CN105754593B - 一种空心荧光碳量子点及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种空心荧光碳量子点及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种空心荧光碳量子点及其制备方法和应用,属于发光纳米材料技术领域。制备步骤:以水溶性糖类为碳源,加入乙二胺和浓酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;待反应停止,玻璃容器自然冷却后,加入一定量的二次水,搅拌溶解得到深棕色溶液,透析去除杂质,即得到空心碳量子点水溶液,冷冻干燥后得到空心碳量子点。本发明工艺简单,原料来源广泛且价格便宜,制备条件要求低,无能耗,所得空心碳量子点量子产率较高,粒径小,尺寸均一,可批量生产。所得的空心荧光碳量子点可用于抗癌药物载体,降低抗癌药物的毒副作用;还可用于水体中铬(VI)离子的检测等。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及发光纳米材料,尤其涉及碳量子点,具体属于一种空心荧光碳量子点及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近年来,量子点由于其具有优越的光学及电学性质受到极大的关注和广泛的研究,其作为准零维纳米材料具有量子限域效应、表面效应、尺寸效应等优越的性质,因此量子点在光学器件、电学器件、生物成像、生物载药等方面得到了良好的应用。传统的量子点研究较多的为半导体量子点(例如CdSe、PbTe、CdTe等),其在生物医学领域尤其是在细胞、活体的动态示踪和成像中的应用已表现出巨大的潜力,但重金属元素的引入是其毒性较大从而限制了其进一步的应用,因此寻找理想的无毒并具有类似性质的纳米级替代材料已成为研究热点。
碳量子点(carbon dots,C-dots)是由Scrivens等(J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2004,126,12736-72737)在2004年研究单壁碳纳米管时首次发现的一种以碳为骨架结构的新型纳米材料,与传统的半导体量子点和有机染料相比,碳量子点作为一种新型可发光材料不仅保持了碳材料毒性小、生物相容性好等优点,而且具有合成方便、易于修饰、发光范围可调、双光子吸收截面大、荧光量子效率高、光稳定性好、无光闪烁、易于功能化、价廉、易大规模合成等无法比拟的优势,并且基本上不损伤细胞,更符合细胞标记和生物医学成像需要。这种新型的荧光碳纳米粒子的尺寸大小与半导体量子点相似,平均粒径小于10nm,具有很长的荧光寿命和生物安全性。因此,碳量子点在荧光探针生物检测、生物传感、生物分析、金属阳离子和阴离子的生化分析、生物传感器、光电转换以及光催化等领域体现出重要应用价值。
碳量子点的制备方法目前主要有两种,自上而下法(Top-down)和自下而上法(Bottom-up)。自上而下的方法主要包括电弧放电、激光剥蚀、电化学氧化、电子束辐射等,该类方法往往需要严格的实验条件或特殊的能源,成本高,而且获得的碳量子点的荧光量子产率较低;自下而上的方法主要包括燃烧法、热液碳化法、支持合成法、微波法、超声波法等,但是由于该类方法选用的原料都是不可再生能源且需要严格的后处理工艺,所以也不利于持续并规模生产碳量子点。因此,寻找廉价易得、资源丰富、天然无毒和环境友好型的原料作为碳源,利用无能耗的方法,制备具有水溶性、高荧光量子产率的空心碳量子点具有重要的意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种空心荧光碳量子点,并建立一种操作简单、设备简易、原料低廉和绿色环保无能耗的制备方法,以及将所述的空心荧光碳量子点用于抗癌药物载体,降低抗癌药物的毒副作用;用于水体中铬(Ⅵ)离子的检测等。
本发明提供的一种空心荧光碳量子点的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)、将水溶性糖类置于玻璃容器中,加入乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入浓酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;水溶性糖类、乙二胺和浓酸的质量比为:0.01-5:0.9-45:0.7-93;
2)、待玻璃容器自然冷却后,加入乙二胺和浓酸总体积量2-3倍的二次水,搅拌溶解得到深棕色溶液,过滤去除不溶物得到澄清的深棕色溶液,通过500-1000Da的透析袋,在玻璃容器中透析处理至少3天,即得到纯净的空心碳量子点的水溶液;
3)、将上述空心碳量子点水溶液冷冻干燥后得到目标空心碳量子点。
所述的水溶性糖类为水溶性的单糖、二糖、多糖,如葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、羧化壳聚糖等。
所述的浓酸为浓磷酸、浓硫酸、浓硝酸或浓盐酸。
上述方法以水溶性的单糖、二糖、多糖为碳源,利用酸碱中和放热将碳源碳化,同时掺杂氮磷、氮硫、氮或氮氯于碳量子点中;另外,碳化过程中产生气泡,得到了空心碳量子点。
上述方法制备的空心碳量子点可用作药物载体,将抗癌药物靶向运送到肿瘤细胞中,达到靶向治疗肿瘤的目的,并降低抗癌药物的毒副作用;空心碳量子点还可用于水体中铬(VI)离子的检测,也可用作荧光显像材料。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
(1)本发明空心碳量子点制备方法简单,不需要高温或表面钝化剂处理,无需额外能源消耗,即可得到空心碳量子点。
(2)原材料糖类、乙二胺、浓酸均为普通试剂,与传统量子点制备所需的昂贵反应物相比来源广泛,价格便宜。
(3)生产设备仅需玻璃仪器,操作方便,能在十分钟内快速完成反应,节能省时。
(4)本发明所制得的空心碳量子点在水溶液中都具有良好的溶解度和分散性。
(5)空心碳量子点的量子产率较高,以硫酸奎宁(量子产率54%)为参照物,所得空心碳量子点的量子效率在1.36%-9.4%之间。
总之,本发明操作工艺简单,原料来源广泛且价格便宜,制备条件要求低且无能耗,所得空心碳量子点光学性质稳定,荧光量子产率较高,解决了现有碳量子点制备方法因工艺和原料限制而无法规模化生产且获得碳量子点的荧光量子效率较低的问题。该空心碳量子点可用作药物载体,将抗癌药物靶向运送到肿瘤细胞中,达到靶向治疗肿瘤的目的,并降低抗癌药物的毒副作用;空心碳量子点还可用于水体中铬(VI)离子的检测,也可用作荧光显像材料等。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点的紫外吸收光谱及荧光发射光谱;其中玻璃容器盛有空心碳量子点水溶液,放置于紫外透射台上,经365nm激发光源激发后发出绿色荧光。
图2为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点荧光发射曲线随激发波长变化的光谱图。
图3是以硫酸奎宁为标准,线性拟合硫酸奎宁和空心碳量子点的量子产率(左侧为硫酸奎宁,右侧为空心碳量子点)。
图4为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点的红外光谱图,图中横坐标为检测波长,纵坐标为透过率。
