CN105743664B - 用于内容中心网络中的多源组播的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于内容中心网络中的多源组播的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN105743664B
CN105743664B CN201510900244.XA CN201510900244A CN105743664B CN 105743664 B CN105743664 B CN 105743664B CN 201510900244 A CN201510900244 A CN 201510900244A CN 105743664 B CN105743664 B CN 105743664B
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CN105743664A (zh
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J·J·加西亚-鲁娜-阿塞韦斯
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
    • H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
    • H04L12/185—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast with management of multicast group membership
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
    • H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
    • H04L12/1854—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast with non-centralised forwarding system, e.g. chaincast
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
    • H04L45/122—Shortest path evaluation by minimising distances, e.g. by selecting a route with minimum of number of hops
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context

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Abstract

本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的组播组相关联的路由信息的系统。在操作期间，所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收用于所述组播组的更新消息。所述组播组包含根锚节点及大量锚节点，其中所述根锚节点具有比所述锚节点更小的名称。所述更新消息指定与所述组播组和所述组播组的所述根锚节点相关联的前缀。所述系统基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息从所述第一节点的相邻节点选择符合通知书条件的一个或多个下一跳相邻节点，且将所述更新消息转发到所述一个或多个下一跳相邻节点。

Description

用于内容中心网络中的多源组播的系统和方法
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及内容中心网络(CCN)。更确切地说，本发明涉及用于支持具有内容中心网络(CCN)中的多个源的组播组的系统和方法。
背景技术
因特网和电子商务的激增持续激发网络行业中的革命性改变。现今，从在线电影观看到每日新闻传递、零售销售和即时消息接发，大量的信息交换是在线进行的。越来越多数目的因特网应用程序也在变成移动的。然而，当前因特网依靠主要基于位置的寻址方案而操作。两种最普遍存在的协议：因特网协议(IP)和以太网协议，两者都是基于末端主机的地址。也就是说，内容的消费者仅可通过从通常与物理对象或位置相关联的地址(例如，IP地址或以太网媒体接入控制(MAC)地址)明确请求内容来接收所述内容。这种限制性寻址方案正变得逐渐更加不足以满足不断改变的网络需求。
近年来，行业中已经提出了信息中心网络(ICN)架构，其中直接对内容进行命名和寻址。内容中心网络(CCN)，这个例示性ICN架构引入一种新的内容传输方法。并非在应用级将网络业务视为内容在其上行进的端到端对话，而是基于内容的唯一名称来请求或返回内容，且网络负责将内容从提供者路由到消费者。应注意，内容包含可在通信系统中传输的数据，包含例如文本、图像、视频和/或音频等任何形式的数据。消费者和提供者可为在计算机旁的人或在ICN内部或外部的自动化过程。一条内容可指代整个内容或内容的相应部分。举例来说，报纸文章可能由体现为数据包的多条内容表示。一条内容也可与元数据相关联，所述元数据以例如验证数据、创建日期、内容所有者等信息来描述或增补所述条内容。
在所有ICN架构的核心处为名称解析和内容的路由，且已经提出若干方法。在一些ICN架构中，数据对象的名称借助于目录服务器映射到地址中，且接着基于地址的路由用于内容传递。相比之下，大量ICN架构使用内容的基于名称的路由，其集成了名称解析和内容路由。通过基于名称的路由，路由器(生产者或高速缓存站点)中的一些播发表示具有共享常用前缀的名称的一组对象的命名的数据对象(NDO)或名称前缀的本地复本的存在，且建立到其的路线；内容的消费者发出沿着到发布NDO或名称前缀广告的路由器的路线转发的内容请求。
