CN105762211B - A kind of photoelectric energy conversion module - Google Patents
A kind of photoelectric energy conversion module Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105762211B CN105762211B CN201511034300.2A CN201511034300A CN105762211B CN 105762211 B CN105762211 B CN 105762211B CN 201511034300 A CN201511034300 A CN 201511034300A CN 105762211 B CN105762211 B CN 105762211B
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- Prior art keywords
- sub
- battery
- optics
- housing
- ceramic substrate
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module, the housing upper end open connects the cylindrical cavity made in a housing, protuberance is made in the inner walls of the cavity lower end, the optics is embedded between the optics retainer ring filled in the protuberance upper surface and cavity, housing upper end open mounting flange joint above the optics, photocell is installed in cavity floor below the optics, the photocell is spliced to form by the sub- battery of multiple series connection, every sub- battery is fan-shaped or triangle, the mutually spliced overall outer rim of photocell is circular or polygon, first sub- battery and last sub- battery connect the positive terminal and negative terminal for being inlaid in housing bottom surface respectively.In the present invention, various structures cooperate, realize possess that light path diameter is big, optical path length is big, light intensity uniform, output voltage and the power high, novel plug of steady operation and other merits, work that can be long-term in the distinct device of varying environment, stable.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to photovoltaic energy conversion structure technical field of improvement, especially a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module.
Background technology
Photoelectric energy conversion module is a kind of new energy transmission means, and it is sent out semiconductor laser light resource by optical fiber
The laser energy penetrated is sent in module, then laser energy is changed into electric flux by photocell, for needed for being provided terminal device
Electric energy, the characteristics of it has good insulating, is lost low can transmit energy to hundreds of meters or even the remote places of upper km,
Completely insensitive to high temperature, low temperature, radiation and electromagnetic interference etc. simultaneously because laser is transmitted in a fiber, the module can be with
Apply the isolation circuit breakers in power domain to power, various sensors and Acquisition Circuit are powered, can use common in nuclear-magnetism
It in equipment of shaking, can be used in wind-driven generator health detecting system, can apply in the fuel oil tank detection of aircraft.
Existing module has the following disadvantages：1. photocell uses minicell structure, it needs on a semiconductor substrate
Extension PN reef knot structure batteries, then multiple fan-shaped sub- batteries are produced by multistep photoetching, alignment, the battery output electricity made
Pressure is constant, it is impossible to improves or reduces again；2. the distance between laser and photocell have strict requirements, to ensure that laser can use up
Possible big irradiation photocell, the error requirements for shell are high；3. photronic power output is constant, but needs adjustment
When, can only integral replacing photocell, using very inconvenient；4.TO pedestal areas are smaller, and radiating effect is poor, are unfavorable for long-term steady
Fixed operation.In summary, existing photoelectric conversion module needs further improve.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of output power, light intensity uniform and easily
In a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module of manufacture assembling.
The present invention is adopted the technical scheme that：
A kind of photoelectric energy conversion module, it is characterised in that：Including housing, bump joint, optics retainer ring, optics
Device and photocell, the housing upper end open are connected in the cylindrical cavity made in a housing, the housing of the cavity lower end
Protuberance is made on wall, the optics device is embedded between the optics retainer ring filled in the protuberance upper surface and cavity
Fibre-optical splice is made on housing upper end open mounting flange joint above part, the optics, the bump joint, the optics device
Photocell is installed, the fibre-optical splice is used to import laser, and the optics is used to penetrate in the cavity floor below part
Covering is projected to the photronic whole upper surface after its laser convergence, and the photocell is spliced by the sub- battery of multiple series connection
Constitute, every sub- battery is fan-shaped or triangle, the mutually spliced overall outer rim of photocell is circular or polygon, first
Sub- battery and last sub- battery connect the positive terminal and negative terminal for being inlaid in housing bottom surface respectively.
Moreover, being embedded in a waterproof sealing pad between bump joint and housing upper end.
Moreover, radially being made and the homoaxial multiple fins of housing, the plurality of fin in inner walls at the cavity
Internal thread is made in lower end to the fin surface that casing center is made above protuberance, the plurality of protuberance, and the optics is consolidated
Determine ring outer rim and make external screw thread, a gasket ring is placed on protuberance, optics is placed on the gasket ring, it is interior on the optics
Focus above the screw thread engagement connection optics retainer ring, the optics is imported with optical fiber at the fibre-optical splice
Laser light incident point overlap.