图5为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点的X射线光电子能谱图。
图6为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点的透射电镜图(左侧)和粒径分布图(右侧)。
图7为Cr(VI)淬灭实施例1制备的空心碳量子点的荧光光谱图。
图8为抗坏血酸恢复Cr(VI)淬灭后的实施例1制备的空心碳量子点的荧光光谱图。
图9为姜黄素淬灭实施例1制备的空心碳量子点的荧光光谱图。
图10为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点、阿霉素和碳量子点-阿霉素利用MTT法进行的MCF-7和HepG2细胞毒性测试;
图11为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点载阿霉素进入SiHa细胞核的激光共聚焦成像图;
图12为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点载阿霉素用于裸鼠活体实验的荧光分子影像成像图。
图13为实施例1制备的空心碳量子点载阿霉素后靶向治疗裸鼠肿瘤解剖图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做详细说明,实施例给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程,但本发明的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。
实施例1
步骤1,称量1.0g葡萄糖置于玻璃容器中,加入6mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入4mL浓磷酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入20mL二次水,搅拌溶解得到深棕色溶液,过滤去除不溶物得到澄清的深棕色溶液,通过透析去除杂质,即得到纯净的空心碳量子点的水溶液;
步骤3,将上述空心碳量子点水溶液冷冻干燥后得到空心碳量子点,其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为9.4%。
性质表征和应用见图1-13。
实施例2
步骤1,称量1.0g蔗糖置于玻璃容器中,加入6mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入4mL浓磷酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入22mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为8.7%。
实施例3
步骤1,称量1.0g果糖置于玻璃容器中,加入6mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入4mL浓磷酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入25mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为4.2%。
实施例4
步骤1,称量1.0g羧化壳聚糖置于玻璃容器中,加入6mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入4mL浓磷酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入27mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
步骤3,将上述空心碳量子点水溶液冷冻干燥后得到空心碳量子点,其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为3.9%。
实施例5
步骤1,称量2.0g葡萄糖置于玻璃容器中,加入8mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入6mL70%浓硫酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入28mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为7.1%。
实施例6
步骤1,称量2.0g蔗糖置于玻璃容器中,加入8mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入6mL70%浓硫酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入34mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为4.8%。
实施例7
步骤1,称量2.0g果糖置于玻璃容器中,加入8mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入6mL70%浓硫酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入38mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为3.7%。
实施例8
步骤1,称量2.0g羧化壳聚糖置于玻璃容器中,加入8mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入6mL70%浓硫酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入42mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为2.2%。
实施例9
步骤1,称量0.5g葡萄糖置于玻璃容器中,加入4mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入3mL70%浓硝酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入14mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为8.8%。
实施例10
步骤1,称量0.5g蔗糖置于玻璃容器中,加入4mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入3mL70%浓硝酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入16mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为7.7%。
实施例11
步骤1,称量0.5g果糖置于玻璃容器中,加入4mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入3mL70%浓硝酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入18mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为6.4%。