在各种ICN架构之中，CCN使用分布式路由协议以建立路线，经由所述路线转发内容请求。在CCN中，内容请求(称为“兴趣”)可经由一个或多个路径发送到名称前缀。已证明，基于兴趣的ICN架构(例如CCN)提供用于组播的“本机支持”。然而，如果兴趣中的名称表示组播组的源，那么此仅为用于单源组播的情况。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的组播组相关联的路由信息的系统。在操作期间，ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收用于组播组的更新消息。组播组包含根锚节点及大量锚节点，其中所述根锚节点具有比所述锚节点更小的名称。更新消息指定与组播组和组播组的根锚节点相关联的前缀。所述系统基于存储在第一节点上的拓扑信息从第一节点的相邻节点选择符合通知书条件的一个或多个下一跳相邻节点，且将更新消息转发到一个或多个下一跳相邻节点。
在此实施例的变型中，符合所述通知书条件的下一跳相邻节点为组播组的锚节点，且锚节点的所有相邻节点将所述锚节点报告为优选的锚节点。
在此实施例的变型中，符合所述通知书条件的下一跳相邻节点提供到锚节点中的至少一个的最短路径。
在此实施例的变型中，意图加入组播组的第二节点生成加入请求。所述系统基于排序条件选择第二节点的相邻节点作为到组播组的根锚的下一跳节点。第二节点的到根锚节点的下一跳节点提供到根锚节点的最短路径。所述系统将加入请求转发到第二节点的选定相邻节点。
在另一变型中，所述系统接收对从组播组的根锚节点或锚节点发送的加入请求的响应。所述响应穿越加入请求的反向路径到第二节点。
在另一变型中，所述系统建立包含根锚节点、锚节点和接收加入请求的一个或多个路由器的多点生成树。
在此实施例的变型中，根锚节点和锚节点为组播组的源和组播组的接收器两者中的一个。
附图说明
图1说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的例示性架构。
图2呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的例示性相邻节点表的图。
图3呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的例示性路由表的图。
图4呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的例示性多点路由表的图。
图5呈现展示根据本发明的实施例的实施ICM的路由器的例示性架构的图。
图6说明根据本发明的实施例的例示性ICN中的根锚更新的传播。
图7说明根据本发明的实施例的例示性ICN中的多重实例化目的地生成树(MIDST)的建立。
图8说明根据本发明的实施例的用于信息中心组播的例示性系统。
在图式中，相同参考数字指代同一图式元件。
具体实施方式
概述
本发明的实施例提供用于支持具有信息中心网络(ICN)中的多个源的组播组的信息中心组播(ICM)系统。更确切地说，ICM通过建立用于表示组播组的每一名称前缀的多重实例化目的地生成树(MIDST)支持路由到组播组。给定组播组的所有锚经由用于前缀的MIDST连接。ICM可支持源启动的组播(SIM)和接收器启动的组播(RIM)两者。
例示性CCN架构
为了展现链路状态内容路由(LCR)系统的操作，本发明使用CCN作为一实例。然而，LCR系统的操作不限于CCN。一般来说，LCR可应用于任何其它类型的ICN网络。
CCN使用两种类型的消息：兴趣和内容对象。兴趣携载内容对象的分层结构化的可变长度识别符(HSVLI)，也称为“名称”，且充当针对所述对象的请求。如果网络元件(例如路由器)接收到针对同一名称的多个兴趣，那么网络元件可以聚合那些兴趣。沿着具有匹配的内容对象的兴趣的路径的网络元件可高速缓存且返回所述对象，从而满足所述兴趣。内容对象遵循兴趣到所述兴趣的起源的反向路径。
本发明中使用的术语通常如下定义(但其解释不限于此)：
“HSVLI”：分层结构化的可变长度识别符，也称为名称。它是名称组成部分的有序列表，其可以是可变长度的八位字节串。以人可读形式，其可以用例如ccnx：/path/part的格式表示。HSVLI也可以是人不可读的。如上所述，HSVLI指代内容，且需要HSVLI能够表示用于内容的组织结构且至少部分对人有意义。HSVLI的个别组成部分可具有任意长度。此外，HSVLI可以具有明确定界的组成部分，可包含任何字节序列，且不限于人可读的字符。最长前缀匹配查找在转发带有HSVLI的包时是重要的。举例来说，指示对“/parc/home/bob”的兴趣的HSVLI将匹配“/parc/home/bob/test.txt”和“/parc/home/bob/bar.txt”两者。在名称组成部分的数目方面，最长匹配被视为最佳的，因为它是最特定的。可在美国专利第8,160,069号中找到HSVLI的详细描述，其名称为“用于转发带有分层结构化的可变长度识别符的包的系统(SYSTEM FOR FORWARIDNG A PACKET WITH A HIERARCHICHALLY STRUCTUREDVARIABLE-LENGTH IDENTIFIER)”，发明人为Van L.Jacobson和James D.Thornton，2009年9月23日提交，所述专利的公开内容以引用的方式全文并入本文中。
“兴趣”：对内容对象的请求。兴趣指定HSVLI名称前缀和其它任选的选择器，所述选择器可用于在具有相同名称前缀的多个对象当中进行挑选。名称与兴趣名称前缀(以及任选地其它所请求的参数，例如发行者密钥-ID匹配)匹配的任何内容对象都满足所述兴趣。
“内容对象”：响应于兴趣而发送的数据对象。其具有经由加密签名而绑定在一起的HSVLI名称和内容有效负载。任选地，所有内容对象具有由内容对象的SHA-256摘要组成的隐式终端名称组成部分。在一个实施例中，隐式摘要不在线上传送，但在需要时在每一跃点处计算。在本发明中，术语“内容对象”和术语“命名的数据对象(NDO)”是可互换的。
