 A CN105789902 A CN 105789902A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
antenna
magnetic loop
electric field
field radiator
loop
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Granted
Application number
CN201610146869.6A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN105789902B (en
Inventor
F.J.布朗
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Dockon AG
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Dockon AG
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Priority claimed from US12/878,018 external-priority patent/US8462061B2/en
Priority claimed from US12/878,020 external-priority patent/US8164528B2/en
Priority claimed from US12/878,016 external-priority patent/US8144065B2/en
Application filed by Dockon AG filed Critical Dockon AG
Publication of CN105789902A publication Critical patent/CN105789902A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN105789902B publication Critical patent/CN105789902B/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
    • H01Q7/005—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop with variable reactance for tuning the antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/28—Combinations of substantially independent non-interacting antenna units or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/29—Combinations of different interacting antenna units for giving a desired directional characteristic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/30—Combinations of separate antenna units operating in different wavebands and connected to a common feeder system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/06—Details
    • H01Q9/14—Length of element or elements adjustable
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/42—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole with folded element, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of the operating wavelength

Abstract

Embodiments relate to planar (double-sided) and printed (single-sided) compound field antennas. Improvements relate particularly, but not exclusively, to compound loop antennas having coplanar electric field radiators and magnetic loops with electric fields orthogonal to magnetic fields that achieve performance benefits in higher bandwidth (lower Q), greater radiation intensity/power/gain, and greater efficiency. Further embodiments relate to a self-contained counterpoise compound field antenna including a transition formed on the magnetic loop and having a transition width greater than the width of the magnetic loop. The transition substantially isolates a counterpoise formed on the magnetic loop opposite or adjacent to the electric field radiator.

Description

Compound loop antenna
The application is the applying date to be on February 11st, 2011, application number be 201180011656.8 (PCT/US2011/024634), denomination of invention are the divisional application of the patent application of " compound loop antenna ".
Related application
This application claims in the U. S. application No.12/878 of JIUYUE in 2010 submission on the 8th, 016, No.12/878,018 and No.12/878, the priority of 020, these applications above-mentioned are to require in the U.S. Provisional Application No.61/303 that on February 11st, 2010 submits to, the non-provisional application of the priority of 594.
Brief description
Embodiments of the invention relate to (two-sided) of plane and (one side) Composite Field antenna of printing, and especially, but non-exclusively, relating to having electric field and be orthogonal to the copline electric field radiator in magnetic field and the compound loop antenna of magnetic loop, it achieves performance benefit in higher bandwidth (relatively low Q), relatively large radiation intensity/power/gain and greater efficiency.Other embodiments relate to self-contained earth mat Composite Field antenna, and it includes the transition (transition) formed on magnetic loop the transition width with the width more than magnetic loop.The earth mat formed on contrary with electric field radiator or contiguous magnetic loop has substantially been isolated in transition.
Background technology
The size day by day reduced of modern telecommunications devices produces the demand improving Antenna Design.In the equipment such as such as mobile phone/mobile phone known antenna provide aspect of performance one of main limitation and almost always in one way or other mode trade off.
Especially, the efficiency of antenna is likely to that equipment performance is had major effect.Radiation is supplied to the energy of the higher proportion of antenna by more efficient antenna from emitter.Similarly, due to the intrinsic interaction of antenna, the more signal that receives is converted to the electric energy processed for receptor by more efficient antenna.
In order to ensure the maximum delivered (sending and receiving in both of which) of energy between transceiver (not only as emitter but also as the equipment of receptor operation) and antenna, the size of both impedances should match each other.Any coupling between the two, will cause not good enough performance, in the transmitting case, be reflected back energy from sky alignment emitter.When operating as receptor, the not good enough performance of antenna causes that ratio is otherwise by less reception power in the cards.
Known simple annular antenna is typically electric current device for feeding, and it mainly produces magnetic (H) field.So, this antenna is not be typically suitable for as emitter.This is set up particularly with minute loop antenna (namely those less than wavelength or have the antenna of the diameter less than wavelength).By contrast, voltage supply antenna, such as dipole antenna, produce electricity (E) field and H field and transmission can be used in and receive in both of which.
That received by loop aerial or from the energy of loop aerial transmission amount is partly determined by the area of antenna.Typically, when the area of ring reduces by half, the amount of the energy that can be received/send reduces about 3dB according to the such as application parameter such as original dimension, frequency.This physical constraint tends to meaning that very little loop aerial can not be used in practice.
Combined antenna is such antenna: encourage transverse-electromagnetic (TM) pattern and transverse electric (TE) pattern both of which to obtain superior performance benefit, such as higher bandwidth (relatively low Q), relatively large radiation intensity/power/gain and greater efficiency.
In the later stage in the 1940's, Wheeler and Chu checks the performance of electricity short (ELS) antenna at first.By their work, it is created that some numerical formulas describe the limitation of antenna when the physical size of antenna reduces.One of them limitation of the ELS antenna mentioned by Wheeler and Chu is that it has big radiation quality factor Q, this is because they store the average more energy than they radiation on time, this has special importance.Having high radiation Q according to Wheeler and Chu, ELS antenna, this causes resistance loss minimum in antenna or matching network and causes low-down radiation efficiency, typically between 1-50%.As a result, rise since the 1940's, be recognized that ELS antenna has narrow bandwidth and the radiation efficiency of difference by scientific circles.Many achievements now in the wireless communication system using ELS antenna produce from the optimization of strict experiment and modulation scheme and communication network protocol, but the ELS antenna being commercially used in now still reflects the narrow bandwidth that Wheeler and Chu first confirms that, inefficient attribute.
In early stage generation nineteen ninety, DaleM.Grimes and CraigA.Grimes claims some combination being mathematically found that TM and the TE pattern operated together in ELS antenna, and it exceedes by the theoretical Low emissivity Q limit set up of Wheeler and Chu.Grimes and Grimes is in that May nineteen ninety-five is about the title published in the IEEE journal of Electro Magnetic Compatibility their work described in the periodical of " radiating the bandwidth of antenna and the Q of TE and TM pattern ".These statements have been initiated many arguements and have caused term " Composite Field antenna ", wherein excitation TM and TE both of which, and it is contrary with " the simple field antenna " of independent drive TM pattern or TE pattern.The benefit of Composite Field antenna is mathematically proved by some RF experts on a pedestal, including the team employed by Air Warfare Center weapon portion of USN, wherein they infer radiation Q evidence (P.L.Overfelft, D.R.Bowling, D.J.White lower than the Wheeler-Chu limit, the radiant intensity of increase, directivity (gain), radiant power and radiation efficiency, " putting magnetic loop, electric dipole array antenna (PRELIMINARY RESULTS) altogether, " in JIUYUE, 1994 interim report).
Composite Field antenna have proven to complexity and be physically difficult to carry out, this be due to element coupling need not effect and design low-loss passive network with relevant difficulty during in conjunction with electric radiation device and magnetic radiator.
There are many examples of two dimension non-composite antenna, it is generally made up of the type metal bar on circuit board.But, these antenna is voltage supply.The example of one this antenna is planar inverted F-shape antenna (PIFA).The design of most similar antennas is also mainly made up of quarter-wave (or some multiple quarter-waves), voltage supply, dipole antenna.
Flat plane antenna is also known in this area.Such as, the United States Patent (USP) 5,061,938 authorizing Zahn et al. requires that expensive Teflon (Teflon) substrate or analog material are for the operation of antenna.The United States Patent (USP) 5,376,942 authorizing Shiga teaches a kind of flat plane antenna, and it is able to receive that, but does not send, microwave signal.The Semiconductor substrate that Shiga antenna further requirement is expensive.Authorizing the United States Patent (USP) 6,677,901 of Nalbandian and relate to a kind of flat plane antenna, it requires that substrate has the dielectric constant of 1:1～1:3 and to the ratio of pcrmeability and is only capable of in HF and VHF frequency range (3～30Mhz and 30～300Mhz) operation.It is generally used on the cheap glass-reinforced epoxy laminate of common printed circuit board printing some lower frequency devices although known at such as FR-4 etc., but the dielectric loss in FR-4 is considered the too high and dielectric constant not tightly enough controlled this substrate for using at microwave frequencies.For those reasons, alumina substrate is more often used.Additionally, these flat plane antennas are not compound loop antenna.
For bandwidth, efficiency, gain and radiant intensity, the basis of the performance of the increase of Composite Field antenna is derived to the effect of the energy in the near field being stored in antenna.In RF Antenna Design, it is desirable to as much as possible the energy presenting to antenna is converted to radiant power.It is stored in the energy in antenna near-field and is referred to as reactive power in history and for limiting the quantity of power that can be radiated.When discussing complex power, there is real part and imaginary part (being commonly referred to as " idle ").Real power leaves source and never returns, and fictitious power or reactive power tend to vibrate (in half-wavelength) centered by the fixed position in source and interact with source, thus affect the operation of antenna.Existence from the real power in multiple sources can directly be added, and multiple sources of fictitious power can be added or subtract each other (counteracting).Combined antenna has an advantage that it is driven by two sources of TM and TE, and this allows engineer to create and utilizes the design that previously worthless reactive power is offset in the antenna of simple field, thus improves the real power sending performance of antenna.
In order to offset reactive power in combined antenna, electric field and magnetic field should orthogonal operate.Although having been proposed for launching a large amount of configurations of the electric field radiator needed for electric field and the magnetic loop needed for generation magnetic field, always but all these designs stay in dimensional antenna.Such as, the United States Patent (USP) 7,215,292 authorizing McLean requires a pair magnetic loop in parallel plane, have at this to the electric dipole on the 3rd parallel plane between magnetic loop.Authorize the United States Patent (USP) 6,437,750 of Grimes et al. require two to magnetic loop and electric dipole physically mutually orthogonal arrange.The U.S. Patent application US2007/0080878 submitted to by McLean teaches a kind of layout, and wherein magnetic dipole and electric dipole are also in orthogonal plane.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 illustrates the Planar realization of embodiment；
Fig. 2 illustrates the circuit layout of the embodiment merging four discrete antenna elements；
The detailed view that Fig. 3 A one of illustrates in the antenna element of the Fig. 2 including phase tracker；
The detailed view that Fig. 3 B one of illustrates in the antenna element of the Fig. 2 not including phase tracker；
Fig. 4 A illustrates the embodiment of little one side combined antenna；
Fig. 4 B illustrates the embodiment of the little one side combined antenna with the magnetic loop with cutting corner, about 45 degree of angles；
Fig. 4 C illustrates the embodiment of the little one side combined antenna with the magnetic loop with two symmetrical width-narrow-wide transition；
Fig. 5 illustrates the embodiment of little two-sided combined antenna；
Fig. 6 illustrates the embodiment of the big combined antenna array being made up of four composite antenna elements；
Fig. 7 illustrates how the size of phase tracker affects its inductance and electric capacity；
Fig. 8 illustrates the ground plane of the antenna embodiment of Fig. 6；
Fig. 9 A illustrates the embodiment of the self-contained earth mat antenna with balanced-to-unblanced transformer；
Fig. 9 B illustrates the selectivity embodiment of the antenna of the balanced-to-unblanced transformer of having left behind in Fig. 9 A；
Figure 10 A illustrates the embodiment of the self-contained earth mat antenna of the curve trace between the array with electric field radiator and electric field radiator；
Figure 10 B illustrates the embodiment but without the self-contained earth mat antenna of curve trace of the array with electric field radiator；
Figure 11 A-11C illustrates the 2D antenna pattern for the antenna in Fig. 9 approx；
Figure 12 A-12C illustrates the 2D antenna pattern for the antenna in Figure 10 A approx；
Figure 13 A illustrates the curve chart of the voltage standing wave ratio for the antenna in Fig. 9 approx；
Figure 13 B illustrates the curve chart of the measurement return loss for the antenna in Fig. 9 approx；
Figure 14 A illustrates the curve chart of the voltage standing wave ratio for the antenna in Figure 10 approx；
Figure 14 B illustrates the curve chart of the measurement return loss for the antenna in Figure 10 approx；And
Figure 15 illustrates the embodiment of the self-contained earth mat antenna with taper transition approx.
