CN105765783B - 一种rf能量采集器 - Google Patents

一种rf能量采集器 Download PDF

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CN105765783B
CN105765783B CN201480055522.XA CN201480055522A CN105765783B CN 105765783 B CN105765783 B CN 105765783B CN 201480055522 A CN201480055522 A CN 201480055522A CN 105765783 B CN105765783 B CN 105765783B
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antenna
input
management module
transmission line
power management
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CN105765783A (zh
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大卫·米切森 保罗
斯特潘·鲁斯津
皮努埃拉·兰热尔 曼纽尔
克瑞斯托夫尔·耶茨 大卫
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/005—Mechanical details of housing or structure aiming to accommodate the power transfer means, e.g. mechanical integration of coils, antennas or transducers into emitting or receiving devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/248—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set provided with an AC/DC converting device, e.g. rectennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/307—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
    • H01Q5/342—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes
    • H01Q5/357—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes using a single feed point
    • H01Q5/364—Creating multiple current paths
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0442—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular tuning means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0464—Annular ring patch
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/40—Element having extended radiating surface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/001—Energy harvesting or scavenging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
    • H02J50/27—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves characterised by the type of receiving antennas, e.g. rectennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/80—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/40—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices
    • H02J50/402—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices the two or more transmitting or the two or more receiving devices being integrated in the same unit, e.g. power mats with several coils or antennas with several sub-antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/00032—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange
    • H02J7/00034—Charger exchanging data with an electronic device, i.e. telephone, whose internal battery is under charge

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

本发明公开的是用于采集环境中的RF（射频）能量的天线装置。该装置包括一个或多个RF天线组件，设置为接收RF能量并用于产生电力。所述一个或多个RF天线组件包括多个频率滤波组件，每个频率滤波组件设置为过滤所接收的RF能量的相应频带。本发明还公开了包括整流电路的装置，该整流电路设置为将从相关联的天线的输入接收的可变电信号转化为用于供给到电能存储单元的直流电信号，该天线用于采集环境中的RF能量。该装置还包括具有输入的电源管理模块，该输入设置为接收直流电并控制该直流电供给到电能存储单元。该整流电路包括多条传输线，其中所述整流电路的输入和电源管理模块的输入经由多条传输线连接。该电源管理模块设置为至少部分在由多条传输线所限定的边界内。

Description

一种RF能量采集器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于采集RF(射频)能量的装置，尤其涉及一种用于接收环境RF能量的天线。此外，还公开了RF能量采集系统的整流器部分，以及该整流器与电源管理模块的集成。
背景技术
许多电气设备，特别是便携或远程电气设备由电池供电。电池通常需要重新充电或定期更换，这是电气设备连续操作的基础。然而，并不总是希望或能够将设备连接到电力网供电来用于充电，或容易进入设备来更换电池。此外，它可能无法依靠电池在较长时间内和/或极端操作/环境条件下100％可靠地执行。因此，已探索其它装置用于给设备供电/充电。
一种建议是通过电气设备上的能量采集装置获取电能为电气设备供电。能量采集涉及将来自干净、自由可用能源的能量转化成电能，并代表一种环保的解决方案。通常使用自由能源方案为电气设备供电，包括太阳能、热能和振动能源。例如，实用型太阳能采集器，如太阳能电池板和太阳能整流天线，利用光伏电池通过光伏效应将光子转化成电能。然而，如太阳能采集器的解决方案不适合于许多类型的远程电气设备，并且在许多地理位置使用也是不理想的。
可选择的建议是电力的无线传输。例如，高功率RF源可用于将RF能量以特定的频带传输至接收方设备。然后，接收方设备接收RF能量并将其转化成电形式，其可用于为设备供电。这样的系统可在某些环境中有效地工作。然而，这样的系统依赖于高能量RF发射机，由于需要安装基础设施，这降低了这种系统的整体吸引力，因此限制了可使用这种技术的可能应用的数量。
由于近几十年移动通信行业的扩展以及环境RF能量的相应增加，一些研究已经着眼于是否可以采集这种环境RF能量。目前，已经报道了用于采集环境RF能量的一些实用型能量收集解决方案，尽管这种能源很丰富。关于采集RF能量的主要挑战之一是采集非常低的RF功率，其可低至10nW。目前，RF能量采集不看作是可行的选择。
因此仍然需要可选择的能源用于远程设备。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了用于采集环境RF能量的天线装置。该装置包括一个或多个RF天线组件，设置为接收RF能量用于产生电力。
所述一个或多个RF天线组件包括多个频率滤波组件，每个频率滤波组件设置为过滤所接收的RF能量的相应频带。
该频率滤波组件可形成一个或多个RF天线组件的一部分。该频率滤波组件可以是形成在一个或多个RF天线组件中或上的特征。该特征的过滤特性可根据所述特征的尺寸来确定。该特征可形成在一个或多个RF天线组件中或上的某些位置上，其与一个或多个RF天线的一个或多个谐振频率相关联，它们形成在该谐振频率内。