Moreover, mounting a ceramic substrate in the cavity floor, the ceramic substrate upper surface sets copper clad layers, the copper clad layers
On make multiple grooves, copper clad layers are divided into negative with the sub- multiple conductive regions of number of batteries identical and one by the plurality of groove
Polar region domain, is breaking insulation between the plurality of conductive region and negative regions, and each conductive region is located in the middle part of ceramic substrate
Position is used to mount a sub- battery and electrically connected with the sub- battery bottom surface, and first conductive region is located on the outside of ceramic substrate
Position connects the positive terminal of ceramic substrate and housing bottom surface setting-in, what negative regions connection ceramic substrate and housing bottom surface were embedded in
The upper surface of sub- battery in negative terminal, first conductive region connects anticlockwise next conduction region by gold ribbon
The upper surface that domain is located at the sub- battery in the position on the outside of ceramic substrate, last conductive region connects negative pole area by gold ribbon
Remaining sub- battery in domain, the counter clockwise direction between first sub- battery and last sub- battery connects it by gold ribbon
Next conductive region in counter clockwise direction is located at the position on the outside of ceramic substrate.
Moreover, the ceramic substrate bottom surface sets a copper clad layers, the copper clad layers pass through the shell at heat-conducting glue and cavity floor
Body is crimped.
Moreover, the positive terminal and negative terminal are located at the outer rim suit insulating barrier in Housing Base.
Advantages and positive effects of the present invention are：
1. in a module, photocell is decomposed into many sub- batteries, is then fitted on the ceramic substrate with copper clad layers,
It is connected in series between each sub- battery, increases output voltage, power output increase, can be using difference according to the demand of equipment
The sub- battery of quantity and the photocell for obtaining different voltage class, are easy to use, and solve complicated micro- of existing manufacturing process
Type battery can only provide the defect of single voltage output.
2. in a module, optics is installed in housing, the optics is planoconvex spotlight, and its plane connects towards optical fiber
Head, the laser light incident point that optical fiber is imported is placed exactly in the focal point above the plane of planoconvex spotlight, and laser is converged by planoconvex spotlight
Laser beam is homogenized into cylinder, photocell Light intensity is projected uniformly, increases photronic output current, improve photoelectricity
The life-span in pond, and the distance between photocell and laser light incident point need not be considered, make shell length selection more random, it is easy to plus
Work and assembling.
3. in a module, metalized is passed through in ceramic substrate upper surface and bottom surface, copper clad layers, and ceramics are formd
Substrate is directly against on the housing of cavity floor, and the heat that photocell is produced is conducted to metal by ceramic substrate, copper clad layers
On the housing that material is made, compared with traditional TO pedestals and glue envelope mode, increase area of dissipation, radiating effect more preferably, is carried
Reliability during high photocell work.
4. in a module, positive terminal and negative terminal, positive terminal are embedded on housing in ceramic substrate and below
It is connected with negative terminal by copper clad layers with photocell, the two connection is more firm, electric conductivity more preferably, makes photronic electrical connection steady
It is fixed.
5.In the present invention, optics retainer ring is installed in housing, the fixation of optics is completed by it, photocell is by more
Individual sub- battery is spliced, and is divided into several conductive regions by groove on ceramic substrate and is engaged with sub- battery, various structures
Cooperate, realize possess that light path diameter is big, optical path length big, light intensity uniform, output voltage and power is high, work is steady
The novel plug for the advantages of determining, being capable of long-term in the distinct device of varying environment, stabilization work.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the invention；
Fig. 2 is Fig. 1 sectional view；
Fig. 3 is Fig. 1 explosive view；
Fig. 4 is Fig. 1 top view；
Fig. 5 for Fig. 1 A-A to sectional view；
Fig. 6 is Fig. 5 B-B direction enlarged drawing；
Fig. 7 is the enlarged diagram of photocell and ceramic substrate；
Fig. 8 is the front view of sub- battery；
Fig. 9 is the rear view of sub- battery.
Embodiment
With reference to embodiment, the present invention is further described, and following embodiments are illustrative, be not it is limited,
Protection scope of the present invention can not be limited with following embodiments.
