CN105722591B - 废气净化用催化剂及废气净化用催化剂构成体 - Google Patents
废气净化用催化剂及废气净化用催化剂构成体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105722591B CN105722591B CN201480061646.9A CN201480061646A CN105722591B CN 105722591 B CN105722591 B CN 105722591B CN 201480061646 A CN201480061646 A CN 201480061646A CN 105722591 B CN105722591 B CN 105722591B
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- Prior art keywords
- aluminium borate
- modification
- exhaust gas
- gas purification
- purification catalyst
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- OJMOMXZKOWKUTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;borate Chemical compound [Al+3].[O-]B([O-])[O-] OJMOMXZKOWKUTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 53
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 12
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical group CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 6
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 5
- SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium isopropoxide Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;oxozirconium Chemical compound [Zr]=O.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 4
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 Boric acid aluminum Chemical compound 0.000 description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 3
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitrate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BNHGVULTSGNVIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCOCCOC(C)O BNHGVULTSGNVIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000208340 Araliaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- BMTAFVWTTFSTOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylate Chemical group CCSC(=O)N(CC(C)C)CC(C)C BMTAFVWTTFSTOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVJSDNKGCNXYQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N CO.[B] Chemical compound CO.[B] DVJSDNKGCNXYQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000005035 Panax pseudoginseng ssp. pseudoginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDKFFYVMDMUQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].C(C)(C)O Chemical compound [B].C(C)(C)O IJDKFFYVMDMUQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALAKTRPZDBMVIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].C(C)OC(C)O Chemical compound [B].C(C)OC(C)O ALAKTRPZDBMVIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOTODGFHAODHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].C(CCC)O Chemical compound [B].C(CCC)O ZOTODGFHAODHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N boronic acid Chemical compound OBO ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000008434 ginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000360 iron(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributoxyalumane Chemical class [Al+3].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L zirconyl chloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)=O IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B01J21/08—Silica