“面”：在CCN中，面这个术语是接口概念的一般化形式。面可以是与网络的连接，或直接与应用程序方的连接。面可经配置以在特定网络接口上发送和接收广播或组播包，或者使用基础传输中的点到点寻址或使用隧道(例如TCP隧道)来发送和接收包。面还可以是经由如UDP的封装或OS特定的进程间通信路径与在同一机器上运行的单个应用程序进程的连接。所有消息经由面到达，并且经由面发送出去。在本发明中，“相邻节点”这个术语与“面”这个术语可互换，指代兴趣的传入或传出接口。
“实例”：在本发明中，术语“实例”可用于指代组播组的接收器或源。
“前缀”：在本发明中，术语“前缀”可用于指代特定组播组的名称或用于组播组的名称前缀。
“锚”：在本发明中，术语“锚”用于指代播发具有可在本地使用组播组的实例的路由器。更确切地说，播发给对应于前缀的一些或所有内容的路由器(或节点)被称作前缀的锚。
如之前所提到，HSVLI指示一条内容，具有分层结构，且包含从最一般层级到最特定层级排序的连续组成部分。相应HSVLI的长度不是固定的。在内容中心网络中，不同于常规IP网络，包可以通过HSVLI来识别。举例来说，“abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news”可为内容的名称且识别对应包，即，在名为“ABCD”的组织处针对名为“Bob”的用户的来自“ccn”论文合集的“news”文章。为了请求一条内容，节点通过所述内容的名称来表达(例如，广播)对所述内容的兴趣。对一条内容的兴趣可为根据所述内容的名称或识别符对所述内容的查询。所述内容如果在网络中是可用的，那么将所述内容从存储内容的任何节点发回到请求节点。路由基础结构将兴趣智能地传播到有可能具有所述信息的预期节点，且接着沿着所述兴趣消息穿越的反向路径携载可用的内容返回。基本上，内容对象遵循兴趣消息留下的面包屑(breadcrumb)，并且因此到达请求节点。
图1说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的例示性架构。在此实例中，网络180包括节点100到145。网络中的每个节点耦合到一个或多个其它节点。网络连接185是此类连接的实例。网络连接显示为实线，但每条线也可表示可将一个节点耦合到另一个节点的子网络或超网络。网络180可为内容中心的本地网络、超网络或子网络。这些网络中的每一个可互连以使得一个网络中的节点可以到达其它网络中的节点。网络连接可以是宽带、无线、电话、卫星或任何类型的网络连接。节点可为计算机系统、表示用户的端点和/或可生成兴趣或发源内容的装置。
根据本发明的实施例，消费者可以生成针对一条内容的兴趣，并且将所述兴趣转发到网络180中的节点。发行者或内容提供者可以将这条内容存储在网络180中的节点处，发行者或内容提供者可以位于网络内部或外部。举例来说，在图1中，对一条内容的兴趣在节点105处发源。如果所述内容在所述节点处不可用，那么兴趣流动到耦合到第一节点的一个或多个节点。举例来说，在图1中，兴趣流动(兴趣流150)到并不具有可用的所述内容的节点115。随后，所述兴趣从节点115流动(兴趣流155)到节点125，节点125也不具有所述内容。接着兴趣流动(兴趣流160)到确实具有可用的所述内容的节点130。内容对象的流动接着反向地回溯其路径(内容流165、170和175)直到其到达节点105为止，在所述节点处传递所述内容。在所述内容流中可涉及例如验证等其它过程。
在网络180中，在内容持有者(节点130)与兴趣生成节点(节点105)之间的路径中的任何数目的中间节点(节点100到145)可以参与在内容在网络上行进时高速缓存所述内容的本地副本。高速缓存通过隐式地共享对本地高速缓存内容的接入而减少对位于接近其它订户处的第二订户的网络负载。
信息中心组播系统
已经提出各种方法以支持ICN中的组播，包含依赖于大量涌入阐述邻近链接的状态和用于不同组播组的接收器的存在的链路状态广告(LSA)的每一节点的链路状态路由方法。基于核心的树(CBT)也已经引入为避免从每一组播源的涌入或关于具有附接的组播组接收器的那些路由器的信息的涌入的组播路由方法。在CBT中，预定义节点充当组播组的中间物且被称为所述组的核心。节点保持到所有网络节点的路线且因此保持到所有可能的核心的路线，且通过一些外部装置学习从组播组地址到核心地址的映射组播组的每一接收器向所述组的核心发送加入请求以建立跨越所有接收器和核心的共享的组播树。源仅向核心发送数据包，且数据包经由组播树发送到组播组的所有接收器。另一方法，协议无关组播(PIM)类似于CBT，但组播树为单向传输的；因此，源必须将组播数据发送到中间节点(称为集合点(RP))，其接着经由组播树使数据涌入。
其它组播方法包含拉动式方法和推动式方法。在基于兴趣的ICN架构(例如CCN和命名的数据网络(NDN))中采用拉动式方法。已证明，在沿着针对具有所请求的内容的站点的树汇总兴趣的条件下，NDN和CCN提供本机支持以用于组播。然而，假设兴趣阐述请求的组播源的名称且组播组源的现况资讯在网络中播发，CCN和NDN仅可提供用于单源组播的有效支持。在通过大量源组播的情况下此方法并未很好地起作用，由于每一组播源必须在网络中已知且需要保持针对每一此类源的树，其并未很好地按比例缩放。
已通过不基于兴趣的其它ICN架构采用推动式组播方法。面向内容的公布/订用系统(COPSS)为基于PIM的方法的良好实例。在COPSS中，用户订用内容描述符(CD)上的内容，其可为任何法定的内容名称，且每一CD与集合点(RP)相关联。RP的数目可与ICN节点的数目一样大。路由器保持基于CD的预订表以将同一功能性作为IP组播提供，且COPSS支持在内容层处组播的稀疏模式。RP从一个或多个发行者接收内容且将其经由通过用于组播组的路由器建立的组播树发送。然而，此类推动式组播方案可为低效的，尤其在支持多源组播时。