Detailed description of the invention
Each embodiment provides Planar Compound annular (CPL) antenna of improvement, and it sending and can operate in reception both of which and be capable of than known loop aerial better performance.Two key components of CPL antenna are to produce the magnetic loop in magnetic field (H field) and launch the electric field radiator of electric field (E field).
Electric field radiator can be physically located in loop or outside loop.Such as, Fig. 1 illustrates that electric field radiator is positioned at the embodiment of the single CPL antenna element of the loop inner coupled by electric trace, and Fig. 3 A and 3B illustrates that electric field radiator is positioned at two embodiments of the single CPL antenna element of loop-external.As described further below, Fig. 3 A includes the phase tracker for broadband application, and Fig. 3 B does not include phase tracker and is more suitable for less broadband application.Fig. 4 A, 4B and 4C illustrate that electric field radiator is positioned at other embodiments of the little one side antenna of magnetic loop.The embodiment using the antenna of these technique constructions any can easily be assembled in mobile or portable equipment, for instance phone, PDA, notebook computer, or assembled as independent antenna.Fig. 2 and the embodiment that other figures shows the CPL aerial array using constructed in microstrip technology.Such printing technology allows design and builds compact and consistent antenna.
Antenna 100 shown in Fig. 1 is arranged and is printed in a part for printed circuit board (PCB) 101.Antenna includes magnetic loop 110, and it is essentially rectangular in this case and with wide open base.The double-end feed put to wide open base is being driven in known manner from coaxial cable 130.
Being positioned within loop 110 is electric field radiator or series resonant circuit 120.The form of J-shaped trace 122 taked by series resonant circuit 120 on circuit board 101, and it is coupled to loop 100 by means of tortuous trace 124, and tortuous trace 124 operation is inducer, namely means that it has inductance or induction reactance.J-shaped trace 122 has the capacitive reactance performance that the material by its size with for antenna is specified substantially.Trace 122 collectively acts as series resonant circuit with tortuous trace 124.
Antenna 100 is presented in the text for the ease of understanding.Actual embodiment can not similar physically shown antenna.In this case, being shown as feeding from coaxial cable 130, it is, the one end in loop 132 is connected to the center conductor of cable 130, and the other end in loop 134 is connected to the epitheca of cable 130.Loop antenna 100 and known loop antenna are different in that, series resonant circuit 120 is coupled to the part of the mode around loop circumference in loop 134.This couples position and plays an important role in the operation of antenna, as described herein below.
By positioning series resonant circuit 120 and tortuous trace 124 carefully relative to magnetic loop 110, it is possible to make E and the H field being produced by antenna 100/being received orthogonal, physically electric field radiator need not be arranged as and be orthogonal to magnetic loop 110.This orthogonality relation has the electromagnetic wave so that being launched by antenna 100 can effectively by the effect of spatial transmission.In order to obtain this effect, series resonant circuit 120 and tortuous trace 124 are placed on the electric position place along about 90 degree or about 270 degree of magnetic loop 110.In selectivity embodiment, it is possible to being placed on the point of magnetic loop 110 by tortuous trace 124, the electric current flowing through magnetic loop at this place is in reflectance minima.Therefore, tortuous trace 124 maybe can be not placed in about 90 degree or 270 degree electricity point places.Electric current along magnetic loop 110 is in the point of reflectance minima and depends on the geometry of magnetic loop 110.Such as, electric current is in the point of reflectance minima and can be identified as the first area of magnetic loop at first.To magnetic loop add or remove metal with after obtaining impedance matching, electric current is in the point of reflectance minima can become second area from first area.
Magnetic loop 110 can be any one of many different electrical length and physical length；But, in order to for the more effective operation of antenna, for desired frequency band (several frequency band), electrical length its be the multiple of wavelength, quarter-wave and 1/8th wavelength.Magnetic loop is added inductance and can increase the electrical length of magnetic loop.Magnetic loop is added electric capacity there is reverse effect, namely reduce the electrical length of magnetic loop.
Orthogonality relation between H field and E field can by being placed on series resonant circuit 120 and tortuous trace 124 from driving point to realize around the physical locations that magnetic loop is 90 degree or 270 degree, and this physical location changes based on the frequency of the signal being sent by antenna/being received.As noted, this position can become 90 degree or 270 degree from the driving point (several driving point) of magnetic loop 110, and its each free end 132 and 134 is determined.Therefore, if end 132 is connected to the center conductor of cable 130, then tortuous trace 124 can be positioned 90 degree of some places, as shown in fig. 1, or is positioned 270 degree of some places (not shown in FIG).
Orthogonality relation between H field and E field can also be in the physical locations around magnetic loop of reflectance minima and realize by series resonant circuit 120 and tortuous trace 124 are placed on the electric current flowing through magnetic loop.As previously noted, electric current is in the position of reflectance minima and depends on the geometry of magnetic loop 110.
By being arranged in such a way component, so that there is the phase relation of 90 degree between device, producing orthogonality relation between E and H field, this makes the antenna 100 can as receiving and two kinds of antennas of transmission more effectively play a role.Producing H field by magnetic loop 110 independent (or substantially independent), and launch E field by series resonant circuit 120, this crosses, with the form being suitable for sending, the energy that very remote distance transmission sends from antenna.
Series resonant circuit 120 includes inductance (L) device and electric capacity (C) device, and the value of the two is selected to resonate with the operation frequency of antenna 100, and makes induction reactance coupling capacitive reactance.This is because when the reactance of capacitor element is equal to the reactance of inductance component, namely work as XL=XCTime, resonance occurs most effectively.Then the value of L and C can be selected to provide desired opereating specification.The series resonant circuit such as using other forms of crystal oscillator can be used to provide other performance characteristices.If use crystal oscillator, then the Q-value of this circuit is much larger than the Q-value of shown simple L-C circuit, and therefore this is by the bandwidth feature of restriction antenna.
As be noted above, series resonant circuit 120 operates effectively as E field irradiator (due to interaction intrinsic in antenna, it means that it is also E field receiver).As it can be seen, series resonant circuit 120 is quarter-wave aerial, but series resonant circuit also can operate as 1/8th wavelength antennas of the all-wave length of many times, the quarter-wave of many times or many times.If restriction stops the material of expectation wavelength to be used as trace 122 especially, then tortuous trace 124 can be utilized to realize the all-wave length of electrical equivalent, quarter-wave or 1/8th wavelength series resonant circuits 120 as the means of increase propagation delay.The bar antenna only using expectation wavelength replaces series resonant circuit to be possible in theory, but in practice generally not so, it is connected to loop physically as long as it puts or be at the electric current flowing through magnetic loop the point place of reflectance minima at 90/270 degree and observes XL=XCRequirement.
As be noted above, the location of series resonant circuit 120 is important that it can be the point of 90 degree or 270 degree or be in the some place of reflectance minima at the electric current flowing through magnetic loop and be positioned and be coupled to loop by the phase contrast between E and H field.From literary composition, series resonant circuit 120 is coupled to the point of magnetic loop 110 will be referred to as " junction point ", to be referred to as " 90/270 junction point " at the junction point at 90 or 270 degree of electricity point places along magnetic loop, and electric current will be in the junction point of reflectance minima and will be referred to as " reflectance minima junction point ".
The variable quantity of junction point position is somewhat dependent upon desired use and the magnetic loop geometry of antenna.For example, it is possible to by being compared to find Best link point with the performance of the antenna using reflectance minima junction point to the performance of antenna using 90/270 junction point.Then can select the desired use of antenna is produced the junction point of peak efficiency.90/270 junction point can not be different from reflectance minima junction point.Such as, the embodiment of antenna can be put at 90/270 degree or have, close to 90/270 degree of some place, the electric current being in reflectance minima.If using 90/270 degree of junction point, then the variable quantity from accurate 90/270 degree is somewhat dependent upon the desired use of antenna, but it is said that in general, it is placed closer to 90/270 degree, the performance of antenna is more good.It is desirable that the size of E and H field should also be identical or broadly similar.
Indeed, it is possible to by using E and the H field probe limiting the point that 90/270 degree of position or electric current are in reflectance minima empirically to find series resonant elements 120 to be coupled to the point in loop 110.Can by mobile trace 124 until observing that desired 90/270 degree of difference determines that tortuous trace 124 should be coupled to the point in loop 110.For determining that along 90/270 junction point in loop 110 and the other method of reflectance minima junction point be the surface current in visualization electromagnetic software simulated program, the region (several region) of minimum surface current size (several) wherein will be visualized as along the Best link point in loop 110.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to guarantee the optimal performance of antenna according to the degree of experiment measuring and Step wise approximation, even if it is also such for being best understood by the principle that priority elements arranges.This is only due to the character of printed circuit, and it it is frequently necessary to the degree of " tuning " before realizing desired performance.
Known simple circuit antenna provides the bandwidth of non-constant width, it is typically an octave, and the antenna of known such as dipole antenna has much narrower bandwidth, it is typically the much smaller fraction (the 20% of the mid frequency such as operated) of operation frequency.
Printed circuit technique is known and here no longer discusses in detail.Arrange in the suitable substrate with specific dielectric effect fully and printing (generally via etching or laser trimming) copper tracing wire.By carefully selecting material and size, it is possible to achieve the particular value of electric capacity and inductance is without independent discrete elements.But, as will be described further below, the design of the present embodiment alleviates the substrate limitation of previous upper frequency flat plane antenna.
As noted, using known micro-band technique arrange and manufacture the present embodiment, wherein the result as a certain amount of manual calibration reaches final design, thus adjusts the physical traces on substrate.It practice, use calibration capacitance rod, it includes having known capacitance element, for instance, the hardware of 2 picofarads.Such as electric capacity rod can be placed in contact with the various parts of antenna trace while measuring the performance of antenna.
Skilled technician or designer on hand, this technology discloses the trace of composition antenna and should be adjusted dimensionally, is equivalent to adjust electric capacity and/or inductance.After iteration for several times, it is possible to achieve there is the antenna of expected performance.
E and H field probe is used empirically to determine the junction point between series resonant elements and loop again.Once it has been determined that general link position, then remember frequency discussed here, the slightest interference carrying out self-testing device is likely to be of big actual effect, it is possible to by laser trimming trace on the spot, the value of connection and/or L and C is done trickle adjustment.Once set up final design, it is possible to good repeatable regeneration.Optionally, it is possible to use electromagnetic software simulation program carrys out visualization surfaces electric current, and option table surface current is in region or the several region junction point to determine between series resonant elements and loop of minima.