设置多个频率滤波组件来过滤的各种频带可以是一种或多种已知的电磁辐射频带。该一种或多种已知的电磁辐射频带可包括一种或多种GSM900、GSM 1800、3G和4G。
一个或多个RF天线组件之一可以是圆形辐射贴片，设置为接收第一频率范围。多个频率滤波组件的第一个可以是在圆形辐射贴片中或上同心形成的弯曲特征。第一滤波组件可设置为在第一频率范围内过滤一个或多个频率。
第一频率滤波组件可定位成距圆形辐射贴片的中心有一定的距离，距离为λg/12至λg/16，其长为λg/6至λg/15，宽为λg/18.5至λg/24.2，其中λg是与各个频率滤波组件相关联的相应频带的中心频率的波长。
所述多个频率滤波组件的第二个可以是在圆形辐射贴片中或上同心形成的弯曲特征，其设置为在第一频率范围内过滤一个或多个频率。由第二频率滤波组件过滤的一个或多个频率可能不同于由第一频率滤波组件过滤的一个或多个频率。
第二频率滤波组件可定位成距圆形辐射贴片的中心有一定的距离，距离为λg/12至λg/24，其长为λg/4.5至λg/5.7，宽为λg/18.5至λg/24.2。
一个或多个RF天线组件可以是设置为限定天线的辐射方向图的接地层。
所述多个频率滤波组件之一可以是形成在所述接地层中或上的特征，用于在第二频率范围内过滤一个或多个频率。形成在所述接地层中或上的特征可以为U形。
形成在所述接地层中或上的特征可距圆形辐射贴片的最近边缘有一定的距离，距离为λg/5.4至λg/8.1，其长为λg/7.4至λg/10.5，宽为λg/15.2至λg/24.2。
RF天线装置可包括基板，圆形辐射贴片和接地层形成在其上。RF天线装置可包括在所述基板的一个边缘上的连接部，用于将圆形辐射贴片和接地层连接到采集电路上。圆形辐射贴片可通过细长的馈电线联接该连接部。可设定细长的馈电线长度使得圆形辐射贴片和接地层之间的距离限定了该天线的输出阻抗。圆形辐射贴片和接地层之间的距离可以是λg/4.8。该基板可以是易弯曲的。
所述多个频率滤波组件可以是一个或多个凹口、凹槽或突起。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了包括整流电路的装置，该整流电路设置为将在相关联天线的输入接收的可变电信号转换化成直流电信号，用于供给到电能存储单元，所述天线用于采集环境的RF能量。该装置还包括具有输入的电源管理模块，该输入设置为接收直流电并控制该直流电供给到电能存储单元。该整流电路包括多条传输线，其中所述整流电路的输入和电源管理模块的输入经由多条传输线连接。电源管理模块设置为至少部分地在由多条传输线所限定的边界内。
所述多条传输线可形成第一和第二臂。所述第一臂可通过正向偏置整流装置连接整流电路的输入至电源管理模块的输入。第二臂可通过反向偏置整流装置连接整流电路的输入至电源管理模块的输入。第一臂可包括连接整流电路的输入至正向偏置整流装置的第一传输线，以及连接该正向偏置整流装置至电源管理模块的输入的第二传输线。第一传输线可设置用于阻抗匹配该整流器与相关联的天线，并且所述第二传输线可设置用于阻抗匹配整流电路与电源管理模块。第一传输线可具有λg/6.8至λg/8.1的长度，其中λg是设置为由相关联的天线接收的相应频带的中心频率的波长。滤波电路可连接到第二传输线。该滤波电路可以是四分之一波长的短截线。
第二传输线可包括连接传输线路和阻抗匹配传输线路。该连接传输线路可设置在整流装置和滤波电路之间。该连接传输线路设置为吸收与整流装置相关联的容抗。该阻抗匹配传输线路可设置在滤波电路和电源管理模块之间。该连接传输线路可具有λg/4.3至λg/5.6的长度。该阻抗匹配传输线路可具有λg/3.8至λg/4.4的长度。
电源管理模块可设置在整流装置内并具有以下特征。该电源管理模块可在第一端连接到整流电路的输出。电源管理模块的第二端和所述整流电路的输入之间的距离可设定为λg/2.5至λg/5。可设定电源管理模块的第一侧距第一臂的边缘距离为λg/6.5至λg/12。可设定电源管理模块的第二侧距第二臂的边缘距离为λg/9至λg/16.4。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了RF能量采集系统，包括如本发明所述的天线和如本发明所述的装置。该RF能量采集系统可进一步包括电能存储单元，设置为接收和存储来自所述装置的电源管理模块的电能。
公开了用于采集环境RF能量的整流天线的功率电平低于3μW。该整流天线可包括在GSM900、GSM 1800和GSM 3G的RF频带可运行的超宽带平面单极天线。该整流天线还可包括全波整流器，具有差分电压输出和在低于3μW可运行的输入功率。
提出了环境RF采集器，其中在低于3μW的输入RF功率水平实现了45％以上的效率。为了实现这一效率，可提供单个的多波段天线和全波探测器。这种采集器不仅给能量存储单元充电更快，而且能够在多个位置处和/或利用更多的空间定向灵活性来运行。