A kind of photoelectric energy conversion module, as shown in Fig. 1~9, innovation of the invention is：Including housing 4, bump joint
1st, optics retainer ring 11, optics 13 and photocell 17, the housing upper end open connect the circle made in a housing
Protuberance 16 is made in cylindrical cavity 15, the inner walls of the cavity lower end, the light filled in the protuberance upper surface and cavity
The optics is embedded between device retainer ring, the housing upper end open mounting flange joint above the optics should
Fibre-optical splice 2 is made on bump joint, photocell is installed in the cavity floor 19 below the optics, the fibre-optical splice is used
In importing laser, the optics is used to penetrate covering after its laser is converged and is projected to the photronic whole upper end
Face, the photocell is spliced to form by the sub- battery 22 of multiple series connection, and every sub- battery is fan-shaped or triangle, mutually spliced
Photocell entirety outer rim is circular or polygon, and first sub- battery and last sub- battery are connected respectively is inlaid in housing bottom
The positive terminal 26 and negative terminal 25 in face.Label 9 is perforate, and label 12 is that the Inner edge of retainer ring 11 make vertical slot.
In the present embodiment, the above-mentioned preferred regular polygon of polygon, housing is in cylinder, square column type or other polygon knots
Symmetrical make makes fixing hole 20 in mounting seat 6, each mounting seat on structure, housing bottom both sides outer wall.Bump joint is by gold
Category plate (copper coin or aluminium sheet) is processed, and it be surface-treated after shaping makes it have antirust and effect attractive in appearance, its with
The consistent flake of housing upper end shape, the two is fixed by the bolt in locking hole 7 and mounting hole 8, bump joint and housing
A waterproof sealing pad 3 is embedded between upper end.
Radially made in inner walls at the cavity and the homoaxial multiple fins 10 of housing, the plurality of fin lower end
Internal thread is made on the fin surface made to casing center above protuberance 16, the plurality of protuberance, and the optics is fixed
Ring outer rim makes external screw thread, is placed on protuberance and places optics on a gasket ring 14, the gasket ring, interior on the optics
Optics and gasket ring are pressed on protuberance by the screw thread engagement connection optics retainer ring, optics retainer ring.
The optics is the planoconvex spotlight by optical glass or plastic injected die, and its plane is convex towards bump joint
Facing to photocell, the focus of plane with the fibre-optical splice optical fiber import laser light incident point overlaps, its centre normal and
Photocell centre normal overlaps.Effect when using is shown in that arrow represents light path in Fig. 2,12,13, Fig. 2,12, and optical fiber is imported
Laser it is incident from the focal point of plane, after planoconvex spotlight is converged, form the laser beam of cylinder, it is irradiated to photoelectricity
The light intensity distributions in pond are shown in Figure 13, very uniform, and the light path of prior art is as shown in Figure 10, the incidence point and photoelectricity of laser
The distance between pond requires unusual harsh, and light intensity distributions are shown in Figure 11, and center intensity is big, and outboard strength is low, this
Result in photronic output very uneven.
A ceramic substrate 18 is mounted in the cavity floor, the ceramic substrate upper surface sets copper clad layers 21, the copper clad layers
On make multiple grooves 23, copper clad layers are divided into and the sub- multiple conductive regions of number of batteries identical and one by the plurality of groove
Negative regions, are specifically described with reference to Fig. 7：
It is respectively M, N, O, P, Q, R that sub- battery, which is six, is each equilateral triangle, mutually forms positive six side after assembly
Shape, conductive region is B, C, D, E, F, G, and negative regions are A, are breaking insulation between the plurality of conductive region and negative regions.
Conductive region be located at ceramic substrate in the middle part of position be used for mount sub- battery M, N, O, P, Q, R and with sub- battery bottom surface
(positive pole) is electrically connected, and first conductive region G is located at position connection ceramic substrate and housing bottom surface setting-in on the outside of ceramic substrate
Positive terminal 26, negative regions A connection ceramic substrates and housing bottom surface setting-in negative terminal 25.
The negative electrode 29 at sub- battery M upper surfaces Liang Ge angles in first conductive region G connects the inverse time by gold ribbon 24
The sub- battery N upper surfaces that next conductive region F in pin direction is located in the position on the outside of ceramic substrate, conductive region F pass through
Gold ribbon connects the sub- battery in the position that anticlockwise next conductive region E is located on the outside of ceramic substrate, conductive region E
O upper surfaces connect positions of the anticlockwise next conductive region D on the outside of ceramic substrate, conductive region by gold ribbon
Sub- battery P upper surfaces in D connect portions of the anticlockwise next conductive region C on the outside of ceramic substrate by gold ribbon
Sub- battery Q upper surfaces in position, conductive region C connect anticlockwise next conductive region B by gold ribbon and are located at ceramics
The upper surface of sub- battery R in position on the outside of substrate, last conductive region B connects negative regions by gold ribbon.