Antenna according to embodiment structure discussed in literary composition provides the notable efficiency gain of the known antenna exceeding similar volume.
In other embodiments, it is possible to combine the performance that multiple discrete antenna element provides bigger than the performance using discrete component to realize.
Fig. 2 illustrates the antenna 200 in the part arranging and being printed on circuit board 205 in known manner.Although having illustrated circuit board 205 in plan view, but the substrate for built-up circuit plate exists a certain amount of thickness, and ground plane (not shown) is printed on the back side of circuit board 205 in the way of the ground plane area 624 shown in Fig. 6 and 8.In fig. 2, antenna 200 includes 4 separate, functionally identical antenna elements 210, and it is arranged to two groups, and often group is subject to driven in parallel.
The effect providing the example of multiple base antenna element 210 is in that to improve the overall performance of antenna 200.When the loss that the structure being absent from antenna is associated, can building the antenna of the example including a large amount of indivedual base antenna element 210 in theory, antenna is increased the gain of 3dB by the element of every even numbers.But, it practice, loss-particularly electrolyte heating effect-mean can not ad infinitum increase additional element.It is good in the scope that the example of four Element antenna shown in Fig. 2 is possible physically and exceedes the antenna being made up of discrete component and increase 6dB (deduct any electrolyte and add thermal losses).
The antenna 200 of Fig. 2 is suitable in other parts of microcell base station or fixed radio infrastructure, and discrete component 210 is suitable in mobile equipment, is such as mobile phone or mobile phone, pager, PDA or portable computer.The problem only really determined is size.Reference antenna 310 and 370 is explained further and illustrates assembly and the operation of element 210 in figures 3 a and 3b respectively.
Fig. 3 A illustrates individual antenna 310 one of (embodiment) in the element 210 of Fig. 2, it is capable of the as described herein below large bandwidth being equivalent to one or one semioctave by including Phase Tracking antenna element 330, and Phase Tracking antenna element 330 is particularly adapted to the bandwidth of operation (wider bandwidth) providing the relatively narrow bandwidth antenna 100 than Fig. 1 big.Especially, this wider bandwidth is realized by the combination of phase tracker 330 with rectangle electric field radiator 320 and loop element 350.Rectangle electric field radiator 320 replaces the series resonant circuit 120 shown in Fig. 1.But, the bandwidth of operation of rectangle electric field radiator 320 is wider than the bandwidth of operation of tuning circuit 120 due to the operation of phase tracker 330, as explained further below.
Illustrate that the selectivity embodiment of antenna 310 is as antenna 370 in figure 3b, it has rectangle electric field radiator 320, the loop element 350 the same with the antenna 310 of Fig. 3 A and drives or distributing point 340, but lack phase tracker 330, therefore there is the bandwidth of operation narrower than antenna 310.Describing the other method for merging wide bandwidth operation by the CPL antenna element in Fig. 4 A, it is associated with multiple electric field radiator 404 and 408, as described further below.
When tuning circuit 120, the junction point between tuning circuit and loop is important in determining the overall performance of antenna 100.When electric field radiator 320 in antenna 310 and 370 in figures 3 a and 3b, it is positioned at the outside in loop 350, although electromagnetic radiation device is still typically arranged in mid frequency and is in the some place of reflectance minima around the midpoint of 90/270 degree of loop 350 or electric current, but due to junction point be effectively distributed along the length of the side of electric field radiator be therefore accurately positioned less important.So, the coincide end points in loop 350 of the edge of electric field radiator 320 together defines the operational frequency range of antenna 310 and 370 together with the size in loop.
The size in loop 350 is also important in determining the operation frequency of antenna 310 and 370.Especially, as mentioned previously, the total length in loop 350 is critical size.In order to allow wider operational frequency range, triangular phase tracker element 330 is set to just relative with electric field radiator 320 one of (in two possible positions as shown in Figure 2).Phase tracker 330 effectively functions as automatic variable-length and follows the tracks of device, and it lengthens according to the frequency of the RF signal being fed at distributing point or driving point 340 places or shorten the electrical length in loop 350.
Phase tracker 330 is equivalent to the L-C assembly close to unlimited series connection, and only some of which with given frequency resonance, thus will automatically change the effective length in loop.In this manner it is achieved that with the wider bandwidth that can realize operation compared with not there is the simple circuit of this Phase Tracking assembly.
As shown in Figure 2, phase tracker 330 has two different possible positions.Select these positions to minimize interfering between adjacent antenna elements 210 for each antenna element 210 in the group of the antenna element 210 shown in Fig. 2.From electrical point, both structures are functionally identical.
The large bandwidth of antenna 310 and 370 (reaches 11/2Octave) it is possible, this is because magnetic loop 350 is the dead short of signal code.As shown in Figure 3A and 3B, magnetic loop is dead short, this is because it is 1/2nd ripple short circuits, but it can be also dead short at quarter-wave open circuit and all-wave short circuit.The phase place of antenna is determined by size 360.Size 360 crosses over the length of electric field radiator 320 and the length on the left side of magnetic loop 350.Signal is short-circuit at the some place that signal is 180 degree of out-phase.Produce the magnetic field with maximum amplitude by magnetic loop, and there is the relatively small magnitude magnetic field produced by electric field radiator.Furthermore, magnetic loop can be shorted to the approximate RF open circuit with very high true impedance from the RF with low-down true impedance and change length.Highest amplitude electric field is launched by one or more electric field radiator elements.But, magnetic loop also produces the little electric field that the amplitude of the electric field that the ratio contrary with magnetic field is launched is low by electric field radiator.
The efficiency of antenna is reached to produce highest possible H field by maximizing the electric current in magnetic loop.This realizes by antenna is designed to make electric current move into E field irradiator being reflected back in opposite direction, further describes in figure 6 as following.Maximized H field is stretched out from antenna in all directions, and it maximises the efficiency of antenna, this is because more electric current can be obtained for sending purpose.When magnetic loop is RF short circuit completely or when magnetic loop has low-down true impedance, the maximum H field energy that can produce occurs.But, under normal circumstances, RF short circuit is less desirable, because it will burn out the emitter driving antenna.Emitter produces the energy of set amount with the impedance set.By utilizing the impedance being matched with electric field performance, it is possible to have approximate RF short-circuit loop when not burning out emitter.
The electric current flowing through magnetic loop flows into electric field radiator.Then electric current is reflected back in magnetic loop along opposite direction by electric field radiator, causes electric field to be reflected into magnetic field and produces the short circuit of electric field radiator and produce orthogonal electric field and magnetic field.
Size 365 is made up of the width of electric field radiator 320.Size 365 does not affect the efficiency of antenna, but its width determines that antenna is arrowband or broadband.Size 365 only has bigger width to widen the band of the antenna 310 shown in Fig. 3 A.
All trace elements of the magnetic loop shown in Fig. 3 A such as can be made into very thick when not affecting performance or the efficiency of antenna.But, these loop element traces are made and thicker makes it can accept bigger input power and additionally revise the physical size of antenna to coordinate desired space, such as can be needed by the many different portable sets (such as mobile phone) of operation in designated frequency range.
Will become apparent from for technical staff, any type of E field irradiator can be used in the multicomponent structure shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 3 A and Fig. 3 B, and rectangle electric field radiator 320 therein is only an example.Similarly, discrete component embodiment can use the antenna of rectangle electric field radiator, tuning circuit or any other appropriate format.Multicomponent version shown in Fig. 2 uses four discrete elements 210, but this can do change up and down according to definite system requirements and available space, as will be explained, the upper limit of element 210 is existed some restrictions.
Embodiment of the disclosure the antenna allowing to use unit piece or multicomponent, increasing operable on a lot bandwidth and there is excellent performance characteristic compared with the known antenna of Similar size.Furthermore, it is not necessary that the assembly of complexity, cause that cheap equipment may be used on the RF equipment of wide scope.Embodiment of the disclosure the application-specific found in mobile telecommunication apparatus, but during any equipment requiring high efficiency antenna can be used in.
Embodiment is made up of little one side combined antenna (" one side antenna " or " printed antenna ")." one side " refers to that antenna element is positioned at or is printed in monolayer or single plane when desired.As used herein, wording " printed antenna " is applied to any one side antenna disclosed in literary composition, no matter the element of printed antenna is printing or produces in some other manner, such as etching, deposition, sputtering or coating metal layer or some other modes in metal level nonmetallic materials disposed about from the teeth outwards.The one side antenna of multilamellar can be combined into individual devices to allow the wider bandwidth operation in less physical size, but each device will be one side.One side antenna described below overleaf or relatively low degree does not have ground plane, and in itself, is substantially the device of short circuit, and it represents the new ideas in Antenna Design.One side antenna is balanced, if but in intended application equipment, there is significant ground plane, then can drive with balanced circuit or unbalanced line.The physical size of such antenna can significantly change according to the performance characteristic of antenna, but the antenna 400 illustrated in Figure 4 A is approximately 2cm and takes advantage of 3cm.It can be smaller or greater embodiment.
One side antenna 400 is made up of two electric field radiators being physically located in magnetic loop.Especially, as shown in Figure 4 A, one side antenna 400 is made up of magnetic loop 402, and the first electric field radiator 404 is connected to magnetic loop 402 via the first electric trace 406, and the second electric field radiator 408 is connected to magnetic loop 402 via the second electric trace 410.Relative to distributing point or driving point, at corresponding 90/270 degree of electric position place, electric field radiator 404 and 408 is connected to magnetic loop 402 by electric trace 406 and 410.Optionally, being in the region of reflectance minima at the electric current flowing through magnetic loop, electric field radiator 404 and 408 can be connected to magnetic loop by electric trace 406 and 410.As discussed above, for different frequencies, the junction point of trace 406 and 410 or couple changes, and its irradiator 404 explaining a why frequency is shown in the point being different from the irradiator 408 being in different frequency and is connected to loop 402.At lower frequency, ripple takes a long time 90/270 degree of point of arrival；Therefore the physical location of 90/270 degree of point is higher than upper frequency ripple along magnetic loop.At upper frequency, spend less time 90/270 degree of point of arrival, cause the physical location of 90/270 degree of point along magnetic loop lower than lower frequency ripple.Similarly, the point being in the magnetic loop of reflectance minima along electric current also can be depending on the frequency of electric field radiator.Finally, the selectivity embodiment of antenna 400 can be made up of the one or more electric field radiators being coupled directly to magnetic loop 402 without electric trace.
Electric field radiator 404 also has the size being different from electric field radiator 408, because each electric field radiator launches the ripple of different frequency.Less electric field radiator 404 will have relatively small wavelength thus there is upper frequency.Bigger electric field radiator 408 will have longer wavelength and lower frequency.
It is physically located at the physical layout of the electric field radiator in magnetic loop (several electric field radiator) and the physical location of electric field radiator (several electric field radiator) and magnetic loop and can reduce the size of whole antenna compared with other outside each other embodiments, and provide broadband device at the same time.Selective embodiment can have the electric field radiator of varying number, each various location being arranged in around loop.Such as, first embodiment can have the only one electric field radiator being positioned within magnetic loop, and second embodiment with two electric field radiators can have the electric field radiator being positioned within magnetic loop and be positioned at the second electric field radiator outside magnetic loop.Optionally, more than two electric field radiator can be physically located in inside magnetic loop.Other antennas as described above, one side antenna 400 is due to electric field and magnetic field but transducer.
