CN1057738C - 自行车用辅助电机的控制方法 - Google Patents

自行车用辅助电机的控制方法 Download PDF

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CN1057738C
CN1057738C CN95117316A CN95117316A CN1057738C CN 1057738 C CN1057738 C CN 1057738C CN 95117316 A CN95117316 A CN 95117316A CN 95117316 A CN95117316 A CN 95117316A CN 1057738 C CN1057738 C CN 1057738C
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CN1123753A (zh
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黑木正宏
岩馆彻
大津厚
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62MRIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
    • B62M6/00Rider propulsion of wheeled vehicles with additional source of power, e.g. combustion engine or electric motor
    • B62M6/40Rider propelled cycles with auxiliary electric motor
    • B62M6/45Control or actuating devices therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L50/20Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power generated by humans or animals
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L50/50Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/52Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by DC-motors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
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    • B60L50/60Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62MRIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
    • B62M6/00Rider propulsion of wheeled vehicles with additional source of power, e.g. combustion engine or electric motor
    • B62M6/40Rider propelled cycles with auxiliary electric motor
    • B62M6/55Rider propelled cycles with auxiliary electric motor power-driven at crank shafts parts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/12Bikes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/10Vehicle control parameters
    • B60L2240/12Speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/423Torque
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/429Current
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种电机的控制方法。在低速区域,对辅助电机进行负载控制,随踏力的增加使占空比增加,同时随车速增加使占空比增加。随车速增大,在占空比达到100%后的高速区域内,不管车速及踏力的大小,进行使电机输出最大功率的定功率控制。由于在要求大辅助力的高速区域内,不需减少辅助电机的输出,不使电机具有剩余的输出功率,故可以实现小型,轻量化。

Description

自行车用辅助电机的控制方法
本发明涉及自行车用辅助电机的控制方法,该方法根据曲轴脚踏板的踏力控制辅助电机,上述电机安装在将上述曲轴脚踏板的踏力传递到动力车轮的传动系统中。
过去自行车用电机的控制方法由特开平6-107266号公报揭示。
上述过去的控制方法是这样的:使自行车用辅助电机具有相对于必要的辅助力(助推力)有一定裕度的最大输出,将此辅助电机的最大输出减少,产生所定的辅助力。
但是,上述过去的技术由于使用比需要输出大的最大输出的电机,不仅辅助电机自身重量、尺寸增加,而且随之使动力传递系统的重量尺寸增大,车辆的操作性能变差。
鉴于此,本发明的目的是提供一种控制方法,使小型轻量的辅助电机产生充分必要的辅助力。
为达到上述目的,本发明提供如下控制方法,其中辅助电机安装在将上述曲轴脚踏板的踏力传递到动力车轮的传动系统中,根据曲轴脚踏板的踏力控制辅助电机,其特征在于:在低速区域进行根据车速的增加使供给辅助电机的电流占空比增加的负载控制(duty-Control),同时,在占空比达到100%的高速区域,进行不管车速高低的定功率控制,使电机产生最大输出。
根据上述构成,在低速区域,随着车速的增加占空比增大,故辅助电机的输出逐渐增加,在占空比达到100%的高速区域,不管车速高低,使电机产生最大输出。由于在辅助力增加的高速区域辅助电机产生最大输出,故辅助电机没必要保持余剩的输出功率(即全额输出),可以实现小型、轻量化。
下面结合图说明本发明的实施例。
图1-图9是表示本发明的第1实施例。
图1是整个自行车的侧视图。
图2是沿图1的2-2线得到的放大断面图。
图3是沿图2的3-3线得到的断面图。
图4是沿图3的4-4线得到的断面图。
图5是沿图2的5-5线得到的放大断面图。
图6是图4的6部的放大图。
图7是图1的从7所示方向看到的梗概图。
图8是控制系统的方框图。
图9是表示助推马达输出特性的曲线。
如图1所示,自行车B具有从侧面看做成“V”字形的主架1,在这主架1的前端设置着前管2,在这前管2上能自由回转地支承着的前叉3的上端和下端分别支承着把手4和前轮Wf。从主架1的下端附近向后方延伸的、由撑杆5、5增强的后叉6、6上支承着后轮Wr。能自由回转地支承在主架1的下端的曲轴7具有左右一对曲轴臂8l、8R,在这对曲轴臂8l、8R的前端分别设置着踏脚9l、9R。由曲轴7使其回转的驱动链轮10和设置在后轮Wr的车轴上的从动链轮11用链条12连接着,当由踏脚9l、9R的踏力使曲轴7回转时,这回转通过驱动链轮10、链条12和从动链轮11传递到后轮Wr。
设置在主架1的下部、与驱动链轮10连接的助推马达13产生促进踏脚9l、9R的踏力的驱动力。在主架1前部所设置的电池盒14里装着用来驱动助推马达13的由多个Ni-Cd电池组成的行走用的电池15,在电池盒14的前端设置着主开关16。在主架1的后部设置着控制助推马达13的驱动的电子控制组件和马达驱动器等的控制装置17。
下面,参照着图2-图7,详细地说明自行车B的驱动机构D的结构。
装有驱动机构D的齿轮罩壳由构成它的主体部的左罩壳21、在左罩壳21上将右侧面开口部封闭的右罩壳22、和结合在左罩壳21的下面的下部罩壳23构成。由两个螺栓24、24把左罩壳21的前边上部结合在主架1的下端上,同时用一个螺栓25把左罩壳21和右罩壳22的后部一起紧固在后叉6、6的前端上,而下部罩壳23则用多个螺栓26…(图3上只表示1个)结合在左罩壳21的下面。
曲轴7由结合于右侧曲轴臂8R的第1曲轴半体零件18,以及结合于左侧曲轴臂8L的第2曲轴半体零件19构成。第1曲轴零件18的右侧轴端被封死,并且左侧轴端开口,为大致呈带底圆筒形状零件。套筒28通过轴承27支承于右罩壳22上,第1曲轴零件18的右端通过轴承29支承在套筒28的内周上。第2曲轴半体零件19封住第1曲轴半体零件18的轴端开口部,并同轴地接合于花键20上,同时通过轴承30支承于左罩壳21上。所以,第1曲轴零件18及第2曲轴零件19呈一体地、可自由回转地支承于左、右罩壳21、22上。