By above-mentioned structure, being connected in series for all sub- batteries is realized.Plus utilization of hour steel mesh, in metallized table
The ceramic substrate in face carries complex figure side, print solder paste or elargol figure；The sub- cell backside of GaAs is pasted with chip mounter
On the upside of the tin cream figure of printing, make sub- battery consistent with tin cream figure direction；Six sub- batteries of GaAs, six are pasted successively
Gallium arsenide cells piece composition circle or regular polygon；Entirety is put into vacuum back-flow brazier, is welded and (utilizes weld jig, protect
Demonstrate,prove sub- battery not offset)；Ultrasonic wave cleaning is carried out after welding, GaAs battery is attached to during welding and metallized to clear up
The scaling powder on the ceramic substrate surface on surface；After the completion of cleaning, gold ribbon is installed, all sub- batteries are connected in series.
The ceramic substrate bottom surface sets a copper clad layers, and the copper clad layers pass through the housing pressure at heat-conducting glue and cavity floor
Connect.Also opened hole 28 on perforate on ceramic substrate, the housing of corresponding cavity floor, positive terminal and negative terminal are located at housing
Outer rim suit insulating barrier 27 in bottom plate, hull outside is stretched out in positive terminal and negative terminal bottom 5.
Present invention manufacture and assembling process are：
1. using moulds such as punching press, stretching, punchings, using cold punching technology, aluminium sheet, copper coin, stainless steel plate etc. are carried out
Process, and carry out certain surface treatment (anodic oxidation, chromium plating, plating nickel gold etc.) and eventually become a housing.
2. by the ceramic substrate (soldering, vacuum back-flow weldering) of the sub- welding battery of several pieces GaAs to metallized surface, number
Piece photocell composition circle or regular polygon, carry out ultrasonic wave cleaning, component and warp are attached to during welding to clear up after welding
The scaling powder on the ceramic substrate surface of metalized surface, after the completion of cleaning, installs gold ribbon and connects positive terminal and negative terminal.
3. print elargol or heat-conducting glue in ceramic substrate bottom surface, using fixture (fixture makes assembly precision higher) by ceramic base
Plate is pasted on the surface of shell of cavity floor, if elargol and heat conduction glue need to solidify at a certain temperature, needs one to add
Hot tank, the housing and ceramic substrate after bonding are integrally heated, fixture is removed afterwards.
4. printing elargol in the tapping of ceramic substrate, positive and negative electrode terminal is passed through into ceramic substrate and housing according to this, is put into
Heater box, is heating and curing.
5. pasting ceramic substrate with high transmission rate insulative glue, make it more firm, if elargol and high transmission rate glue need
Solidify at a certain temperature, then need a heater box, it is integrally heated.
6. gasket ring high transmission rate glue is bonded in into protuberance, then planoconvex spotlight is placed, then by optics
Retainer ring is tightened and pushes down planoconvex spotlight and gasket ring, makes the centre normal and spliced photocell centre normal weight of planoconvex spotlight
Close.
7. bump joint is installed on the upside of shell, on the downside of bump joint with the middle of shell plus waterproof gasket, and with sealing
Glue sealed flange joint.
8. as needed can be connected photoelectric energy conversion module with DC-DC module, user's required voltage or peace are obtained
Mounted in PCB electronic circuit boards, power supply is provided to remote equipment, multiple photoelectric energy conversion modules can be connected with series and parallel, obtained
Obtain required voltage and power.
In the present invention, optics retainer ring is installed in housing, the fixation of optics is completed by it, photocell is by multiple
Sub- battery is spliced, and is divided into several conductive regions by groove on ceramic substrate and is engaged with sub- battery, various structure phases
Mutually coordinate, realize possess that light path diameter is big, optical path length big, light intensity uniform, output voltage and power high, working stability
The advantages of novel plug, work that can be long-term in the distinct device of varying environment, stable.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module, it is characterised in that：Including housing, bump joint, optics retainer ring, optics device
Part and photocell, the housing upper end open connect the cylindrical cavity made in a housing, the inner walls of the cavity lower end
On make protuberance, be embedded in the optics between the optics retainer ring filled in the protuberance upper surface and cavity,
Fibre-optical splice is made on housing upper end open mounting flange joint above the optics, the bump joint, the optics
Photocell is installed, the fibre-optical splice is used to import laser, and the optics is used to that it will to be penetrated in the cavity floor of lower section
Laser convergence after covering be projected to the photronic whole upper surface, the photocell splices structure by the sub- battery of multiple series connection
Into every sub- battery is fan-shaped or triangle, and the mutually spliced overall outer rim of photocell is circular or polygon, first son
Battery and last sub- battery connect the positive terminal and negative terminal for being inlaid in housing bottom surface respectively.