公开了具有差分输出的全波整流器和具有谐波抑制滤波器的改进的全向圆盘单极天线。新采集器的设计能够在具有较低的可用RF功率的位置以45％效率运行。
公开了具有UWB天线和集成谐波带抑制的三频RF能量采集器。可提供四或N元素采集器阵列。
有利的是，采集器能够提供高于11％的占空比，用于需要高达1mW的应用。
公开了可避免谐波再辐射的采集器，从而提高了工作效率，并最大限度地减少了检测。采集器可通过过滤高次谐波实现这一点，使得它们不被天线辐射。
因此，当需要隐蔽操作时专用接收机难以检测该采集器的存在。
另外，公开了提供与高阶谐波隔离的直流负荷的采集器。该采集器可通过使用高频滤波电路来实现这一点。例如，四分之一波长的短截线可形成整流器的一部分，用于执行这种滤波。这样的短截线充当基频的短路，从而从输出过滤RF信号。可选择地，谐振结构，例如LC调谐电路的用于执行这样的滤波功能。
公开了能够对所有接收的波段进行第三谐波抑制的采集器。因为半波整流产生了奇次谐波，并且全波整流产生了电流波形的偶次谐波，高次谐波可通过四分之一波长的短截线和通过形成在天线中的凹口在输出过滤。
该天线可形成在具有10×天线基板厚度的弯曲半径的基板上。最小弯曲半径可以是8.6mm。
基板的厚度可以是790μm。形成在基板上的金属天线可以是35μm厚。该金属可由任何合适的导电材料形成。例如，该金属天线可由铜形成。基板介电性能的介电常数εr可以是2.33，并且损耗角正切tanδ可以是0.0012。
附图说明
现在将参照附图对本发明的示例性实施方式进行描述，其中：
图1示出了RF能量采集系统；
图2示出了在图1的系统中使用的单个多频带天线；
图3示出了如在图1的系统中使用的具有差分输出的微带全波整流器；
图4示出了具有放置在整流器内的PMM电路的整流器；
图5示出了适应管表面的天线；
图6示出了适应管表面的天线阵列。
整个说明书和附图中，相同的标号表示同样的零件。
具体实施方式
现在将参照图1对RF能量采集系统的总体概述进行描述。
图1示出了整流天线100，其包括设置为接收环境RF能量的天线101。该天线设计为在大频率范围内接收环境RF能量，因此该天线101的电输出具有在其接收频率范围内波动相当大的功率分布。提供了可变电信号的天线101的输出经由阻抗匹配网络102连接到整流电路103。由于所述整流天线组件之间的阻抗失配，该阻抗匹配网络102使损耗最小化。整流器将所接收的时变电信号转化成直流电信号。然后将整流器的输出平滑化，并在平滑/滤波电路104中滤波。然后将该平滑的直流能量送入到电源管理模块(PMM)105中，以提供有用的调节电压并为存储单元106充电，其在这种情况下是存储电容器C存储。电流传输到存储单元106以及存储单元106中对应的电存储由电源管理模块(PMM)105来控制。除了作为升压转换器，PMM提供了最大的功率点跟踪。该PMM的最大的功率点跟踪能通过确保理想负载在宽范围的RF输入功率电平内存在而允许该系统使传递至负载的动力最大化。因此，该PMM还有助于提供良好的阻抗与天线匹配。该PMM还设置为控制开关108，其连接存储在存储单元106中的电能至负载，LED用于简化说明这种情况。然而，实际上该PMM控制电源从存储单元106向设备供给，即给负载供电。
整流天线100设计为使由天线101接收到的环境RF能量最大化，并使接收到的能量向适于存储在存储单元106的转化中的损失最小化。因此，现在将详细说明整流天线100的各个组件。
为了使整流天线采集的功率最大化，并减小采集器的尺寸，天线101是单个的多频带天线，可在图2中看出。
天线101是平面天线结构，包括在其上形成天线的接收组件的基板。天线101是包括接收组件的改进的微带圆盘单极天线，该接收组件包括圆形辐射贴片110、馈电线111和矩形的接地层112。圆形辐射贴片110和馈电线线111设置在基板的一侧上，而接地层112设置在基板的相对侧上。虽然该天线示为具有基于微带的馈电线，但能理解的是在可选择的布置中提供了共面波导馈电，或者是基于微带的馈电线和共面波导馈电的组合。该基板可由任何低损耗材料制成，例如玻璃、陶瓷、FR4。该天线的平面特性允许其形成在与采集器系统的其余部分相同的基板上。
天线101设置为是基本上全向的，以使接收的RF辐射最大化。此外，天线的结构组件设置为使从不同的可能来源收到的RF能量最大化。因为大多数的环境RF能量来自移动通信，该天线101设置为在覆盖多个以下频带的超宽带上运行：GSM900、GSM1800、3G、WiFi和4G。应该理解的是，可选择的天线布置可设置为接收其它频带，如果需要的话，高于或低于这些上述的以覆盖电台、电视和其它ISM频带。圆形辐射贴片110主要设置用于接收所有波段，而改进接地层112以提高特定波段3G和4G的第三谐波抑制，其由整流过程而产生。现在将详细讨论用于接收这些不同频带的辐射贴片110与接地层112的布置。