本发明的实施例提供可支持基于兴趣的ICN架构中的多源组播且比基于PIM的方法更有效的信息中心组播系统(ICM)。假设ICM系统的操作如下：(a)每一网络节点通过扁平或分层结构指定名称；(b)可借助于唯一名称请求每一组播组；(c)组播组名称(MGN)可使用扁平或分层命名(例如基于HSVLI的命名)表示，且同一命名规则用于整个系统；且(d)路由协议在网络中操作以将具有至少一条路线的每一路由器提供到在网络中播发的每一组播组的最近的实例。
为了实施ICM，路由器保持大量的数据结构，包含链路开销表(LTi)、相邻节点表(NTi)或拓扑表(TTi)、路由表(RTi)和多点路由表(MRTi)。应注意，链路开销表、相邻节点/拓扑表和路由表通过在ICN中运行的内容路由协议提供，且多点路由表通过ICM构建。
路由器i的链路开销表(LTi)列举了从路由器i到其相邻节点中的每一个的链路的开销。在本发明中，从路由器i到路由器k的链路表示为(i，k)且链路的开销表示为
Figure BDA0000871535930000071
在一些实施例中，假设链路的开销为正数，其可为通过链路中的路由器i制定的管理限制和性能测量的函数。链路(i，k)的链路开销表中的条目包含相邻节点k的名称和链路的开销
Figure BDA0000871535930000072
相邻节点表(NTi)将集合Ni(其含有路由器i和其相邻路由器)中每一路由器的路由信息存储到前缀。在一些实施例中，关于前缀j的路由器k的存储于NTi中的信息表示为
Figure BDA0000871535930000073
且由所述前缀的最近的锚和根锚的路由信息构成。
图2呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的例示性相邻节点表的图。在图2中，通过路由器i保持的相邻节点表200包含通过相邻路由器的名称和前缀索引化的大量条目。举例来说，条目202包含关于前缀j的路由器k的信息。条目202包含通过k报告的前缀j的最近的锚的路由信息，其为阐述存储前缀j的锚
Figure BDA0000871535930000074
从相邻节点k到前缀j的距离
Figure BDA0000871535930000075
和通过前缀j的
Figure BDA0000871535930000076
产生的序号
Figure BDA0000871535930000077
的3元组。条目202还包含前缀j的根锚的路由信息，其为识别前缀j的根锚
Figure BDA0000871535930000078
从相邻节点k到j的根锚
Figure BDA0000871535930000079
的距离和通过前缀j的
Figure BDA00008715359300000710
产生的序号
Figure BDA00008715359300000711
的3元组。前缀的根锚为具有最小名称或最小字典序值的前缀的锚。在本发明中，|i|表示名称i的字典序值。因此，在每一路由器i处且对于任何相邻节点k∈Ni，
Figure BDA00008715359300000712
且
Figure BDA00008715359300000713
其中
Figure BDA00008715359300000714
为前缀j的根锚。
应注意，如果前缀j在路由器i处为本地可用的，那么
Figure BDA00008715359300000715
且
Figure BDA00008715359300000716
在此情况下，路由器i为前缀j的其自身的最近的锚，但可以不是前缀j的根锚。从路由器i到根锚
Figure BDA00008715359300000717
的距离为
Figure BDA00008715359300000718
其中s≠i为通过路由器i选择的到根锚
Figure BDA00008715359300000719
的下一跳。如果路由器i为前缀j的根锚，那么
Figure BDA00008715359300000720
在一些实施例中，当网络运行基于链路状态信息的内容路由协议时，相邻节点表(NTi)中包含的信息可从拓扑表(TTi)导出。拓扑表(TTi)阐述通过每一路由器的每一相邻节点和每一已知的前缀报告或转发的链路状态信息。在一些实施例中，存储于TTi中的信息包含从i到每一相邻节点和到每一本地可用的前缀的链路，以及到通过相邻路由器转发的节点或前缀的链路。
保持在路由器i处的路由表(RTi)存储在路由器i处已知的每一前缀的路由信息。在一些实施例中，路由表可包含通过前缀索引化的多个条目。图3呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的例示性路由表的图。在图3中，通过路由器i保持的路由表300包含多个条目。每一条目包含前缀的名称、用于前缀的路由更新信息、到前缀的有效的下一跳相邻节点的集合、提供到前缀的最短距离的相邻节点和存储通过任何下一跳相邻节点报告的每一不同的有效的锚的元组的锚列表。举例来说，条目302包含前缀(j)、路由更新信息
Figure BDA0000871535930000081
到前缀j的有效的下一跳相邻节点的集合
Figure BDA0000871535930000082
到前缀j的最短路径相邻节点
Figure BDA0000871535930000083
和锚集合
Figure BDA0000871535930000084
路由更新信息
Figure BDA0000871535930000085
包含3元组，其阐述从路由器i到前缀j的当前距离
Figure BDA0000871535930000086
具有提供到j的最短距离的那些名称之中的最小的名称的前缀的锚
Figure BDA0000871535930000087
和通过前缀j的
Figure BDA0000871535930000088
产生的序号
Figure BDA0000871535930000089
锚集合
Figure BDA00008715359300000810