2. a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Bump joint and housing upper end it
Between be embedded in a waterproof sealing pad.
3. a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Inner walls at the cavity
Upper radial direction make with the homoaxial multiple fins of housing, protuberance is made in the plurality of fin lower end to casing center, the plurality of convex
Internal thread is made on the fin surface gone out above portion, and the optics retainer ring outer rim makes external screw thread, is placed on protuberance
Optics is placed on one gasket ring, the gasket ring, the internal thread engagement connection optics retainer ring on the optics, institute
The focus above optics is stated to overlap with the laser light incident point that optical fiber at the fibre-optical splice is imported.
4. a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：One is mounted in the cavity floor
Ceramic substrate, the ceramic substrate upper surface sets copper clad layers, makes multiple grooves in the copper clad layers, and the plurality of groove is by copper clad layers
Be divided into the sub- multiple conductive regions of number of batteries identical and a negative regions, the plurality of conductive region and negative regions it
Between be breaking insulation, the position that each conductive region is located in the middle part of ceramic substrate be used to mounting a sub- battery and with the sub- battery
Bottom surface is electrically connected, and the position connection ceramic substrate and housing bottom surface that first conductive region is located on the outside of ceramic substrate are embedded in just
Sub- battery in the negative terminal of extreme son, negative regions connection ceramic substrate and housing bottom surface setting-in, first conductive region
Upper surface position of the anticlockwise next conductive region on the outside of the ceramic substrate is connected by gold ribbon, last
The upper surface of sub- battery in conductive region connects negative regions by gold ribbon, first sub- battery and last sub- battery it
Between counter clockwise direction on next conductive region for being connected by gold ribbon in its counter clockwise direction of remaining sub- battery be located at
Position on the outside of ceramic substrate.
5. a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：The ceramic substrate bottom surface is set
One copper clad layers, the copper clad layers are crimped by heat-conducting glue with the housing at cavity floor.
6. a kind of photoelectric energy conversion module according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：The positive terminal and negative pole end
Outer rim suit insulating barrier of the son in Housing Base.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201511034300.2A CN105762211B (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2015-12-31 | A kind of photoelectric energy conversion module |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201511034300.2A CN105762211B (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2015-12-31 | A kind of photoelectric energy conversion module |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105762211A CN105762211A (en) | 2016-07-13 |
| CN105762211B true CN105762211B (en) | 2017-08-22 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201511034300.2A Expired - Fee Related CN105762211B (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2015-12-31 | A kind of photoelectric energy conversion module |
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Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106100514B (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2019-07-09 | 天津蓝天太阳科技有限公司 | A kind of laser power supply system energy conversion module |
| CN106100513B (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2019-02-19 | 天津蓝天太阳科技有限公司 | A kind of high voltage distribution type laser supply unit |
| CN106712700B (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2019-05-28 | 武汉凹伟能源科技有限公司 | High-power monochrome photovoltaic devices and monochromatic photo-cell assembly |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2904434Y (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2007-05-23 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Laser energy delivering power device for high voltage/ultrahigh voltage transmission system |
| CN103337542A (en) * | 2013-05-24 | 2013-10-02 | 北京理工大学 | Laser-electrical energy converter |
| CN203761325U (en) * | 2014-03-18 | 2014-08-06 | 西安航谷微波光电科技有限公司 | Coaxial packaging housing of laser cell |
| CN104037251A (en) * | 2013-03-07 | 2014-09-10 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | GaAs laser photovoltaic cell with output voltage being 6V and making method thereof |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3573315B2 (en) * | 1996-07-22 | 2004-10-06 | ソニー株式会社 | Optical transceiver |
| JP3500558B2 (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 2004-02-23 | 日本電気エンジニアリング株式会社 | Fixing structure of optical circuit parts |
-
2015
- 2015-12-31 CN CN201511034300.2A patent/CN105762211B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2904434Y (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2007-05-23 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Laser energy delivering power device for high voltage/ultrahigh voltage transmission system |
| CN104037251A (en) * | 2013-03-07 | 2014-09-10 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | GaAs laser photovoltaic cell with output voltage being 6V and making method thereof |
| CN103337542A (en) * | 2013-05-24 | 2013-10-02 | 北京理工大学 | Laser-electrical energy converter |
| CN203761325U (en) * | 2014-03-18 | 2014-08-06 | 西安航谷微波光电科技有限公司 | Coaxial packaging housing of laser cell |
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| CN105762211A (en) | 2016-07-13 |
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Granted publication date: 20170822 Termination date: 20171231 |