As noted, many electric field radiators allow for broadband functionalities.Each electric field radiator can be configured to launch the ripple of different frequency, causes that electric field radiator covers broadband range.Such as, one side antenna 400 is it is so structured that be used in two electric field radiators of two frequency ranges structure and coverage criteria IEEE802.11b/g radio frequency range.First electric field radiator 404 such as can be configured to cover 2.41GHz frequency, and the second electric field radiator 408 such as can be configured to cover 2.485GHz frequency.This frequency band that one side antenna 400 will be allowed to cover 2.41GHz to 2.485GHz, it corresponds to IEEE802.11b/g standard.Use two or more electric field radiator can form broadband operation when not using phase tracker (as shown in Figures 2 and 3), as described above in reference physically shown in bigger antenna embodiment.In selectivity embodiment, by using log scale to make multiple electric field radiator possibly tapered, it is similar to YAGI antenna, it is also possible to realize broad-band antenna.
The length of electric field radiator generally determines the frequency that electric field radiator will cover.Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to.Therefore, little electric field radiator will have relatively small wavelength, cause upper frequency ripple.On the other hand, big electric field radiator will have longer wavelength, cause lower frequency ripple.But, these universalitys are also specific embodiments.
For optimum efficiency, electric field radiator should have in the frequency of its generation the electrical length of about many times of wavelength, quarter-wave or 1/8th wavelength.As previously mentioned, if the electrical length of electric field radiator is limited to less than desired wavelength by the amount of available physical space, then tortuous trace can be used to increase propagation delay and electrically lengthening electric field radiator.
In figures 4 a and 4b, electric trace 406 and 410 is the inductance that their shape or other features are determined them by the length of inductance and each of which.For optimum efficiency, the induction reactance of electric trace should be matched with the capacitive reactance of respective electric field irradiator.Electric trace 406 and 410 is that bending is to reduce the overall dimensions of antenna.Such as, the curve of electric trace 406 can closer to magnetic loop 402 rather than closer to electric field radiator 404, or the curve of trace 406 can face down rather than face up, and is similar to electric trace 410.It is configured to electric trace extend its length, is not because this shape has any Special Significance being different under this background.Such as, replace that there is straight electric trace, electric trace can be added curve to increase its length, and correspondingly increase its induction reactance.But, the sinusoidal shape of sharp corner on electric trace and electric trace can the efficiency of negative influence antenna.Especially, the electric trace with sinusoidal shape causes that electric trace launches the little electric field with electric field radiator part out-phase, thus reducing the efficiency of antenna.Therefore, it can by using the curve being configured to flexible grace and the electric trace with the least possible bending to improve the efficiency of antenna.
Whole antenna is added electric capacity by the interval between element in one side antenna 400.Such as, the interval between interval and bottom and the magnetic loop 402 of electric field radiator 408 between right side and the magnetic loop 402 of interval between left side and the magnetic loop 402 of interval between top and the magnetic loop 402 of electric field radiator 404, interval between two electric field radiators 404 and 408, electric field radiator 404 and 408, electric field radiator 404 and 408 all can affect the electric capacity of antenna 400.As it was earlier mentioned, in order to antenna 400 should in the upper coupling of desired frequency band (several frequency band) with optimal frequency resonance, the induction reactance of whole antenna and capacitive reactance.Once induction reactance is determined, then can determine the distance between various element based on for antenna match capacitor value needed for induction reactance value.
Provide one group of formula to find interval between element and the edge capacitance being associated, it is possible to use multiple-objection optimization method determines the optimal interval between element.Linear programming can be used to carry out the optimal interval between optimization element or between any two adjacent antenna elements.Optionally, the Non-Linear Programming such as such as genetic algorithm can be used to optimization spacing value.
As previously noted, the size of one side antenna 400 depends on many factors, including desired operation frequency, the arrowband tuning to broadband functionalities and electric capacity and inductance.
When antenna element 400 in Figure 4 A, the length of magnetic loop 402 is a wavelength (360 degree), and it is designed to optimal frequency, although being used as the multiple of other wavelength.When designing for optimal frequency, a part for magnetic loop also will serve as electric field radiator, and electric field radiator will produce little magnetic field, increase the directivity to antenna and efficiency.The length of magnetic loop can also be arbitrary, or about many times wavelength, quarter-wave or 1/8th wavelength, for some of which length increase frequency more than other.One wavelength is open circuit for voltage and is short circuit for electric current.Optionally, the length of magnetic loop 402 can physically less than wavelength but can by increase propagation delay add extra inductance electrically to lengthen loop.The width of magnetic loop 402 is based primarily upon it on the inductance of magnetic loop 402 and the desired effects that has of electric capacity.Such as, make that magnetic loop 402 is shorter physically will make wavelength less, cause higher frequency.In the design of the optimal frequency for magnetic loop 402, inductance and electric capacity should meet the equation of w=1/sqrt (LC), and wherein w is the wavelength in loop 402.Therefore, the inductance of electrical length is affected and electric capacity can tune magnetic loop 402 by changing.The width reducing magnetic loop also increases inductance.In relatively thin magnetic loop, more electronics has to be squeezed through by smaller area, thus increasing delay.
The top 412 of magnetic loop 402 is thinner than any other part of magnetic loop 402.This size allowing to adjust magnetic loop.Top 412 can be reduced, and this is owing to 90/270 degree of junction point is had minimum impact by it.Additionally, the top 412 cutting down magnetic loop 402 increases the electrical length of magnetic loop 402 and increases inductance, this can help induction reactance to be matched with total capacitive reactance of antenna.Optionally, it is possible to the height increasing top 412 increases electric capacity (or being equivalent to reduce inductance).As mentioned previously, reflectance minima junction point depends on the geometry of magnetic loop.Therefore, by cutting down top 412 or increasing top 412, or the geometry changing loop by changing any other aspect of magnetic loop identifies that electric current is in the point of reflectance minima by needing after the geometry of amendment loop.
Magnetic loop 402 may not be certain to be the square as shown in Fig. 4 A.In an embodiment, magnetic loop 402 can be rectangular shape or deformity shape and can corresponding 90/270 degree junction point or reflectance minima junction point place placement two electric field radiators 404 and 408.For optimum efficiency, the electrical length in deformity loop will be about many times of wavelength or about many times 1/4th or 1/8th wavelength on desired frequency band (several frequency band).Electric field radiator can be placed on deformity magnetic loop interiorly or exteriorly.Furthermore, it is critical only that the junction point identifying the efficiency maximizing antenna along magnetic loop.Junction point can be along 90/270 degree of magnetic loop electricity point or flow through the electric current of magnetic loop and be in the point of reflectance minima.
Such as, in smart mobile phone, deformity Antenna Design can be fitted in available deformity space, such as moves the bonnet of equipment.Replacing foursquare magnetic loop, it can be rectangular shape, round-shaped, elliptical shape, generally E-shaped shape, generally'S '-shaped shape etc..Similarly, little lopsided antenna can be fitted in the nonuniform space on portable computer or other portable electric appts.
As discussed above, the position of electric trace can be in along the about 90/270 degree of electricity point place of magnetic loop or be in reflectance minima junction point place so that the electric field launched by electric field radiator is orthogonal to the magnetic field produced by magnetic loop.90/270 junction point and reflectance minima junction point are important, this is because these points allow reactive power (fictitious power) to be sent away from antenna and do not return.Reactive power typically generation and being stored around antenna near-field.Reactive power is by vibration centered by the fixed position in source and the operation affecting antenna.
About Fig. 4 A, dotted line 414 shows the place that the most marking area of edge capacitance phenomenon occurs.Two nugget genus in antenna, such as magnetic loop and electric field radiator, separate, it is possible to produce the level of edge capacitance at a certain distance.By using edge capacitance, the embodiment of one side antenna allows all elements of antenna to be printed in the one side of the almost any type of suitable backing material including cheap dielectric material.The example being used as the cheap dielectric material of substrate includes glass-reinforced epoxy laminate FR-4, and it has the dielectric constant of about 4.7 ± 0.2.In one side antenna 400, for instance, it is not necessary to the back side or ground plane.Certainly, wire is connected to each end of magnetic loop, ground connection one of in wire.As previously noted, the compound loop antenna of the best effectively short circuit of this full wavelength antennas design meaning.It practice, one side antenna will almost play a role best when there is mesh grounding plane, common as in the flush type antenna design that earth mat is provided by the object being provided with antenna.
The 2D design of the embodiment of one side antenna has several advantages.By using suitable substrate or dielectric substrate, it can be very thin, and the trace of antenna can be sprayed definitely or print from the teeth outwards and still act as compound loop antenna.Additionally, 2D design allows the use of antenna material not typically to be looked at as suitable in microwave device, such as dog-cheap substrate.Other advantages are in that antenna can be placed on deformity surface, such as edge of the back side of mobile phone cap, portable computer etc..Can the embodiment of one side antenna be printed in dielectric surface, be placed with binding agent at the antenna back side.Then can being adhered on a variety of computing devices by antenna, wire is connected to antenna to provide required power and ground connection.Such as, as be noted above, according to this design, IEEE802.11b/g wireless antenna can be printed on the surface of about postage-stamp-sized.Antenna can be adhered on the lid of portable computer, the cabinet of desk computer or the bonnet of mobile phone or other portable electric appts.
Various dielectric materials can use together with the embodiment of one side antenna.The advantage that FR-4 exceedes such as other dielectric materials of politef (PTFE) as substrate is in that it has lower cost.The electrolyte being typically used in higher frequency antenna design has the loss characteristic more much lower than FR-4, but they are likely to more much more than FR-4 cost.
The embodiment of one side antenna can be used for arrowband application.Arrowband refers to that the bandwidth of message is not above the channel of the coherence bandwidth of channel.In broadband, intelligence bandwidth is substantially beyond the coherence bandwidth of channel.Narrow-band antenna application includes Wi-Fi and point-to-point remote microwave link.According to embodiment described above, for instance, it is possible to by the array printing of narrow-band antenna on paster, then can place it on portable computer for remote and compared with standard Wi-Fi antenna the Wi-Fi of signal intensity well access.
Fig. 4 B illustrates the selectivity embodiment of one side antenna 420, with the magnetic loop 422 that corner is cut out with about 45 degree of angles.The efficiency of antenna can be improved in the corner cutting magnetic loop 422 at a certain angle.There is corner form the magnetic loop impact of about an angle of 90 degrees and flow through the flowing of electric current of magnetic loop.When the electric current flowing through magnetic loop encounters the corner of an angle of 90 degrees so that electric current rebounds, reflected current overcomes main current flow or forms Whirlpool.Owing to the energy loss in an angle of 90 degrees portion can negatively affect the performance of antenna, particularly evident in compared with miniature antenna embodiment.The electric current flowing that the corner cutting magnetic loop with about 45 degree of angles improves around the corner of magnetic loop.Therefore, angled corner enables the electronics in electric current less to be hindered when flowing through magnetic loop.Although it is preferred for cutting corner with 45 degree of angles, but also realize can be differently configured from the selectivity embodiment of the angle cutaway of 45 degree.