字储通过任何下一跳相邻节点报告的每一不同的有效的锚的元组
Figure BDA00008715359300000811
其中m为锚的名称且sn(m)为通过锚m报告的序号。
多点路由表(MRTi)包含通过前缀索引化的多个条目，且通过路由器之中的消息的交换更新。图4呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的例示性多点路由表的图。在图4中，通过路由器i保持的多点路由表400包含多个条目。每一条目包含前缀的名称、前缀的多点更新信息和已加入前缀的MIDST的相邻节点的列表。举例来说，条目402包含前缀(j)、前缀j的多点更新信息
Figure BDA00008715359300000812
和已加入前缀j的MIDST的相邻节点的集合
Figure BDA00008715359300000813
多点更新信息
Figure BDA00008715359300000814
包含3元组，其阐述前缀j的根锚
Figure BDA00008715359300000815
到根锚的距离
Figure BDA00008715359300000816
和通过前缀j的
Figure BDA00008715359300000817
产生的序号
Figure BDA00008715359300000818
每一路由器更新基于从其相邻节点接收的更新消息和在路由器之中交换的传信消息的其多点路由表以加入某些MIDTS。
在一些实施例中，从路由器i发送到其相邻节点m的更新消息可包含路由器i的名称、用于识别消息的消息序号(msni)和更新(其为对需要更新的每一前缀的更新)的列表。通过路由器i发送的对前缀j的更新表示为
Figure BDA00008715359300000819
且阐述前缀j的名称、到j的距离
Figure BDA00008715359300000820
锚
Figure BDA00008715359300000821
和通过前缀j的锚
Figure BDA00008715359300000822
产生的序号
Figure BDA00008715359300000823
另一方面，通过路由器i从针对前缀j的路由器i的相邻节点k接收的更新消息可表示为
Figure BDA00008715359300000824
且阐述前缀j的名称、到j的距离
Figure BDA00008715359300000825
锚
Figure BDA00008715359300000826
和通过针对前缀j的锚
Figure BDA00008715359300000827
产生的序号
Figure BDA00008715359300000828
ICM支持借助于多重实例化目的地生成树(MIDST)路由到组播组。对应于组播组的给定前缀的所有锚经由针对前缀的MIDST(其在所述前缀的根锚处生根)与彼此连接。在一些实施例中，MIDST使用仅通过定位于同一组的根锚和其它锚之间的路由器交换的路由更新来建立。
针对前缀的MIDST可以分布式方式建立。更确切地说，知道关于除被认为是根锚的锚以外的前缀的多个锚的路由器将关于沿着优选的路径的根锚的更新发送到其知道的其它锚中的每一个。接收关于根锚的更新的路由器将其自身的更新发送到其优选的下一跳再到其知道的其它锚中的每一个。因此，关于根锚的距离更新传播到同一前缀的所有其它锚。关于根锚的更新仅传播到在根锚与其它锚之间的优选路径中的那些路由器。如果路由器i改变前缀j的根锚的路由器i的路由信息，前缀j将关于其根锚的更新安排到满足根锚通知书条件(RNC)的每一相邻节点。RNC阐述仅当以下两个表述为真时，路由器i才将多点更新(其包含3元组
Figure BDA0000871535930000091
)发送到路由器k∈Ni-{i}：
表述(1)：
Figure BDA0000871535930000092
且
表述(2)：
Figure BDA0000871535930000093
应注意，|i|表示名称i的字典序值。
表述(1)指示路由器k尚未报告为其锚或根锚(通过路由器i查看的同一根锚)。表述(2)指示如果i为锚且所有其相邻节点将i报告为其选择的锚，或k为到不是根锚的锚的字典顺序上最小的下一跳，那么路由器i将关于根锚的更新转发到路由器k。
图5呈现展示根据本发明的实施例的实施ICM的路由器的例示性架构的图。在图5中，ICM路由器500包含相邻节点表模块502、路由表模块504、多点路由表模块506、接收更新模块508、相邻节点选择模块510、转发模块512、请求生成模块514和接收和处理响应模块516。
相邻节点表模块502负责保持和更新相邻节点表。路由表模块504负责保持和更新路由表。如先前所论述，相邻节点表和路由表中包含的信息和这两个表的更新通过在网络中运行的内容路由协议处理。本发明的范围并不通过使用的特定内容路由协议进行限制。在一些实施例中，基于距离的内容路由(DCR)协议用于ICN中的内容路由。
多点路由表模块506负责保持和更新多点路由表。在一些实施例中，路由器更新基于关于前缀的锚和/或根锚的更新消息的多点路由表中的条目和在路由器之中交换的“加入”消息。
接收更新模块508负责接收根锚更新。所接收的更新可导致多点路由表模块506更新包含关于根锚的信息的多点路由表。相邻节点选择模块510负责选择用于转发根锚更新的相邻节点；且转发模块512负责转发根锚更新。在一些实施例中，转发模块512也负责在本地转发关于根锚的起源更新。相邻节点选择模块510基于存储于路由器(例如链路开销表、相邻节点表和多点路由表)中的信息选择用于转发特定前缀的根锚更新的一个或多个路由器。在一些实施例中，相邻节点选择模块510选择符合RNC条件的相邻节点的集合，且转发模块512将根锚更新转发到选定的相邻节点。应注意，与使用用于组播的信号传递包大量涌入网络的其它方法相比，在本发明的实施例中，更新仅在网络中的路由器的子集之中交换。实际上，更新仅发送到为同一组播组中的锚的路由器或位于根锚与其它锚之间的中继路由器。