与第2曲轴半体零件19一体地形成的扭杆31有间隙地、同轴地嵌套于第1曲轴半体零件18的内孔。扭杆31在轴向中间部凹下,在它与内孔181之间形成充填润滑脂空间37。在第1曲轴半体零件18上形成从上述空间37到后述的内滑动件61的滑动面之间的供给润滑脂的注油孔183,183
扭杆31在左端(输入端)与第2曲轴半体零件19形成一体,其右端压入的销38与形成于第1曲轴半体零件18的一对销孔182、182有间隙地嵌套(参见图4,图5)。从销孔182、182突出于半径方向外侧的销38的两端压入有间隙地嵌套于第1曲轴半体零件18外周的环状凸轮零件33内,这样,扭杆31的右端与驱动凸轮零件33被一体化。
在上述驱动凸轮零件33的内周上形成的一对缺口332、332上,嵌套从第1曲轴半体零件18的外周突设的一对突起184、184。由图5可以清楚地看出,缺口332、332相对于突起184、184有圆周方向的间隙a。所以,由此间隙可以容许第1曲轴半体18对驱动凸轮零件33相对回转,同时,限制由过大载荷作用时扭杆31的最大扭转量,防止该扭杆31的断裂。
如上所述,由于曲轴7是由带底圆筒状第1曲轴半体零件18、以及在其轴端开口部同轴地与花键20嵌合的第2曲轴半体零件19构成的,如图4所示,若在第1曲轴半体18内的空间37内预先充填润滑脂,可以确实地润滑扭杆31。而且,即使曲轴7回转,保存于空间37内的润滑脂除由离心力从注油孔183、183及销孔182、182漏出极少量外,大部分润滑脂可长期保存在空间37内,故可以减少注油次数。
以与上述套筒28一体形成的锥点轮34为离合器外轮,以上述驱动凸轮零件33为离合器内轮,设置第1单向离合器35。如图5所示,第1单向离合器35由枢支在驱动凸轮零件33外周上的、以环状弹簧32弹向张开方向的4个棘爪36…和在锥齿轮34内周上形成的多个棘齿341构成。
驱动凸轮零件33(离合器内轮)的外周通过滑动面39(图2及图4)可自由滑动地支承于锥齿轮34的内周。所以,由棘爪36及棘齿341的接触引起的偏心载荷在驱动凸轮零件33及锥齿轮34之间被吸收,不会影响到曲轴7。由此,可以消除因曲轴7和驱动凸轮零件33(离合器内轮)间的相位差引起摩擦力变化的问题,可以确保第1单向离合器35的工作状态良好。
这样,在踩踏踏脚9l、9R,使曲轴7正转时,曲轴7的转矩通过扭杆31、驱动凸轮零件33、第1单向离合器35、锥齿轮34和套筒28被传递到与这套筒28外周花键结合的上述驱动链轮10上。而当踩踏踏脚9l、9R,使曲轴7反转时,借助第1单向离合器35滑移,容许上述曲轴7反转。
如图3所示,从支承在左罩壳21上的助推马达13向前下向延伸的输出轴131的前端部通过球轴承41支承在左罩壳21的下端。在左罩壳21和下部罩壳23上,通过一对球轴承42、43支承着第1中间轴44;而通过一对球轴承45、46支承着第2中间轴47。固定在助推马达13的输出轴131上的正齿轮48与通过第2单向离合器49支承在第1中间轴44上的正齿轮50啮合着;固定在第1中间轴44上的正齿轮51与固定在第2中间轴47上的正齿轮52啮合着。而且固定在第2中间轴47上的锥齿轮53与和套筒28呈一体的锥齿轮34啮合着。
这样,当助推马达13回转时,它的输出轴131的转矩通过四个正齿轮48、50、51、52,二个锥齿轮53、34和套筒28而传递到驱动链轮10。而当用行走用电池15的放电停止助推马达13的驱动时,能不妨碍由踏脚9l、9R的踏力形成的驱动链轮10的回转地使第2单向离合器49空转。
检测踏脚9l、9R的踏力的踏力检测装置S设有能沿轴向滑动地嵌装在曲轴7的外周上、而且与曲轴7成一体地回转的内滑动件61。外滑动件63通过多个滚珠62…能相对回转地支承在内滑动件61外周上突出地设置的凸缘上。同时参照图6就能清楚地看取,在驱动凸轮零件33的内滑动件61侧的端面上,位于其直径上地形成凹形的凸轮面331,同时在内滑动件61的端面上形成与上述凹形凸轮面331相结合的凸形凸轮面611
在左罩壳21里设置着枢轴螺栓64和行程传感器65,它们把曲轴7夹持住;行程传感器65的传感器臂66一端枢支在枢轴螺栓64上,另一端与行程传感器65的检测杆651相连接。在传感器臂66的中央部位开设着曲轴7、内滑动件61和外滑动件63贯通的开口661(参见图2),形成从这开口661沿半径方向朝里突出的一对突起662、662(参见图4)。在这一对突起662、662和左罩壳21之间、设置着受压缩的弹簧67,由弹簧67的弹力作用被推向图4右方的传感器臂66的一对突起662、662推压着外滑动件63,由此通过钢珠62…使内滑动件61推压在驱动凸轮零件33上,结果,使驱动凸轮零件33的凸轮面331、331和内滑动件61的凸轮面611、611弹性地相接。