Fig. 4 C illustrates the selectivity embodiment of one side antenna 440, and it uses the transition of various width in magnetic loop 442 magnetic loop 442 increases inductance or increases electric capacity.The corner of magnetic loop 442 is cut out with about 45 degree of angles to improve flowing when electric current flows around the corner of magnetic loop 442, thus increases the efficiency of antenna.Single electric field radiator 444 is physically located in the inside of magnetic loop 442.Utilize the electric trace 446 with flexible bending shape that electric field radiator 444 is connected to magnetic loop 442.As previously discussed, having the electric trace 446 with compliance curves, it is not sinusoidal shape and minimizes the quantity of bending in trace, can improve the efficiency of antenna.
Term transition is for referring to the change of the width of magnetic loop.In figure 4 c, magnetic loop 442 is somewhat rectangular in shape and includes the first transition on left side and the second transition on right side.In the embodiment illustrated in figure 4 c, the first transition is symmetrical in the second transition.Transition on the left and right sides of magnetic loop 442 includes middle narrow section 448 or thinner than the remainder of magnetic loop 442 and between the first wide section 450 and the second wide section 452 and be adjacent to the narrow section in centre of the first wide section 450 and the second wide section 452, the width ratio narrow section 448 of the first wide section 450 and the second wide section 452 is big.Specifically, magnetic loop jumps to middle narrow section 448 from the first wide section 450, and middle narrow section 448 jumps to the second wide section 452.Width in magnetic loop-narrow-wide transition produces pure inductance, thus increasing the electrical length of magnetic loop.Therefore, using wide-narrow-wide transition in magnetic loop is by magnetic loop 442 increases the method that inductance increases the electrical length of magnetic loop 442.The length of middle narrow section 448 also can be increased or decreased as required, magnetic loop is increased desired inductance.Such as, in figure 4 c, middle narrow section 448 crosses over the left side of magnetic loop 442 and about 1/4th of the right.But, middle narrow section 448 can be added to only about half of or some other ratios on the left side and the right crossing over magnetic loop 442, thus increases the inductance of magnetic loop 442.
Transition is not limited to section or the sections with the width of the remainder less than magnetic loop 442.Selectivity transition can include middle wide section or middle wide sections, middle wide section or middle wide sections is wider than the remainder of magnetic loop 442 and between the first narrow section and the second narrow section and be adjacent to the wide sections in centre of the first narrow section and the second narrow section, the first narrow section and the second narrow section have the width less than wide section.Specifically, in such selectivity embodiment, magnetic loop jumps to middle wide section from the first narrow section, and middle wide section jumps to the second narrow section subsequently.Narrow-wide-narrow transition in magnetic loop produces electric capacity, thus shortens the electrical length of magnetic loop.The length of middle wide section can be increased or decreased and magnetic loop is increased electric capacity.
Using transition in magnetic loop, it is simply that say, the width changing magnetic loop on one or more sections or sections of magnetic loop serves as the method for tuned impedance coupling.The transition changing width in magnetic loop can also increase inductance or electric capacity to ensure that the reactive inductor of all elements in antenna and reactive capacitance are couplings by convergent further.Such as, in width-narrow-wide transition, the first wide section can from the less width that its bigger taper in width is middle narrow section.Similarly, middle narrow section can be the first wide section or the bigger width of the second wide section from its narrow taper in width, or tapers to both bigger width.Section in section in narrow-wide-narrow transition and width-narrow-wide transition can convergent independently of one another.Such as, in the first narrow-wide-narrow transition, in the middle of only wide section can convergent, and only the first narrow section can convergent in the second narrow-wide-narrow transition.Convergent can be linear, step-like or bending.
The actual difference of the width between each several part of magnetic loop will depend upon which the amount of the inductance be matched with total reactive inductor of antenna for the total reactive capacitance guaranteeing antenna needed for or electric capacity.The embodiment illustrated in figure 4 c shows two wide-narrow-wide transition being positioned at opposite and symmetry each other.But, selectivity embodiment can have the transition on the side being only located at magnetic loop 442.If additionally, use more than one transition in magnetic loop, then these transition need not be symmetry.Such as, deformity shape magnetic loop can have two transition, and each transition has different length and widths.Additionally, different types of transition can also be used on single magnetic loop.Such as, magnetic loop can have one or more narrow-wide-narrow transition and one or more width-narrow-wide transition.
Fig. 5 illustrates the embodiment of little two-sided or flat plane antenna 500.Flat plane antenna 500 uses the second plane on the back side, and it includes the tunable paster shown in dotted line 502, and it produces capacitive reactance to be matched with the induction reactance of magnetic loop 504 for characteristic frequency.The tunable broadly square sheet metal of paster 502, it has position flexibly relative to other elements of antenna 500.In an embodiment, tunable paster 502 should be located remotely from the some place of 90/270 degree of electricity point along magnetic loop, or is located remotely from the some place that electric current is in the region of reflectance minima, the such as left of antenna 500, as shown in Figure 5.Electric field radiator 506 is positioned at the inside of magnetic loop 504 to reduce the overall dimensions of two-sided antenna 500.For optimum efficiency, electric field radiator 506 should have on its corresponding operation frequency and is approximately equal to quarter-wave electrical length.If electric field radiator being made less, then the relatively small wavelength on upper frequency will be caused.Electric field radiator 506 is bent to general J-shape to make its entire length be matched with the inside of magnetic loop 504.Optionally, electric field radiator 506 can be trailed thus being located on straight line, rather than bend to J-shaped, or bend to selective shape.Although it is contemplated herein that such embodiment, but antenna can be made wider and increase the overall dimensions of antenna.
Electric field radiator 506 is connected to magnetic loop 504 at 90/270 junction point or at minima reflection junction point place by electric trace 508.The top 510 of magnetic loop 504 is little compared with other sides of magnetic loop 504.It is so to increase inductance and lengthening the electrical length of magnetic loop 504.Increasing inductance enables induction reactance be matched with total capacitive reactance of antenna 500 further, the situation in little one side antenna 400, and can adjust as discussed above.
Tunable paster 502 can also be positioned at any position at the top 510 along magnetic loop 504.But, the tunable paster 502 with the point being connected to electric field radiator 506 away from magnetic loop 504 produces good performance.By changing the degree of depth of paster, length and can also highly increase the size of tunable paster 502.The degree of depth increasing tunable paster 502 will cause that Antenna Design occupies more space.Optionally, can tunable paster 502 be made very thin, but its length and height can do and correspondingly adjust.Replace the tunable paster 502 with the upper left corner covering antenna 500, it is possible to increase length and height to cover the left-half of antenna 500.Optionally, the length of tunable paster 502 can be increased, it is allowed to the first half of paster extended antenna 500.Similarly, the height of tunable paster 502 can be increased, it is allowed to the left side of paster extended antenna 500.Also can tunable paster be made less.
Being similar to one side antenna, various dielectric materials can use for the embodiment of two-sided antenna 500.The dielectric material that can be used includes FR-4, PTFE, crosslinked polystyrene etc..
Fig. 6 illustrates the embodiment of big antenna 600, and it is made up of the array of four antenna elements 602, with the bandwidth of similar one and one semioctave.Each antenna element 602 is by TE pattern (transverse electric) irradiator or magnetic field (H field) irradiator, or magnetic loop dipole 604 (indicated by dotted line roughly and be referred to as magnetic loop 604) and TM pattern (transverse magnetic) irradiator or electric field (E field) irradiator, or it is in the electric field dipole 606 (indicated by rectangle shadow region and be referred to as electric field radiator 606) outside magnetic loop 604 and forms.Magnetic loop 604 must be electrically a wavelength, and it produces short circuit.Although magnetic loop 604 physically less than a wavelength, but can increase additional inductance, as discussed below, will electrically lengthen magnetic loop 604.Also the physical width of adjustable magnetic loop 604 is to obtain the suitable inductance/capacitance of magnetic loop 604, so that it will at desired frequency resonance.Noticing as following, the physical parameter of magnetic loop 604 is not rely on the quality of the dielectric material for antenna element 602.
As discussed previously, magnetic loop 604 is dead short so that the magnitude of current maximizing in magnetic loop and to produce the highest H field.Meanwhile, from emitter to load matched impedance to prevent emitter to be burned due to short circuit.Electric current moves into electric field radiator 606 along the direction of arrow 607 from magnetic loop 604 and is reflected back toward (direction along arrow 609 enters magnetic loop 604 from electric field radiator 606) in opposite direction.
In an embodiment, each antenna element 602 is approximately 4.45 centimetres wide and takes advantage of about 2.54 centimetres high, as shown in Figure 6.But, as it was earlier mentioned, the size of all component is determined by operation frequency and other features.Such as, the trace of magnetic loop 604 can be made very thick, it increases the gain of antenna element 602 and to allow the physical size of antenna element 602 be that the size of antenna 600 is modified to be matched with any desired physical space then, remain at resonance, maintaining some gains increased equally simultaneously and maintain the efficiency of similar level, none of which is likely to the voltage supply antenna with prior art.As long as the design of amendment maintains (1) magnetic loop with the surface current inheriting closed form, (2) energy reflection of magnetic loop is entered from E field irradiator, and the coupling impedance of (3) assembly, it is possible to it is substantially any size by tested rotating platform.Although gain will change based on the special size and dimension to sky line options, but can realize the efficiency of similar level.
Phase tracker 608 (being indicated by triangle shadow region) makes antenna 600 for broadband and can be eliminated for arrowband design.The tip of phase tracker 608 is preferably located on 90/270 degree of electric position along magnetic loop 604.But, in selectivity embodiment, the tip of phase tracker may be located at minima reflection junction point place.The size 610 of electric field radiator 606 is in fact unimportant to the integrated operation of antenna element 602.Size 610 only has the width making antenna element 602 be broadband, and if antenna element 602 be intended to narrowband device, then size 610 can be reduced.As shown, antenna element 602 is intended to broadband, because it includes phase tracker 608.The phase place of antenna element 602 is determined and determined to size 612 by the mid frequency operated.Size 612 crosses over the length of electric field radiator 606 and the length of the left side of magnetic loop 604.Size 612 will be typically quarter-wave, and the dielectric material being used as substrate is had slight adjustment.Electric field radiator 606 has in the about quarter-wave length of frequency representative interested.The length of electric field radiator 606 also can vary in size becomes the many times of quarter-waves in frequency interested, but these changes can reduce the usefulness of antenna.
The width at the top 614 of magnetic loop 604 is intended to less than any other part of magnetic loop 604, although this difference is not obvious in the figure of Fig. 6.This size difference is similar to previously discussed relatively miniature antenna embodiment, and wherein top 614 can be cut in increase electrical length and to increase inductance.The top 614 of magnetic loop 604 can be cut in, and this is owing to 90/270 degree of electric position is had minimum impact by it.Increasing inductance by reduction top 614 makes magnetic loop 604 electrically seem longer.
The size 616,617 and 618 of magnetic loop 604 is all determined by wavelength dimension.Size 616 is made up of the width of magnetic loop 604.Size 617 is made up of the length of the left part of the bottom side of magnetic loop 604.In other words, size 617 is made up of the length of the bottom of magnetic loop 604 to the left side of magnetic loop opening 619.Size 618 is made up of the total length of magnetic loop 604.When size 616 is in size equal to size 618, when causing square loops, it is achieved best antenna performance.It is also possible, however, to use rectangle or erose magnetic loop 604.