请求生成模块514负责生成“加入”请求。更确切地说，当路由器想要加入组播组时，不管是作为源或接收器，请求生成模块514都生成“加入”请求。在一些实施例中，“加入”请求包含组播组的名称和根锚的名称。在此种“加入”请求生成之后，相邻节点选择模块510即刻在到前缀的根锚的路由器的下一跳相邻节点之中选择具有最小字典序值的相邻节点。在一些实施例中，路由器基于相邻节点是否符合根锚排序条件(ROC)选择相邻节点作为到根锚的其下一跳相邻节点。更确切地说，仅当以下三个表述为真时，ROC才阐述路由器i可选择相邻节点k∈Ni作为针对前缀j的其下一跳相邻节点：
表述(3)：
Figure BDA0000871535930000101
表述(4)：
Figure BDA0000871535930000102
且
表述(5)：
Figure BDA0000871535930000103
应注意，表述(3)阐述通过相邻节点k报告的根锚具有由路由器i已知的前缀j的所有锚之中的最小名称(最小字典序值)；表述(4)阐述相邻节点k必须提供到所有相邻节点之中的根锚的最短距离；且表述(5)通过基于到根锚的距离和通过根锚产生的序号的路由器i的选定到根锚的下一跳来排序路由器i。更确切地说，表述(5)阐述选定的下一跳k必须报告通过根锚产生的比i的序号更大的序号，或必须提供到根锚的更短距离。
在接收此种“加入”请求之后，路由器即刻根据ROC将此种请求转发到到根锚的其在字典顺序上最小的下一跳。以此方式，“加入”请求穿越路径到前缀的根锚，直到其到达根锚或已经为组播组的MIDST的一部分的路由器x。在一些实施例中，接收和转发“加入”请求的每一路由器存储针对有限时段的请求的条目。在另外的实施例中，请求的条目保持在类似于CCN中的待定兴趣表的数据结构中。此条目指示从相邻节点接收“加入”请求，因此使得对“加入”请求的响应能够穿越“加入”请求的反向路径。接收和处理响应模块516负责接收和处理对“加入”请求的响应。一旦此种响应经处理，路由器变成前缀的MIDST的一部分。如可以看到的，由于路由器仅将“加入”请求转发到符合ROC的其相邻节点，非常少的路由器和链路用于建立组播组的MIDST所需要的信号传递中。更确切地说，除了为到根锚的优选的路径的一部分的链路以外，只有沿着前缀的根锚与另一锚之间的最短路径的那些路由器可参与“加入”请求的传播。相较于构建共享组播树或基于组播树的集合点(RP)的传统方法，此种过程更有效，其中所有路由器必须具有到预定义根锚的路线。
ICM操作实例
图6说明根据本发明的实施例的例示性ICN中的根锚更新的传播。在图6中，网络600包含二十个路由器，每一个通过其名称(例如路由器a、c、r、…、x和y)进行识别。在图6中所示的实例中，四个路由器(路由器c、d、u和o，其在图式中为阴影)充当特定组播组mg的锚。由于这些路由器具有mg的附接的源或附接的接收器，因此这些路由器是mg的锚，取决于mg的组播模态。在四个锚之中，锚c具有最小字典序值，且其为根锚。应注意，在图6中，假设每一链路具有一个单位开销。
在图6中，一个或多个元组紧邻每一路由器按字典序排列，其中每一元组阐述到mg的锚和所述锚的标识符的距离。列表中的第一元组阐述到mg和锚(其具有在同一距离处的所有锚之中的最小名称)的最小距离。举例来说，三个元组紧邻路由器p排列，阐述从路由器骨干路由器到锚o的距离为1(1跳数)；到锚u的距离为1(1跳数)；且到锚d的距离为2(2跳数)。换句话说，从路由器p到前缀的锚的最小距离为1，且此种最小距离是对于锚o来说的。应注意，尽管从路由器p到锚o和u的距离都为1，但锚o由于其具有比锚u更小的字典序值而被列为优选的锚。存在紧邻路由器h排列的两个元组，其阐述从路由器h到锚c的距离为2(2跳数)，且到锚u的距离为2(2跳数)。类似地，由于锚c具有比路由器u更小的字典序值，即使距离相同，但锚c列于第一元组中，指示锚c为针对路由器h的优选的锚。
在图6中，箭头指示根据其转发信息库(FIB)中的条目的两个路由器之间的接口的方向。举例来说，从路由器p指向路由器u的箭头指示在通过路由器p保持的FIB中，路由器u为用于具有名称前缀mg的兴趣的传出面。另一方面，在通过路由器u保持的FIB中，路由器p为用于具有名称前缀mg的兴趣的传入面。出于说明的目的，图6用特定锚和到具有相同色彩的特定锚的优选的下一跳进行色彩编码。换句话说，具有锚的色彩的箭头指示对应的链路为针对所述锚的优选的下一跳(即，下一跳在字典顺序上最小)。举例来说，链路(w，b)为蓝色，指示路由器b为对于路由器w来说到锚c(也为蓝色)的优选的下一跳；且链路(m，r)为绿色，指示路由器r为对于路由器m来说到锚d(也为绿色)的优选的下一跳。黑色的箭头指示到锚的非优选的下一跳。举例来说，链路(m，i)为黑色，其可指示路由器i为到锚o的下一跳，但由于锚o具有较大字典序值，因此此链路并非优选的链路。
在图6中，根锚(路由器c)为蓝色，且虚线箭头和蓝色箭头指示链路，经由那些链路关于路由器c为mg的根锚的更新在远离路由器c的方向中传播。应注意，更新的传播需要遵守RNC。举例来说，由于相邻节点为对于路由器b来说到锚o的最佳选择，因此路由器b将根锚更新传播到路由器e，且路由器g将根锚更新传播到锚u由于其为对于锚u来说的最佳选择。路由器o传播阐述锚c为对于所有其相邻节点来说的mg的根锚的更新，由于锚c为在所有其相邻节点都报告锚o为其优选的锚的情况下的锚。应注意，这些通过RNC的表述(2)指定。如我们可见，由于RNC，关于前缀的根锚的更新可到达所述前缀的所有其它锚。然而，如我们从图6可见，一些路由器(例如路由器r和m，由于它们并未连接到蓝色或虚线箭头)无需参与关于根锚c的更新的传播，且可不接收关于mg(其中c作为锚)的更新。与更新必须大量涌入整个网络的传统方法相比，此为有利的。