为了检测曲轴7的转数,把支承在左罩壳21上的助推马达转数传感器68与形成在曲轴7的第1曲轴半体零件18外周上的花键轴185相对。
下面,说明具有上述结构的本发明实施例的作用。
当骑车人要使自行车行走而踩蹬踏脚9l、9R时,通过踏脚9l、9R使曲轴7回转,曲轴7的转矩从扭杆31通过驱动凸轮零件33、第1单向离合器35、锥齿轮34、套筒28、驱动链轮10、链条12和从动链轮11而传递给后轮Wr,这时,由踏力检测装置S检测踏脚9l、9R的踏力大小。
即,与踏脚9l、9R的踏力相对应的转扭作用在扭杆31上,由此使这扭杆31相对于曲轴7只回转一定的角度。当扭杆31相对于曲轴7进行相对回转时,如图6所示,相对于曲轴7不能相对回转而且能沿轴向滑动地支承的内滑动件61沿箭头a方向相对于结合在扭杆31的输出端的驱动凸轮零件33进行相对回转。其结果使内滑动件61的凸轮面611、压在驱动凸轮零件33的凸轮面331、331上,由此,内滑动件61克服弹簧67的弹力,沿箭头b方向在曲轴7上滑动,将突起662、662压在与内滑动件61成一体的外滑动件63上的传感器臂66围绕枢轴螺栓64摇动,并推压行程传感器65的检测杆651。这时,由于行程传感器65的检测杆651的行程与扭杆31的拧扭量,即与踏脚9l、9R的踏力成比例,因而能根据行程传感器65的输出,检测踏脚上的踏力。
下面根据图8及图9说明助推电机13的控制。
上述控制装置17根据检测脚踏9l、9R踏力的行程传感器65的输出以及检测曲轴转数的曲轴转数传感器68的输出来控制助推马达的驱动。
图8是负载控制助推马达13占空比图形。其占空比设定成随助推马达的转数(即,曲轴转数传感器6的输出)的增加而呈线性地增加,同时也随脚踏9l、9R踏力(即行程传感器65的输出)的增加而线性地增加。
所以,例如在踏力一定下行走时,当车速增加,行走阻力增加时,占空比增加;车速减小,行走阻力减小时,占空比减少。还有,例如,在一定的速度下行走时,由于上坡等踏力增加时,占空比增加;下坡时踏力减少,则占空比减少。
图9是助推马达13输出特性曲线。横轴表示后轴链轮11的转速,或车速;纵轴表示后轮链轮扭矩(即,助推马达13的扭矩)。
车速为0时,助推马达的输出与踏力的大小成正比,此后随车速增加,根据上述图8的图形占空比逐渐减少。考虑到行走电池15的持久性,对应假定的最大踏力70kg的特性设定为不超过行走用电池15的最大输出电流。而且,对各踏力来说,当占空比达到100%时,助推马达的扭矩沿共同的定功率特性减少。
上述定功率特性是占空比为100%时运转助推马达时的特性,为助推马达的输出扭矩与转数之积(即,后轮链轮扭矩和后轮链轮转数之积)为定值的双曲线状的特性。
负载控制时的直线特性和定功率控制时的双曲线特性都向下斜倾,圆滑连接,故随车速增加的扭矩的减少不会突变,可得到平滑的助推力。
如前所述,车速在低速区域时,根据车速的增加进行使助推马达13的占空比增加的负载控制,随车速增加,占空比达到100%后,通过对助推马达13进行发挥其最大输出的定功率控制,则在高速区域(实施例为约11km/h以上)时,助推马达一直发挥其最大输出,没有剩余的输出。
但是,如果装备最大输出有宽裕的大型助推马达,在高车速区域进行使占空比减少,降低扭矩的控制,则不仅增加助推马达自身的重量,而且确定其动力传动系统的强度的重量也增加,在仅由人力行驶时,对骑乘者增加较大负担,这是不希望出现的。但是,根据本实施例,仅使用具有需要的最下限输出的小型助推马达就可以了,故可以减少助推马达13的重量及动力传动系统的重量。
以上详述了本发明的实施例,但在不超出本发明要点的范围内,本发明可以有各种变化。
如上所述,根据本发明,在低速区域,进行根据车速的增加使供给辅助电机的电流的占空比增加的负载控制,同时,在占空比达到100%的高速区域,进行定功率控制,不论车速的大小,使电机产生最大输出,所以,在需要的辅助力增加的高速区域,不需控制减小辅助电机的输出,因此,可以使用具有需要的最下限输出功率的小型、轻量的电机。

Claims (1)

1.一种自行车用辅助电机的控制方法,辅助电机(13)安装于将脚踏板(9L,9R)的踏力传递到动力传动系统,根据上述脚踏板(9L,9R)的踏力控制上述辅助电机(13),其特征在于:
在车速低速区域,进行根据车速的增加使供给电机(13)的电流占空比增大的负载控制;同时,在占空比达到100%的高速区域,进行不管车速高低的定功率控制,定功率控制使电机产生最大输出功率。
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