As previously noted, including the phase tracker 608 broadband operation for antenna 600, and remove phase tracker 608 antenna 600 can be made for broadband smaller.Antenna 600 is made into arrowband optionally through the size of the physics vertical dimension and electric field radiator 606 that reduce phase tracker 608.The support of phase tracker 608 and broadband operation in antennas thereof has the potential of the total quantity reducing the antenna in various equipment uses such as such as mobile phones.The size of phase tracker 608 also affects its inductance and electric capacity, as shown in Figure 7.Electric capacity and the inductance range of phase tracker 608 can be tuned by adjusting the physical size of phase tracker 608.The inductance (L) of phase tracker 608 is based on the height of phase tracker 608.The electric capacity (C) of phase tracker 608 is based on the width of phase tracker 608.
Antenna element 602 and multipair antenna element 602 have the one group of gap formed betwixt.It is positioned on the left of antenna 600 two antenna elements 602 and constitutes first to antenna element 602, and be positioned at two antenna elements 602 on the right side of antenna 600 and constitute second to antenna element 602.Between every pair of antenna element 602, there is the first gap 620, and often there is the second gap 622 between group at each pair of antenna element 602.Often second gap 622 between group of the first gap 620 between every pair of element 602 and each pair of antenna element 602 is designed as and is directed at the far field radiation pattern produced by antenna element 602 in the most efficient manner, so that far field radiation pattern is to be added rather than subtract each other.Known phased antenna array technology can be used to determine the optimal interval between many CPL antenna element 602, so that the far field radiation pattern of each element can be added.
In an embodiment, it is possible to the relation based on the different assemblies of antenna element 602 imitates far field radiation pattern on computers.Such as, the relation of the size of adjustable antenna element 602, interval between interval and each pair of antenna element 602 between antenna element 602 and assembly is until the addition realizing far field radiation pattern is directed and alignment.Optionally, it is possible to use far field radiation pattern measured by electrical equipment, thus adjusting the relation of assembly based on this.
Now turn to reference to Fig. 6, the micro-strip feed line feed that antenna element 602 is represented by dotted line 624.Feeder line in dotted line 624 is matched with network to be carried out driving impedance and depends on the dielectric material used.The symmetry of feeder line is also important to avoiding unnecessary Phase delay, it is not necessary to Phase delay can cause that the far field radiation pattern produced by antenna element subtracts each other rather than is added.
About Fig. 6, embodiment uses common combiner/splitter 626 input signal to be divided into two parts two groups of antenna elements to be fed and to combine return signal.Second and the 3rd combiner/splitter 628 thereafter obtained signal is divided into two parts every pair of antenna element 602 to be fed and combines return signal.Combiner/splitter 626 and 628 is desired, because they cause the impedance matching almost ideal on wide frequency range along feeder line and stop power to reflect along feeder line, this can cause performance loss.
Fig. 8 illustrates the bottom 800 of antenna 600, and it includes element 802,812,814 and 816, and each of these elements includes trapezoid element 804, choke joint region 806 and lifter 808.Element 802,812,814 and 816 serves as capacitor, although element 812 and 814 is also by the phase angle that the bottom of signal or RF energy reflection to electric bridge unit 820 sets antenna 600.If it is desire to the result directional diagram produced by antenna 600 is spherical, then the distance 826 from the bottom of trapezoidal element 804 to the bottom of electric bridge unit 820 can not more than quarter-wave.By changing the distance 826 for each element 802,812,814 and 816, it is possible to produce difform antenna pattern.Finally, circuit flowing element 822 and 824 represents trace material and is removed the position of the reflection to prevent element 802 and 816 from the bottom left corner of electric bridge unit 820 and bottom right corner, and it will change the phase angle set by element 812 and 814 then.
Trapezoid element 804 is consistent by the magnetic loop 604 the fact that logarithm drives keeping each corresponding antenna element 602 dimensionally by each trapezoid element 804.The slope of each trapezoid element 804, the particularly slope of the top side of trapezoid element 804, make induction reactance be matched with capacitive reactance with help for the inductance and electric capacity increasing change in antenna 600.Electric capacity is increased, it is possible to the electrical length of the adjustment each corresponding magnetic loop 604 on the opposite side of antenna 600 by trapezoid element 804.Trapezoid element 804 is directed at the top trace 614 of the magnetic loop 604 on antenna 600 opposite side.Choke joint 806 is for making trapezoid element 804 and ground isolation and the leakage being therefore prevented from consequential signal.The side 809 of trapezoid element 804 and 810 pairs of electric field radiators 606 on the opposite side of antenna 600 are earth mats, and it needs ground to set polarization.Side 809 is made up of the right side of trapezoid element 804 and the upper right quarter being positioned at the lifter 808 above choke joint 806.It is to say, side 809 is made up of the right side of each element 802,812,814 and 816 being positioned at above choke joint 806.Side 810 is made up of the left side of trapezoid element 804 and the left side of lifter 808.It is to say, side 810 is made up of the left side of each element 802,812,814 and 816 being positioned at above ground plane components 828.Earth mat 809 and 810 increases the transmission/receiving efficiency of antenna 600.Ground plane components 828 is standard for microstrip antenna designs, for instance, 50 ohm of traces on 4.7 electrolytes are about 100 mil width.
As previously noted, trapezoid element 804 can be trimmed off to change corresponding magnetic loop inductively or capacitively.Trim process includes the section shrinking or expanding trapezoid element 804.For example, it may be determined that need extra capacitive reactance to be matched with the induction reactance of magnetic loop.Therefore trapezoid element 804 can be expanded to increase electric capacity.Selective trim step is to change the slope of trapezoid element 804.Such as, slope can become 30 degree of angles from 15 degree of angles.Optionally, if by increasing area or revising magnetic loop 604 by cutting down the width of the top trace 614 of magnetic loop 604, then the metal on the ground plane corresponding with amended magnetic loop 604 must be adjusted accordingly.Such as, can based on whether the top trace 614 of magnetic loop 604 be cut in or increases the top side cutting down or increasing trapezoid element 804 or the total length of trapezoid element 804.
As described herein, while TM and TE irradiator, excitation causes zero reactive power that time correlation Poynting's theorem is predicted when being used to analyze microwave energy.Previously attempt to build and there is the three dimensional arrangement depending on these elements each other at the combined antenna of electrically mutually orthogonal TE and TM irradiator.Such design is not easily commercially used.Additionally, the complex antenna design being previously proposed two or more positions in each loop are by independent power feed.In the various embodiments of antenna as disclosed herein, magnetic loop and electric field radiator (several electric field radiator) be positioned to be still located on same plane each other in 90/270 electrical angle place, and with the power feeds from single position.This causes two-dimensional arrangement, and it reduces physical layout complexity and improves commercialization.Optionally, electric field radiator (several electric field radiator) can be positioned at the electric current flowing through magnetic loop on magnetic loop and is in the some place of reflectance minima.
The embodiment of antenna disclosed in literary composition partially due to the counteracting of reactive power and there is the efficiency bigger than traditional antenna.Additionally, embodiment has big antenna aperature for the physical size of each of which.Such as, will there is the notable bigger gain than the usual 2.11dBi gain of simple field dipole antenna according to the half-wave antenna with omnirange figure of embodiment.
Another embodiment is made up of the one side antenna with the embedded earth mat for electric field radiator.Fig. 9 A illustrates that the one side 2300 with single electric field radiator with for the embedded earth mat of electric field radiator arrives the embodiment of 2700MHz antenna.Antenna 900 is made up of magnetic loop 902, and electric field radiator 904 does not utilize electric trace to be coupled directly to magnetic loop 902.Electric field radiator 904 is physically located in the inside of magnetic loop 902.As other embodiments, electric field radiator 904 can at 90/270 junction point or be in the some place of reflectance minima at the electric current flowing through magnetic loop 902 and be coupled to magnetic loop 902.In selectivity embodiment, electric field radiator 904 can utilize electric trace to be coupled to magnetic loop 902.Although additionally, antenna 900 is shown as with an electric field radiator, but selectivity embodiment can include one or more electric field radiator.Selectivity embodiment can also include the one or more electric field radiators being physically located in outside magnetic loop 902.
The selectivity embodiment of self-contained antenna can also include having first electric field radiator of the first length and have the second electric field radiator of the second length being different from the first length.Be similar to first above described in antenna embodiment, use one or more electric field radiators with different length to be capable of broad-band antenna.
Antenna 900 includes transition 906 and the earth mat 908 to electric field radiator 904.Transition 906 is made up of the part with the width bigger than the width of magnetic loop 902 of magnetic loop 902.Transition 906 is being electrically isolating embedded earth mat 908.Embedded earth mat 908 allows antenna 900 to be totally independent of any ground plane or the underframe of the product using antenna 900.
Earth mat 908 is referred to as the embedded earth mat that is because and is formed by magnetic loop 902.As noted, embedded earth mat 908 allows the ground plane that antenna 900 is totally independent of product.The embodiment of the one side antenna illustrated in figs. 4 a-4 c, although being only printed in single plane and not including ground plane, but needs the equipment by using antenna to provide ground plane.By contrast, self-contained earth mat antenna need not be provided ground plane by the equipment using antenna.
In one side embodiment described above, the equipment using antenna provides ground plane for antenna, the ground plane of equipment serves as the ground plane for one side antenna, or the underframe of the equipment of use or some other metal assemblies are as the ground plane for one side antenna.But, any amendment of circuitry, device chassis or equipment ground plane can be negatively affected the performance of antenna.This phenomenon is also non-specific for one side embodiment disclosed in literary composition, is applied to the antenna being widely used in research and business on the contrary.Therefore, it is desirable to have such antenna, it does not need ground plane and will not affected by any change that the equipment using antenna is done.
By not needing ground plane, antenna 900 does not rely on the ground plane outside antenna.Relative to the independence of outside ground plane, self-contained antenna 900 means that the performance of antenna is not by the impact of the change that equipment is done.Just manufacturing and for design, this meaning can for assigned frequency with independent of being intended to the performance level merging and using the equipment of antenna to design self-contained antenna.Such as, wireless router maker can ask, based on one group of demand, the antenna specified.These demands can include can be used for the space of antenna except other demands, for the frequency range of antenna, the substrate that uses.So design of antenna and manufacture can independent of the design of actual wireless router with manufactured.Additionally, any change in future of wireless router will not affected performance and the efficiency of antenna, this is because antenna is self-contained and by the impact of the change of the underframe on the circuit of router, the ground plane of router or router.
The length of transition 906 can be set based on the operation frequency of antenna.For the antenna of upper frequency, its medium wavelength is shorter, it is possible to use shorter transition.On the other hand, for the antenna of lower frequency, its medium wavelength is longer, it is possible to use longer transition 906.Transition 906 can adjust independent of earth mat 908.Such as, can be only in Fig. 9 A the half of the size of transition 906 for the transition of 5.8GHz antenna, and earth mat 908 still can be equally long with the whole left side of magnetic loop 902.