辐射贴片110是圆形的，并位于基板的上部。微带传输线形式的细长馈电线111提供了在点111a处从圆形辐射贴片110到基板的端表面的连接。正是在这一点上，天线100可连接到能量采集系统的下一个阶段。细长轨道111不仅起到使所述整流天线的其余部分连接到辐射贴片110上，而且还提供了阻抗匹配，这将进行讨论。圆盘的半径是最低频率的四分之一波长，该天线设置接收该最低频率，例如GSM900的945MHz。
接地层112是矩形的，并且从天线基板的底部延伸到某个点，只沿着不到天线基板的长度的一半。在可选择的布置中，接地层可采取不同的形式。接地层的形状限定了阻抗和辐射方向图。在基板端表面上的电连接允许细长轨道电连接到能量采集系统的其余部分上。圆形辐射贴片、馈电线和接地层由导电材料形成，例如铜。
可改进天线的阻抗以通过改变天线馈电的宽度以及圆形辐射贴片和接地层之间的距离来共轭匹配整流器的阻抗。具体地，圆形辐射贴片110的底部和接地层112的顶部之间的距离可用来调整阻抗至50Ω(或任何选定的参考阻抗)以及优化所需的全向性方向图。具有圆盘的接地层的形状和重叠通过反射来自圆盘的场力线来限定辐射方向图。结果，这也限定了天线的增益，可以是2.3至4.8dBi。这个距离也取决于该天线设置为接收的所述波长。实际上，圆形辐射贴片的底部和接地层的顶部之间的距离设定为：-λg/20至λg/12.5，其中λg是在选定频带的中心频率的信号引导波长。λg和λo的区别用来突出显示导波结构的波长，其不同于自由空间。
该天线101具有若干形成在所述天线上的频率滤波特征，并改变了天线的频率响应特性。具体地，这些滤波器设置为过滤掉由在所选择波段的每一个的全波整流器所产生的三次谐波，所述天线设置为接收所选择波段，例如GSM900、GSM1800和3G。当天线与半波整流器共用时，二次谐波滤波器是必需的，而不是三次谐波滤波器。
第一和第二滤波凹口110a和10b设置在圆形辐射贴片上，而另一凹口112a设置在接地层112上。第一和第二凹口110a、110b是弯曲的，并同心设置在圆形辐射贴片上。第一滤波凹口110a具有λg/6至λg/7.5的长度。第一滤波凹口径向地位于离圆形辐射贴片的中心λg/12至λg/16。第一滤波凹口的宽度为λg/18.5至λg/24.2，这优化了回波损耗和凹口的带宽。第二滤波凹口110b具有λg/4.5至λg/5.7的长度，λg/18.5至λg/24.2的宽度，并且所述凹口径向地位于离圆形辐射贴片的中心为λg/12至λg/24。通过改进所述凹口的位置和宽度，可增加回波损耗，并将带宽优化为覆盖所有的目标频率。它是由凹口的位置和几何形状所产生的共振，限定了相关的回波损耗和由凹口所提供的滤波带宽。
形成在接地层112中的凹口112a是U形的，具有朝下的U形基部。接地层112中的凹口中心离圆形辐射贴片的下边缘为λg/5.4至λg/8.1，并且凹口112a具有λg/7.4至λg/10.5的长度和λg/15.2至λg/24.2的宽度。
总之，第一和第二凹口的长度大约是三次谐波波长的三分之一，并且宽度与滤波器的带宽特性成正比。包括U形凹口112a来过滤由3G整流器产生的谐波。因为有不同的整流电路用于每个波段，并且每个整流器产生对应于它们的运行频率的三次谐波，需要不同的滤波器或凹口用于天线的每个相应组件。
在可选择的布置中，附加的凹口可增加到结构中，特别是在圆形辐射贴片中。如果在其它带宽上，例如4G或WiFi，采集器也可使用附加的凹口。然而，谐波抑制将低于-2dB。换言之，附加的滤波器将不能够实现所需的过滤性，可能的是超过50％左右的谐波功率不会被过滤。
图3示出了图1的整流电路103。整流电路103是具有差分输出的微带全波整流器。在图3中所示的整流电路包括在图1的示意图中示出的阻抗匹配202、整流器203和滤波组件104。整流电路设计为是尽可能无损的，从而降低了传统全波(四个二极管)整流器所导致的二极管电压降。这主要是通过确保整个电路提供准确的阻抗匹配来实现的。整流器203调谐到频率范围的频率，其是从天线101接收的。在天线101的情况下，其设置为接收多个波段，提供多个整流器203用于每个相应波段。
然而，在图中仅示出了一个整流器，这是为了便于解释说明。
在微带传输线的馈电201接收天线101的输出。在这一点上，微带传输线分成两个臂，一是通过正向偏置整流元件203连接整流器的输入和输出，第二臂通过第二反向偏置整流元件204连接连接整流器的输入和输出。
微带传输线202的臂因此从输入201的左右垂直延伸。根据电路所要求的特性阻抗设定微带传输线的磁道宽度。也可设定磁道宽度以简化整流电路与天线的阻抗匹配。在阻抗匹配的微带传输线202的每一端，还有用于很短距离运行的平行磁道，其垂直于阻抗匹配的微带传输线202，然后各联接各个整流元件203、204的第一端。设定阻抗匹配的微带传输线202的长度以匹配天线101的阻抗，其在这种情况下是50Ω。此长度优选的为λg/6.8至λg/8.1。因此，阻抗匹配的微带传输线执行图1的阻抗变换器102的功能。微带传输线在输入及整流元件之间的宽度和长度是用于调整整流器的输入阻抗。