图7说明根据本发明的实施例的例示性ICN中的多重实例化目的地生成树(MIDST)的建立。()图7中所示的网络为图6中所示的同一网络600，且包含二十个路由器，每一个通过其名称(例如路由器a、c、r、…、和y)识别。如先前所论述，当锚(例如锚u)想要加入组播组mg(其根锚为c)时，需要发送“加入”请求到其字典顺序上最小的下一跳再到c。如图7中所示，路由器u可发送“加入”请求到路由器g，路由器g经由路由器e和b将请求转发到根锚c。类似地，其它锚(d和o)也将其“加入”请求发送到根锚c以便加入mg的MIDST。举例来说，路由器o可发送“加入”请求到c，且当此种请求达到u(其已经在MIDST中)时，响应将穿越“加入”请求的反向路径发送回o。所述路径上的路由器变成MIDST的一部分。在图7中，构成前缀mg的MIDST的链路通过橙色实线指示，且用于前缀mg的多点数据业务可在那些链路的两个方向上流动。
取决于组播组采用的组播模态(SIM或RIM)，MIDST可以不同方式使用于ICM的实施方式中。
在源启动组播(SIM)中，组播组的源在网络中播发其现况资讯且接收器试图加入源组。组播组的锚为所述组的源。组播组的每一源使用组播组管理协议(MGMP)将其现况资讯播发到附接的路由器，所述协议可使用基于兴趣的信号传递或推动式信号传递实施，取决于其使用于哪一个ICN架构中。从组播源发送到其附接的路由器的MGMP消息阐述组播组、执行SIM的请求(其中请求方充当所述组的源)以及任选的属性的名称。在一些实施例中，属性可包含删除计时器，其告知路由器源保持作用中的时间的长度。组播组的名称指示组播组以SIM模态操作的事实。在组播组的源使得附接的路由器通过名称播发所述组的现况资讯的条件下，附接至组播源的路由器为组播组的锚。
路由器使用内容路由协议(例如DCR)以提供路由到组播组的最近的源，且ICM构建和维护组播组的MIDST。所得的MIDST连接组播组的所有源。为了从所述组的所有组播源接收内容，接收器仅发送兴趣到阐述组播组名称的其附接的路由器。反过来，路由器发送兴趣到组播组的最近的已知锚。来自组播组的内容经由通过兴趣穿越的反向路径传递。附接至组播组的源的路由器转发内容到将兴趣提交给所述组的每一相邻节点，以及为经产生以用于组播组的MIDST的成员的每一相邻节点。因此，接收器能够从组播组的所有源获得内容，因为它们阐述兴趣。ICM的SIM模态可用于实施可用于NDN和CCN中的单源组播支持的简单延伸。接收器仅发送请求来自组播组的所有源的内容的兴趣(在此类兴趣中气通过名称表示)，而非每一接收器必须发送每一组播源的兴趣。应注意，要求接收器提交用于组播内容的兴趣不如推动式方法有效。ICM可通过定义引出多个数据对象的长期兴趣更高效地使用于CCN和NDN中。
在接收器启动组播(RIM)中，组播组的接收器在网络中播发其现况资讯且所述源将内容发送到所述组的最近的接收器。RIM中组播组的锚为所述组的接收器。组播组的每一接收器使用组播组管理协议(MGMP)将其现况资讯播发到附接的路由器。从组播接收器发送到其附接的路由器的MGMP消息阐述组播组、执行RIM模态的请求(其中请求方充当所述组的接收器)以及任选的属性的名称。在一些实施例中，属性可包含删除计时器，其告知路由器源保持作用中的时间的长度。组播组的名称指示组播组使用RIM模态操作的事实。附接至组播接收器的路由器为组播组的锚。路由器使用内容路由协议(例如DCR)以将路由提供到组播组的最近的源，且ICM使用通过路由协议提供的最近的实例路由信息构建和维护组播组的MIDST。所得的MIDST连接组播组的所有接收器。为了将内容发送到所述组的组播接收器，源仅将内容发送到其附接的路由器，路由器又将内容发送到基于最近的实例路由信息的所述组的最近的锚。所述组的第一个锚或接收内容的组播组的MIDST中的路由器经由MIDST广播内容。因此，组播组的所有接收器从任何一个源获得内容。
计算机及通信系统
图8说明根据本发明的实施例的用于信息中心组播的例示性系统。用于信息中心组播的系统800包括处理器810、存储器820和存储装置830。存储装置830通常存储可以加载到存储器820中并且由处理器810执行以执行上述方法的指令。在一个实施例中，存储装置830中的指令可实施相邻节点表模块832、路由表模块834、多点路由表模块836、接收更新模块838、相邻节点选择模块840、转发模块842、请求生成模块844和接收和处理响应模块846，所有模块都可经由各种方法与彼此通信。
在一些实施例中，模块832到846在硬件中可部分或完全地实施且可为处理器810的一部分。另外，在一些实施例中，所述系统可能不包含单独的处理器和存储器。实际上，除执行其特定任务之外，模块832到846还单独地或协同地可以是通用或专用计算引擎的一部分。
存储装置830存储待由处理器810执行的程序。确切地说，存储装置830存储实施用于信息中心组播的系统(应用程序)的程序。在操作期间，应用程序可从存储装置830载入存储器820且由处理器810执行。因此，系统800可以执行上述功能。系统800可以耦合到任选的显示器880(其可以是触摸屏显示器)、键盘860和指向装置870，并且还可以经由一个或多个网络接口耦合到网络882。
此详细描述中所描述的数据结构以及代码通常存储在计算机可读存储媒体上，所述计算机可读存储媒体可以是可存储计算机系统可用的代码和/或数据的任何装置或媒体。计算机可读存储媒体包含(但不限于)易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁性以及光学存储装置，例如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用光盘或数字视频光盘)、或能够存储目前已知或随后开发的计算机可读媒体的其它媒体。
在详细描述部分中所描述的方法和过程可体现为代码和/或数据，代码和/或数据可存储于如上文所描述的计算机可读存储媒体中。当计算机系统读取并且执行存储于计算机可读存储媒体上的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行体现为数据结构以及代码且存储在计算机可读存储媒体内的方法以及过程。