Earth mat 908 length can be adjusted as necessary to obtain desired antenna performance.It is preferable, however, that have earth mat 908 big as far as possible.Such as, in selectivity embodiment, earth mat 908 can cross over the total length in the left side of magnetic loop 902, rather than only cross over magnetic loop 902 left side about 80%.But, as described earlier, the electrical length of the widths affect magnetic loop 902 of the trace of magnetic loop 902.There is the magnetic loop of thin trace from start to finish around magnetic loop be electrically longer than with wider trace or the magnetic loop with a part with wider trace magnetic loop.Such as, magnetic loop 902 is the example having wider trace for transition 906 and the magnetic loop for earth mat 908.Therefore, although it is contemplated that have earth mat long as far as possible, but the electrical length of the effect length magnetic loop 902 of earth mat 908.Relatively low in electrically longer magnetic loop result frequency.On the other hand, higher in electrically shorter magnetic loop result frequency.Such as, use the earth mat of the total length in the left side crossing over magnetic loop will to increase the overall width of magnetic loop, thus electrically shortening magnetic loop and causing the magnetic loop with the frequency higher than expectation.Such as, the frequency of 5.8GHz rather than the target frequency of desired 5.6GHz are caused.
Except transition and earth mat, the embodiment of antenna 900 may also comprise narrow-wide-narrow transition and/or width-narrow-wide transition, as first described above, in order to the electrical length of magnetic loop is tuned to desired frequency.Additionally, the embodiment of self-contained antenna may also comprise the magnetic loop cutting as previously described corner at a certain angle so that the flowing of the electric current improved around magnetic loop corner.
As it was earlier mentioned, use the earth mat 908 to electric field radiator 904 to replace ground plane.Electric field radiator 904 is actually unipole antenna.By forming unipole antenna at right angle to the half of residue half replacement dipole antenna with ground plane.In the embodiment of self-contained antenna, electric field radiator finds the bulk metal being electrically connected to electric field radiator of its operable replacement ground plane.In the one side antenna 400 of Fig. 4 C, electric field radiator 444 is based on the position radiated electric field of the ground plane for antenna 440.This electric field is perpendicular to the Plane Rotation of electric field radiator, and magnetic field is substantially to rotate with in the way of this co-planar.The directional diagram of this electric field is generally circular, and it is also referred to as the omnirange figure of near perfect.As previously discussed, the embodiment of one side antenna needs not be provided the ground plane of their own.Therefore, if antenna 440 is just being used in equipment, then ground plane that this equipment will serve as antenna 440 and the antenna pattern launched by electric field radiator 444 can be reflected back in equipment.But, if the self-contained antenna of one side including earth mat also includes ground plane, antenna pattern so described above will switch effectively, wherein electric field around electric field radiator Plane Rotation or with one or more planes of the co-planar of electric field radiator on rotate, and magnetic field is perpendicular to this Plane Rotation.
Earth mat 908 is without being positioned in or machined on the left of magnetic loop 902.In selectivity embodiment, earth mat can being positioned at upper right corner, wherein electric field radiator 904 is positioned at the left side of magnetic loop 902 then.No matter earth mat 908 and electric field radiator 904 (if or irradiator more than one, be several irradiator) physical location how, earth mat and electric field radiator (several electric field radiator) all need out-phase 180 degree.In another embodiment, the length of also adjustable earth mat when necessary.Earth mat 908 also can along the right positioner of magnetic loop 902, the underface being positioned at electric field radiator 904 or other positions being positioned at around magnetic loop 902.
Antenna 900 also includes balun 910.Balun is a kind of piezoelectric transformer, and the signal of telecommunication about ground face balance (difference) can be converted to the signal of imbalance (single-ended) by it, and vice versa.Specifically, common-mode signal is caused high impedance and difference mode signal is caused Low ESR by balun.Balun 910 plays the effect cancelling common mode current.Additionally, antenna 900 is tuned to desired input impedance and tunes the impedance of whole magnetic loop 902 by balun 910.Balun 910 is generally triangle and is made up of two parts separated by intermediate space 912.
Two part magnetic force ground of balun 910 and coupling electrically.Gap 912 in balun 910 prevents electric current from flowing in one direction by magnetic force, is such as flowed back to by emitter and flows the equipment using antenna 900, eliminating common mode current.This is important, because the reflection of the electric current by emitter caused due to common mode current can negatively affect the performance of antenna 900 and use the performance of equipment of antenna 900.Especially, interference can be caused in using the circuit of equipment of antenna by the reflection of the electric current of emitter.This passive performance also can cause equipment to fail to act Federal Communications Committee (FCC) rule.Gap 912 in balun 910 eliminates common mode current, thus preventing electric current to be reflected back in the adapter of antenna 900.
Gap 912 can be adjusted based on Antenna Design and size.In an embodiment, Electromagnetic Simulation can be used to visualize the electric current flowing through antenna 900.Then can increase or reduce gap 912 until emulation display electric current is no longer reflected and flowed back to by emitter.The cancellation of common mode current can be visualized as electric current and stop flowing into emitter in one direction and starting the point flowed in opposite direction, and one of them direction flows into antenna 900 and antenna 900 is flowed out in second direction.
The purpose of the tapered side 914 of balun 910 is electric coupling.The angle of tapered side 914 can be adjusted to that impedance matching is in antenna 900.Typically, along the feeder line (not shown) of antenna 900 being placed each inducer and each capacitor with the impedance matching of equipment that will feed to antenna 900 in the impedance of antenna 900.Such as, if the input of 50 ohm expected by antenna, but the circuit of equipment is just to antenna feed 150 ohm, then a series of inducers and capacitor are by with balancing this mismatch problem by being converted to desired 50 ohm of antenna by 150 ohm that are fed to antenna.Compared with the general custom in these industry, the embodiment of self-contained antenna 900 without via any external module, such as uses along to a series of inducers of the circuit that antenna 900 feeds and capacitor, mates impedance.On the contrary, balun 910 is used to the impedance matching of antenna 900 in the adapter that antenna 900 is fed and the impedance being matched with magnetic loop 902.
The height of balun 910 is the function of the operation frequency of antenna 900.Therefore, higher balun 910 is needed for lower frequency, and shorter balun 910 is needed for upper frequency.When using high balun in antennas, the close of electric field radiator is important by balun 910.It is positioned to balun 910 to cause the Capacitance Coupled between balun 910 and electric field radiator 904 too close to electric field radiator 904.Therefore, for balun 910 it is important that be properly separated from preventing Capacitance Coupled from affecting antenna 900 performance with electric field radiator 904.If specific Antenna Design requires to use high balun due to the operation frequency of antenna, in antenna and cancel common mode current with suitably impedance matching, then balun can be moved down, as shown in the antenna 920 in Fig. 9 B.In selectivity embodiment, self-contained earth mat antenna 900 may not include balun 910.
Antenna 900 is the example of self-contained earth mat Composite Field antenna.The embodiment of antenna 900 can be printed or be additionally deposited on about 1.6 millimeters of FR-4 substrates.The performance of antenna 900 and design also make it may be adapted to other materials, including flexible print circuit, acronitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics or even be not considered as being suitable for the material of microwave frequency.The operation frequency of antenna 900 is approximately 2300 to 2700MHz so that it is be suitable for various Embedded Application, including mobile phone, access point, PDA, portable computer, PC card, sensor and automatically apply.The embodiment of antenna 900 achieves the peak efficiencies of about 94% and the peak gain of about+3dBi.Antenna 900 has the width of about 31 millimeters and the length of about 31 millimeters.Antenna 900 has the impedance of linear polarization and about 50 ohm.Antenna 900 also has the voltage standing wave ratio less than 2:1 (< 2:1).Size and the efficiency of antenna 900 are make it suitable for Wi-Fi application, and wherein efficiency, size and gain are important.
Figure 10 A has illustrated the selectivity embodiment of the one side antenna with embedded earth mat.Antenna 1000 is the example with linearly polarized antenna.Due to embedded earth mat, antenna does not need ground plane.Antenna 1000 can be printed on or be additionally deposited on the FR-4 substrate of 1.6 millimeters thick.Being similar to antenna 900, performance and the design of antenna 1000 are make it suitable for other materials, including flexible print circuit, acronitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics or even be not considered as being suitable for the material of microwave frequency.Antenna 1000 operates with the frequency range of about 882MHz to 948MHz, has the peak efficiencies measuring peak gain and about 92% of about+3dBi.Antenna 1000 has the antenna impedance of about 50 ohm and the voltage standing wave ratio less than 2:1 (< 2:1).Antenna 1000 has the width of about 76 millimeters and the height of about 76 millimeters.
Antenna 1000 is made up of magnetic loop 1002, and wherein the first electric field radiator 1004 is directly coupled to magnetic loop 1002 and second electric field radiator 1006 is directly coupled to magnetic loop 1002.When not using electric trace, both electric field radiators 1004 and 1006 are couple to magnetic loop 1002.Electric field radiator 1004 and 1006 is physically located in the inside of magnetic loop 1002.The use of two electric field radiators, replaces an electric field radiator in the antenna 900 in Fig. 9, adds the gain of antenna.Two electric field radiators 1004 and 1006 points of curves opened 1008 are played and postpone phase place between two electric field radiators 1004 and 1006 to make the effect that the far-field pattern of the two can be added.
Two electric field radiators 1004 constitute the electric field radiator array 1010 with Phase delay with 1006 together with curve 1008.Specifically, curve 1008 guarantees that two electric field radiators 1004 and 1006 are each other in 180 degree of out-phase.Curve can be used as space-saving technology.Such as, if needing miniature antenna, then force owing to minimizing the needs of size two electric field radiators mutually closer to, then curve 1008 may be used to ensure that electric field radiator is still each other in 180 degree of out-phase.As necessary, can postpone to adjust the electrical length of the trace of curve 1008 based on required.Such as, trace can be made longer or shorter while keeping width constant.Optionally, can be constant in the length being maintained with trace that the width making trace is wider or thicker.As it has been described above, the electrical length of trace depends on its physical length and its physical width.Figure 10 B illustrates the selectivity embodiment of the self-contained antenna 1020 not having curve 1008.
As discussed about antenna 900, it is possible to correspondingly adjust antenna transition 1012 and earth mat 1014 based on many factors.Operation frequency is depended in transition 1012, but it also must guarantee that earth mat 1014 is electrically isolated from each other by long enough.Earth mat 1014 big as far as possible is preferred.Finally, balun 1016 cancels common mode current and by the impedance matching of antenna 1000 in the impedance of the emitter of feed antenna 1000.
In the selectivity embodiment of antenna 1000, electric field radiator array 1010 can be disposed in left side rather than the right side of antenna 1000.In such selectivity embodiment, earth mat 1014 will be located into the upper right side of magnetic loop 1002.Earth mat 1014 along the right positioner of magnetic loop 1002, can also be positioned at the underface of electric field radiator 1004 and 1006.
Figure 11 A-11C illustrates the 2D antenna pattern of the antenna 900 in Fig. 9.Figure 11 A illustrates the 2D antenna pattern in XZ plane 1100.Solid line 1102 represents the antenna pattern of reality, and dotted line 1104 represents 3dB beam angle, and dotted line 1106 represents the maximum intensity of the field along a direction, it is, line 1106 represents the place most high field being detected in the 2D antenna pattern illustrated.Figure 11 B illustrates the 2D antenna pattern of the antenna 900 on X/Y plane 1110, and Figure 11 C illustrates the 2D antenna pattern of the antenna 900 in YZ plane 1120.