实施例12
步骤1,称量0.5g羧化壳聚糖置于玻璃容器中,加入4mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入3mL70%浓硝酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入21mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为3.8%。
实施例13
步骤1,称量4.0g葡萄糖置于玻璃容器中,加入25mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入15mL浓盐酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入80mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为9.2%。
实施例14
步骤1,称量4.0g蔗糖置于玻璃容器中,加入25mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入15mL浓盐酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入95mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为8.3%。
实施例15
步骤1,称量4.0g果糖置于玻璃容器中,加入25mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入15mL浓盐酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入110mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为6.4%。
实施例16
步骤1,称量4.0g羧化壳聚糖置于玻璃容器中,加入25mL乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入15mL浓盐酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;
步骤2,待玻璃容器自然冷却后,向其中加入120mL二次水,其余同实施例1;
其相对量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准)为2.0%。
实施例17
石英比色皿盛有实施例1的空心荧光碳量子点水溶液,放置于紫外透射台上,经365nm激发光源激发后发出明亮的绿色荧光(见图1)。实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点具有激发波长依赖性(见图2)。实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点由碳、氢、氧、氮、磷组成(见图5)。实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点的粒径范围为4.2-8.2nm,平均粒径为5.8±0.1nm(见图6)。
实施例18
实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点水溶液可被Cr(VI)淬灭,如图7所示,图中血清瓶溶液荧光自左向右逐渐淬灭。
实施例19
实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点水溶液被Cr(VI)淬灭后由抗坏血酸恢复荧光,如图8所示,图中血清瓶溶液荧光自左向右逐渐恢复。
实施例20
实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点水溶液可被姜黄素淬灭,如图9所示,图中血清瓶溶液荧光自左向右逐渐淬灭。
实施例21
实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点水溶液(5mg/mL)包合阿霉素用于标记SiHa细胞,如图11所示,细胞形态良好,可见空心荧光碳量子点没有细胞毒性,可用于活细胞标记。图11从左到右依次为:暗场(激发为488nm)细胞图(绿色),暗场(激发为543nm)细胞图(红色),绿色和红色叠加图。
实施例22
实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点水溶液(5mg/mL)包合阿霉素在裸鼠活体的成像实验,设备采用多光谱活体荧光分子影像成像系统,结果如图12所示,裸鼠生长状态良好,可见空心荧光碳量子点对活体没有毒性,可用于活体成像。图12从左到右依次为:空白裸鼠图,注射碳量子点-阿霉素后的裸鼠图,加入伪色后的裸鼠图。
实施例23
实施例1制备的空心荧光碳量子点水溶液(5mg/mL)包合阿霉素用于肿瘤治疗,如图13所示,通过皮下注射肝癌细胞构建的肿瘤模型裸鼠共24只,分为四组,每组六只,分别通过尾静脉注射给药,给药类型分别为磷酸缓冲溶液(PBS)、空心碳量子点(PNHCDs)、载阿霉素的空心碳量子点(PNHCDs-DOX)和阿霉素(DOX),按每20g体重200μg的剂量给药两次,每次间隔一周,两周后,裸鼠断颈处死拍照,并解剖取出肿瘤。实验发现:经过PNHCDs-DOX处理的肿瘤模型裸鼠与对照组相比,肿瘤显著减小,可见该空心碳量子点可作为抗癌药物载体,将抗癌药物靶向输送到肿瘤细胞中,达到治愈肿瘤的目的。
Claims (7)
1.一种空心荧光碳量子点的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)、将水溶性糖类置于玻璃容器中,加入乙二胺,充分搅拌,随后逐渐加入浓酸,得到深褐色粘稠物;水溶性糖类、乙二胺和浓酸的质量比为:0.01-5:0.9-45:0.7-93;
2)、待玻璃容器自然冷却后,加入乙二胺和浓酸总体积量2-3倍的二次水,搅拌溶解得到深棕色溶液,过滤去除不溶物得到澄清的深棕色溶液,通过500-1000Da的透析袋,在玻璃容器中透析处理至少3天,即得到纯净的空心碳量子点的水溶液;
3)、将上述空心碳量子点水溶液冷冻干燥后得到目标空心碳量子点。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种空心荧光碳量子点的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的水溶性糖类为水溶性的单糖、二糖或多糖。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种空心荧光碳量子点的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的浓酸为浓磷酸、浓硫酸、浓硝酸或浓盐酸。
4.如权利要求1、2或3所述方法制备的空心荧光碳量子点。
5.如权利要求4所述的空心荧光碳量子点作为抗癌药物载体的应用。
6.如权利要求4所述的空心荧光碳量子点用于水体中六价铬离子的检测。
7.如权利要求4所述的空心荧光碳量子点用作荧光显像材料。
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