此外，本文中所描述的方法以及过程可包含在硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可包含(但不限于)专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或一段代码的专用处理器或共享处理器、和/或目前已知或随后开发的其它可编程逻辑装置。当硬体模块或设备启动时，这些硬体模块或设备执行其内部所包含的方法和过程。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的组播组相关联的路由信息的计算机可执行方法，所述方法包括：
通过所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收用于所述组播组的更新消息，其中所述组播组与分层结构化的可变长度识别符(HSVLI)的前缀相关联，所述HSVLI包括名称组成部分的有序列表，所述有序列表具有分层结构并且包括从最一般层级到最特定层级排序的连续组成部分，其中所述组播组包含与所述前缀相关联的大量锚节点，所述锚节点包括具有名称的根锚节点，所述名称具有所述锚节点中的最小字典序值，且其中所述更新消息指定所述前缀；
基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息从所述第一节点的相邻节点选择符合通知书条件的一个或多个下一跳相邻节点；并且
将所述更新消息转发到所述一个或多个下一跳相邻节点。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中符合所述通知书条件的下一跳相邻节点为所述组播组的锚节点，且所述锚节点的所有相邻节点将所述锚节点报告为优选的锚节点。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中符合所述通知书条件的下一跳相邻节点提供处理到所述第一节点的距离与链路开销的最小总和的相邻节点中的最小字典序值。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其进一步包括：
通过意图加入所述组播组的第二节点产生加入请求；
基于排序条件选择所述第二节点的相邻节点作为到所述组播组的所述根锚的下一跳节点，其中所述第二节点的到所述根锚节点的所述下一跳节点提供到所述根锚节点的最短路径；并且
将所述加入请求转发到所述第二节点的所选择的相邻节点。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其进一步包括：
接收对从所述组播组的所述根锚节点或锚节点发送的所述加入请求的响应；
其中所述响应穿越所述加入请求的反向路径到所述第二节点。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其进一步包括：
建立与所述前缀相关联的多重实例化目的地生成树(MIDST)，其中所述MIDST连接所述根锚节点、所述锚节点和接收所述加入请求的一个或多个路由器；以及
在与所述前缀相关联的多点路由表条目中更新已经加入与所述前缀相关联的所述MIDST的相邻节点的列表。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述根锚节点和所述锚节点为以下两者中的一个：
所述组播组的源；以及
所述组播组的接收器。
8.一种存储指令的非暂时性计算机可读存储介质，当所述指令由计算装置执行时，致使所述计算装置执行用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的组播组相关联的路由信息的方法，所述方法包括：
通过所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收用于所述组播组的更新消息，其中所述组播组与分层结构化的可变长度识别符(HSVLI)的前缀相关联，所述HSVLI包括名称组成部分的有序列表，所述有序列表具有分层结构并且包括从最一般层级到最特定层级排序的连续组成部分，其中所述组播组包与所述前缀相关联的大量锚节点，所述锚节点包括具有名称的根锚节点，所述名称具有所述锚节点中的最小字典序值，且其中所述更新消息指定所述前缀；
基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息从所述第一节点的相邻节点选择符合通知书条件的一个或多个下一跳相邻节点；并且
将所述更新消息转发到所述一个或多个下一跳相邻节点。
9.根据权利要求8所述的计算机可读存储介质，其中符合所述通知书条件的下一跳相邻节点为所述组播组的锚节点，且所述锚节点的所有相邻节点将所述锚节点报告为优选的锚节点。
10.一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的组播组相关联的路由信息的计算机系统，所述系统包括：
处理器；以及
存储装置，其耦合到所述处理器上且存储当由所述处理器执行时致使所述处理器执行方法的指令，所述方法包括：
通过所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收用于所述组播组的更新消息，其中所述组播组与分层结构化的可变长度识别符(HSVLI)的前缀相关联，所述HSVLI包括名称组成部分的有序列表，所述有序列表具有分层结构并且包括从最一般层级到最特定层级排序的连续组成部分，其中所述组播组包含与所述前缀相关联的大量锚节点，所述锚节点包括具有名称的根锚节点，所述名称具有所述锚节点中的最小字典序值，且其中所述更新消息指定所述前缀；
基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息从所述第一节点的相邻节点选择符合通知书条件的一个或多个下一跳相邻节点；并且
将所述更新消息转发到所述一个或多个下一跳相邻节点。
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