Figure 12 A-12C illustrates the 2D antenna pattern of the antenna 1000 in Figure 10 A.Figure 12 A illustrates the 2D antenna pattern in XZ plane 1200.Solid line 1202 represents the antenna pattern of reality, and dotted line 1204 represents 3dB beam angle, and dotted line 1206 represents the maximum intensity of the field along a direction, it is, line 1206 represents the place most high field being detected in the 2D antenna pattern illustrated.Figure 12 B illustrates the 2D antenna pattern of the antenna 1000 on X/Y plane 1210, and Figure 12 C illustrates the 2D antenna pattern of the antenna 1000 in YZ plane 1220.
Figure 13 A illustrates the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of antenna 900.VSWR curve demonstrates for about 2.34GHz frequency range to about 2.69GHz, and antenna 900 is good impedance matching.It is to say, throughout the frequency range of about 2.34GHz to 2.69GHz, the most of energy being fed into antenna 900 will be irradiated out, rather than is reflected back in emitter.Specifically, in the VSWR of the inside representative antennas 900 of two the center upright solid lines frequency range less than 2:1 (< 2:1).Figure 13 B illustrates the return loss of antenna 900.Return loss and VSWR are mathematically correlated with, so that-10.0 return losses on Figure 13 B are corresponding to 2.0 in the VSWR on Figure 13 A.Return loss plot in Figure 13 B demonstrates between the point of mark 1 and 2, and antenna 900 is good impedance matching.
Figure 14 A illustrates the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the antenna 1000 in Figure 10 A.VSWR curve demonstrates for about 884MHz frequency range to about 947MHz, and antenna 1000 is good impedance matching.It is to say, throughout about 884MHz to 947MHz frequency range, the most of energy being fed into antenna 1000 will be irradiated out, rather than is reflected back in emitter.Specifically, in the VSWR of the internal representative antennas 1000 of two the center upright solid lines frequency range less than 2:1 (< 2:1).Figure 14 B illustrates the return loss of antenna 1000.As it was earlier mentioned ,-10.0 return losses are corresponding to 2.0 in VSWR.Return loss plot in Figure 14 B demonstrates between the point of mark 1 and 2, and antenna 1000 is good impedance matching.
Figure 15 illustrates the another embodiment of self-contained antenna 1500.Antenna 1500 is the example of 5.8GHz antenna.The specific embodiment of antenna 1500 has the length of about 15 millimeters and the size of the width of about 15 millimeters.Antenna 1500 is made up of magnetic loop 1502, and electric field radiator 1504 is directly coupled to magnetic loop 1502.Compared with self-contained antenna 900 and 1000, antenna 1500 includes the taper transition 1506 being made up of two sections 1508 and 1510.First transition section 1508 starts from the width of magnetic loop and becomes big width from little width.Towards less width linearity ground convergent before the position that the width of the magnetic loop that first transition section 1508 starts at the second transition section 1510 increases again.Second transition section increases from little width to bigger width linearity.As previously discussed, the width adjusting the trace of magnetic loop allows to adjust the electrical length of magnetic loop.Additionally, the length of the transition used, width and quantity electric isolution earth mat 1512.Transition 1506 must long enough so that the electric current flowing through earth mat 1512 is minimum in amplitude.Additionally, for impedance matching, bandwidth can be increased to earth mat 1512 convergent transition 1506.Balun 1514 is cancelled common mode current and is matched with the impedance of antenna 1500.The selectivity embodiment of antenna 1500 may not include balun 1514.
Embodiment is made up of one side antenna, including: having the magnetic loop of width, magnetic loop is positioned in the plane producing magnetic field and has the first induction reactance；Electric field radiator, it is positioned in the plane launching electric field and has the first capacitive reactance, and electric field radiator is directly coupled to magnetic loop, and wherein electric field is orthogonal to magnetic field, and wherein physical layout between electric field radiator and magnetic loop causes the second capacitive reactance；Transition, it is formed on magnetic loop and has the width transition more than the width of magnetic loop；And earth mat, it is formed on magnetic loop and is positioned at electric field radiator opposite or contiguous electric field radiator location along magnetic loop, and wherein transition is substantially by earth mat and magnetic loop electric isolution.
Unless otherwise stated, each feature disclosed in this specification (including any claims, summary and accompanying drawing) can be replaced by playing same, of equal value or similar purpose selectional feature.Therefore, unless otherwise stated, otherwise disclosed each feature is only an example of general serial equivalence or similar features.
The technology described in literary composition although for some alternativeses, show and describes the present invention in the text, but it is to be understood that can have many additional purposes and application.Correspondingly, the present invention should not be limited only to comprise specific description in this manual, embodiment and various accompanying drawing, which only illustrates the examples Example of the principle of the invention, alternatives and application.

Claims (28)

1. the method being used for tuning composite ring (CPL) antenna, described method includes:
At the junction point place along magnetic loop, at least one electric field radiator is connected to described magnetic loop to form CPL antenna, wherein said magnetic loop and at least one electric field radiator described are positioned in a plane, and wherein said junction point includes putting into the electrical angle position of about 90 degree relative to the driving of described magnetic loop or becoming the electrical angle position of about 270 degree；
The source impedance driving point making described magnetic loop and at least one electric field radiator described and be connected to described magnetic loop is mated；And
Regulating described junction point to the second junction point, the electric current flowing through described magnetic loop at described second junction point place is in reflectance minima.
2. method according to claim 1, wherein, described magnetic loop is configured to produce magnetic field, and at least one electric field radiator wherein said is configured to launch the electric field with described magnetic field orthotropic.
3. method according to claim 1, wherein, makes described magnetic loop and at least one electric field radiator described mate with described source impedance and also includes described magnetic loop being added or removing metal.
4. method according to claim 1, wherein, flows through the electric current of described magnetic loop and is in described second junction point of reflectance minima and depends on the geometry of described magnetic loop.
5. method according to claim 1, wherein, described second junction point corresponds roughly to the electrical angle position of about 90 degree of the one-tenth along described magnetic loop or becomes the electrical angle position of about 270 degree.
6. method according to claim 1, wherein, is connected to described magnetic loop and includes placement electric trace between described electric field radiator and described magnetic loop at described junction point place by described electric field radiator.
7. method according to claim 6, wherein, shape that described electric trace has substantially smooth curve or the shape that the bending quantity in described electric trace is minimized.
8. method according to any one of claim 1 to 5, wherein, at least one electric field radiator described is coupled directly to described magnetic loop.
9. the method according to aforementioned any one claim, wherein, described magnetic loop have be approximately equal to wavelength multiple, be approximately equal to quarter-wave multiple or be approximately equal to the electrical length of multiple of 1/8th wavelength.
10. the method according to aforementioned any one claim, wherein, at least one electric field radiator described have be approximately equal to wavelength multiple, be approximately equal to quarter-wave multiple or be approximately equal to the electrical length of multiple of 1/8th wavelength.
11. according to the method described in aforementioned any one claim, wherein, the electric current flowing through described magnetic loop flows at least one electric field radiator described and in described current reflection to described magnetic loop, will cause that described electric field reflects the electric field into magnetic field and generation and described magnetic field orthotropic in the opposite direction.
12. according to the method described in aforementioned any one claim, wherein, described magnetic loop has substantially rectangular shape.
13. method according to claim 12, wherein, four corners of the rectangular shape of described magnetic loop are cut out at a certain angle.
14. according to the method described in aforementioned any one claim, wherein, described magnetic loop is formed by multiple continuously coupled parts, at least one section in wherein said multiple section is by first section with the first width, the centre portion with intermediate width and second section with the second width are formed, second end of the first end and wherein said centre portion that the first end of wherein said first section was connected to and was adjacent to described centre portion is connected to and is adjacent to the first end of described second section, and wherein said first width and described second width are different from described intermediate width.
15. according to the method described in aforementioned any one claim, wherein, at least one electric field radiator described has electrical length and is configured to launch described electric field with operation frequency, and at least one electric field radiator wherein said includes the second electric field radiator being positioned in described plane and be positioned within described magnetic loop, described second electric field radiator is coupled to described magnetic loop, described second electric field radiator is configured to launch the second electric field with described magnetic field orthotropic, described second electric field radiator has the second electrical length and is configured to launch described second electric field with the second operation frequency.
16. according to the method described in aforementioned any one claim, also include:
Forming transition on described magnetic loop, wherein said transition has the width bigger than the width of described magnetic loop；And
Being positioned to contrary with at least one electric field radiator described or contiguous formation earth mat on described magnetic loop along described magnetic loop, wherein said transition is configured to substantially electrically insulate described earth mat and described magnetic loop.
17. method according to claim 15, wherein, described earth mat has the earth mat width bigger than the described width of described magnetic loop.
18. according to the method described in aforementioned any one claim, also include: described magnetic loop is added balanced-to-unblanced transformer, described balanced-to-unblanced transformer is configured to counteracting general mode electric current and is desired input impedance by described CPL antenna tuning.
19. the CPL antenna of the method tuning according to aforementioned any one claim.
20. the method being used for tuning Planar Compound annular (CPL) antenna, described method includes:
At the junction point place of each along at least one magnetic loop, at least one electric field radiator is connected at least one magnetic loop described to form plane CPL antenna, each of at least one magnetic loop wherein said and at least one electric field radiator described are positioned in the first plane, wherein said plane CPL antenna includes the broadband elements being positioned in the second plane and being configured to produce ground plane, and wherein said junction point includes putting into the electrical angle position of about 90 degree relative to the driving of each of at least one magnetic loop described or becoming the electrical angle position of about 270 degree；
The source impedance driving point making at least one magnetic loop described and at least one electric field radiator described and be connected at least one magnetic loop described is mated；And
Being regulated by described junction point to the second junction point, the electric current flowing through at least one magnetic loop described at described second junction point place is in reflectance minima.
21. method according to claim 20, also include: one or more phase trackers are coupled to each of at least one magnetic loop described.
22. method according to claim 21, wherein, each phase tracker is physically located in each magnetic loop inside or is physically located in outside each magnetic loop.
23. the method according to claim 21 or 22, wherein, each phase tracker is generally triangular shaped, and the wherein top of each generally triangular shaped phase tracker and following position alignment: relative to described driving electrical angle position put into about 90 degree, putting into the electrical angle position of about 270 degree relative to described driving or flow through the electric current of each magnetic loop and be in the reflectance minima point of reflectance minima.
24. the method according to any one of claim 20 to 23, wherein, described broadband elements includes one or more trapezoid element.
25. method according to claim 24, also include: change the slope of the top margin of each trapezoid element.
26. the flat plane antenna according to claim 24 or 25, wherein, described broadband elements includes one or more choke joint and earth element, and wherein said one or more choke joints are configured to the one or more trapezoid element and the isolation of described earth element.
27. the method according to any one of claim 20 to 26, wherein, the one or more magnetic loop has substantially rectangular shape.
28. the plane CPL antenna of the method tuning according to any one of claim 20 to 27.
CN201610146869.6A 2010-02-11 2011-02-11 Composite loop antenna Active CN105789902B (en)

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US30359410P 2010-02-11 2010-02-11
US61/303594 2010-02-11
US12/878,018 US8462061B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2010-09-08 Printed compound loop antenna
US12/878,020 US8164528B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2010-09-08 Self-contained counterpoise compound loop antenna
US12/878020 2010-09-08
US12/878,016 US8144065B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2010-09-08 Planar compound loop antenna
US12/878018 2010-09-08
US12/878016 2010-09-08
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IL221376A (en) 2016-11-30
CN103004022A (en) 2013-03-27

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