该整流元件是肖特基二极管203、204，第一二极管203是正向偏置，第二二极管204是反向偏置。可以理解的是，在可选择的布置中，可提供基于整流布置的晶体管，例如可改进FETs以执行整流功能。
然后，另外的微带传输线从各个二极管203、204的第二端延伸用于另一短部分205、206。微带线的该部分的长度和宽度设置为吸收二极管的容抗，因为它们限定了感抗。此外，微带线的该部分的长度和宽度可用于调整整流电路的输入阻抗。另外的微带传输线205、206的长度优选为λg/4.3至λg/5.6。在这一点上，λ/4的短截线207、208垂直于微带传输线205、206的端部延伸。λ/4的短截线207、208执行图1的滤波功能104。该短截线用于过滤来自输出的基本谐波，其再输出提供直流。λ/4的短截线确保基本和高次谐波低于-45dBm。
然后，微带传输线继续经过短截线用于更长的距离209、210，直到微带传输线的两个臂垂直延伸，使得它们再次对准并在两个输出端联接。这部分优选为λg/3.8至λg/4.4长。这部分作为阻抗变压器，使得负载和整流器的其余部分在整个频率范围内和输入功率电平内具有天线的输入阻抗的共轭匹配。
在使用中，第一二极管203整流所接收信号的正部分，第二二极管204整流所接收信号的负部分。四分之一波长的短截线过滤来自于输出的基本谐波，确保直流可用。由于输出连接未接地，来自第二二极管204的负电压是系统块其余部分的参考，提供更高的电压以达到PMM的冷启动电压(330mV)。
输出是差分输出，其允许该系统提供更高的输出电压VPMM，并到达由所述电源管理模块(PMM)所需的最小电压330mV，输入功率电平低于3μW(-25dBm)。
此外，通过使用差分输出避免了接地通孔，减少了损失，帮助实现了模拟和测量之间更好的匹配，以及简化了制造。
单个全波整流器可在-26dBm的输入功率达到12％的效率，并且在-10dBm时高达46％。回波损耗低于-10dB的限制确保了几乎完全覆盖所选择的运行波段。部分带宽在2-6.2％之间变化，取决于运行频率。用于前面提到的输入功率范围的采集器的输出为75至550mV。
为了使完整的RF能量采集器的足迹最大化，PMM电路300放置在由全波整流器的传输线所定义的边界内，如图4所示。这与已知的系统形成对比，其将与整流器相连的PMM 300放置在整流器周边以外。然而，需要仔细的考虑，以避免在整流结构和小型化的PMM电路300之间的耦合。为了使PMM电路300和全波整流器之间的电磁相互作用最小化，PMM电路300的边缘和整流器的微带传输线之间的距离设定如下。该PMM电路300直接联接差分输出。因此，PMM电路300和联接差分输出的微带传输线211、212之间的距离是可以忽略不计的。然后，PMM电路300的相对端和联接向整流电路的差分输出和输入的一个之间的距离设定为λg/2.5至λg/5。该PMM电路300的第一侧设定为离微带传输线路的第一上边缘210以及第二下边缘为λg/6.5至λg/12，并且PMM 300和差分输出之间的距离设定为λg/9至λg/16.4。
在图4所示的布置中，提供的PMM 300基本上在由传输线所限定的边界内。应当理解的是，在可选择的布置中，PMM只被提供在传输线的一些边界内，这将仍然提供一定的空间，来节省作为整体的能量采集系统。
除了PMM电路的位置，图4中所示的布局避免了使用通孔，同时提供了整流器的差分输出和“接地”PMM输出的连接。
图5示出了天线，以及整流天线可如何适应表面。在这种情况下，在其上形成天线100的基板由柔性材料制成。因此，天线100围绕着管500是可弯曲的。在该形的天线设计中，管500是具有以下特性的PVC水管：半径＝5-10cm，εr＝2.88以及tanδ＝0.089。围绕所述管弯曲该天线没有回波损耗衰减。
还应当理解的是，在可选择的布置中，可以阵列来提供多个天线。例如，图6示出了适应管500的天线100的阵列。使用多个整流天线增加了总采集的功率。每个采集器之间的距离可近至λo/4.8，其中λo是天线的第一共振波长。
应该理解的是，使天线适应管的这些实施例适用于任何圆柱形物体。
应该理解的是，可提供可选择的布置，其中类似的凹口放置在其它类型的单极和平面天线中，例如蝴蝶结和方形贴片。接地层可扩展改进天线的辐射方向图。这也将改进天线的增益。
在可选择的布置中，多个滤波组件一起形成为滤波装置。换句话说，由于提供了具有多个滤波元件的单个滤波装置，每个滤波组件设置为执行特定的滤波功能，例如执行特定频带的滤波。
应当理解的是，本文所述的采集器可用于各种应用中，例如用于电子纸显示器、低功耗显示器、工业传感器(例如应变仪、温度、压力、倾角、流量、接近度、烟、气体、COx、NOx)、供电LED和充电存储单元。
此外，可以理解的是，如果天线的端口阻抗设计成直接匹配整流器的阻抗，则可省略阻抗匹配网络。
应该理解的是，整流电路不必是基于微带的电路。例如，在可选择的布置中，使用带状线、共面带或CPW导波结构。在又一布置中使用集总元件或集总分布式组件。
在可选择的布置中，全波整流器在频率上可按比例放大或缩小到任何需要的频带。
在可选择的布置中，天线是蝴蝶结天线、改进的方形贴片天线、双单极天线、对数周期天线、3D天线或者非平面天线例如螺旋或双螺旋天线中的至少一种。
应该理解的是，其它的滤波特征，例如凸起可达到如本文所描述的凹口滤波器同样的带滤波响应。此外，虽然形成在圆形辐射贴片上的凹口示出为同心的，但应该理解的是凹口不必是同心的。然而，改进的性能可通过使用同心的凹口来实现。
应当理解的是，对于不同波段的滤波特征可设置在天线结构的任一侧上。然而，使用在所述接地层中的U形凹口对较高的频率比较低的频率能实现改进的性能。
上述的整流天线主要描述用于采集环境RF能量。然而，应该理解的是，整流天线也可用于从专用源接收RF能量，或者从专用源接收一些RF能量以及采集环境RF能量。
本文所描述的整流器设置用于单一频带。当天线设置为接收多个频带时，各个整流器用于每个波段。
其中，在某种程度上示出或描述的系统组件限定了特定方向，例如上面的或下面的，应该理解的是方向不重要，而仅仅是系统组件的相对位置(多个位置)重要。

Claims (8)

1.一种天线装置，包括：
整流电路(103)，设置为将在相关联天线(101)的输入接收的可变电信号转换化成直流电信号，用于供给到电能存储单元(106)，所述天线(101)用于采集环境中的RF能量；以及
具有输入的电源管理模块(105、300)，该输入设置为接收直流电并控制该直流电供给到电能存储单元(106)；
其中
该整流电路(103)包括多条传输线，其中所述整流电路(103)的输入和电源管理模块(105、300)的输入经由多条传输线连接；以及
电源管理模块(105、300)设置为至少部分在由多条传输线所限定的边界内；
特征在于
所述多条传输线形成第一和第二臂，所述第一臂通过正向偏置整流装置(203)连接整流电路(103)的输入至电源管理模块(105、300)的输入，并且第二臂通过反向偏置整流装置(204)连接整流电路(103)的输入至电源管理模块(105、300)的输入；
第一臂包括连接整流电路(103)的输入至正向偏置整流装置(203)的第一传输线(202)，以及连接该正向偏置整流装置(203)至电源管理模块(105、300)的输入的第二传输线；
该电源管理模块(105、300)在第一端连接到整流电路(103)的输出；
该电源管理模块(105、300)的第二端和整流电路(103)的输入之间的距离为λg/2.5至λg/5；
电源管理模块(105、300)的第一侧距第一臂的边缘距离为λg/6.5至λg/12；以及
电源管理模块(105、300)的第二侧距第二臂的边缘距离为λg/9至λg/16.4；
其中λg是设置为由天线(101)接收的相应频带的中心频率的波长。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于：第一传输线(202)设置用于阻抗匹配该整流电路(103)与相关联的天线(101)，并且所述第二传输线设置用于阻抗匹配整流电路(103)与电源管理模块(105、300)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于：第一传输线(202)具有λg/6.8至λg/8.1的长度。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的装置，其特征在于：滤波电路(104)连接到第二传输线。
5.根据权利要求4所述的装置，其特征在于：该滤波电路(104)是四分之一波长的短截线(207)。
6.根据权利要求4所述的装置，其特征在于：第二传输线包括连接传输线路(206)和阻抗匹配传输线路(210)，该连接传输线路(206)设置在正向偏置整流装置(203)和滤波电路(104)之间，其中该连接传输线路(206)设置为吸收与正向偏置整流装置(203)相关联的容抗，并且该阻抗匹配传输线路(210)设置在滤波电路(104)和电源管理模块(105、300)之间。
7.根据权利要求6所述的装置，其特征在于：该连接传输线路(206)具有λg/4.3至λg/5.6的长度。
8.根据权利要求6所述的装置，其特征在于：该阻抗匹配传输线路(210)具有λg/3.8至λg/4.4的长度。
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