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- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8906—Iron and noble metals
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
- B01J37/0244—Coatings comprising several layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本发明涉及废气净化用催化剂,其特征在于,其包含含有修饰硼酸铝的载体和担载在该载体上的铂族元素,所述修饰硼酸铝在硼酸铝上含有选自包括Zr、Si、Fe和Ti的组中的元素的氧化物中的至少一种氧化物,其中,所述氧化物的浓度以修饰硼酸铝的质量为基准计为0.06质量%~18质量%。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及废气净化用催化剂及废气净化用催化剂构成体,更详细而言,本发明涉及耐硫性优异的废气净化用催化剂及废气净化用催化剂构成体。
背景技术
从汽车等的内燃机排出的废气中含有烃(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOX)等有害成分。因此,一直以来,为了将这些有害成分净化进行无害化,使用了三元催化剂。
这样的三元催化剂中,作为催化剂活性成分使用Pt、Pd、Rh等贵金属;作为载体使用氧化铝、二氧化铈、氧化锆或具有氧吸留能力的二氧化铈-氧化锆复合氧化物等;作为催化剂支撑体使用由陶瓷或金属材料构成的蜂窝、板、颗粒等形状的材料。
随着汽车废气的监管强化,受到作为内燃机废气净化用催化剂的主要催化剂活性成分的Pt及Rh的需求增大、价格高涨的影响,特别是Rh的价格变动的影响大,因此期望替换成虽为贵金属但廉价的Pd,通过对将较廉价的Pd用作催化剂活性成分来降低废气净化用催化剂的成本进行了研究,提出了各种手段。其中,也有作为载体使用硼酸铝的例子,其是通过使催化剂成分担载在含有外侧被硼酸铝晶须覆盖、其内部形成有中空部的粉状体的压粉体上,通过提高经处理的废气的气体扩散性,获得了与以往相比更为优异的催化剂性能(参照专利文献1)。但是,硼酸铝的晶须由于为针状而比表面积小,因此在被用作废气净化用催化剂时无法避免发生贵金属的凝聚,在耐久性方面存在问题。因此,作为解决这样的问题的发明,本申请人之前作为载体开发了使用了特定的硼酸铝的催化剂(参照专利文献2、3)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2002-370035号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2012-16685号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2013-75286号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的技术问题
但是,已知催化剂所包含的Pd成分因废气中所包含的硫(S)成分而催化剂性能降低,使耐硫性提高是废气催化剂开发中的大课题。
本发明的目的在于,通过使用硼酸铝作为载体而提供一种耐硫性优异的废气净化用催化剂及废气净化用催化剂构成体。
用于解决技术问题的方法
为了实现上述目的本发明者们进行了深入研究,结果发现,通过对具有笼型结构的硼酸铝修饰ZrO2、SiO2、Fe2O3、TiO2等具有酸性元素的化合物,耐硫性提高,从而完成了本发明。
即,本发明的一个方式涉及一种废气净化用催化剂,其特征在于,其包含含有修饰硼酸铝的载体和担载在该载体上的铂族元素,所述修饰硼酸铝在硼酸铝上含有选自包括Zr、Si、Fe和Ti的组中的元素的氧化物中的至少一种(以下有时也称为“修饰元素”)氧化物,其中,所述氧化物的浓度以修饰硼酸铝的质量为基准计为0.06质量%~18质量%。
这里,担载在所述载体上的铂族元素优选为Pd、Pt、Rh或Ru中的任一种或两种以上。
另外,本发明的另一方式涉及一种废气净化用催化剂构成体,其特征在于,其包含由陶瓷或金属材料构成的催化剂支撑体、和担载在该催化剂支撑体上的上述废气净化用催化剂的层。
其中,关于硼酸铝的特性及其制造方法等,例如记载于Siba P.Ray,“Preparationand Characterization of Aluminum Borate”,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.,75〔9〕,p2605-2609(1992)等。
以往,硼酸铝通过化学分析用式9Al2O3·2B2O3(Al18B4O33)表示,但Martin等在“Crystal-chemistry of mullite-type aluminoborates Al18B4O33and Al5BO9:Astoichiometry puzzle”,Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184(2011)70-80中记载了,通过晶体结构解析,硼酸铝用Al5BO9(5Al2O3:B2O3、Al20B4O36)、即式10Al2O3·2B2O3表示,对于硼酸铝而言,9Al2O3·2B2O3(Al18B4O33)及Al5BO9(5Al2O3:B2O3、Al20B4O36)这两者是容许(即同一物质)。
因此,本发明中使用的硼酸铝包含用式10Al2O3·2B2O3(5Al2O3:B2O3、Al20B4O36)表示者或用式9Al2O3·2B2O3(Al18B4O33)表示者。该硼酸铝经X射线衍射鉴定与式10Al2O3·2B2O3表示的硼酸铝相同,作为另一存在形态,在X射线衍射的标准图中也可以是以9Al2O3·2B2O3(Al18B4O33)存在者。即,包含可鉴定为与式10Al2O3·2B2O3或式9Al2O3·2B2O3(Al18B4O33)相同者中的至少一个或两者。
发明效果
本发明的废气净化用催化剂的耐硫性优异且硫中毒后的净化性能优异。
具体实施方式
本发明的废气净化用催化剂中使用的载体包含在硼酸铝上含有选自包括Zr、Si、Fe和Ti的组中的元素的氧化物中的至少一种氧化物的修饰硼酸铝。推测这样的修饰硼酸铝由于在表面存在酸性元素,表面的酸性增强,因此难以被硫攻击,由此防止了担载的Pd等铂族元素的失活。其中,硼酸铝优选具有笼型结构。
修饰硼酸铝粒子在利用水银测孔计测定的对数微分孔容分布中,优选在孔容径为20nm~100nm的范围内具有细孔峰,其中,进一步优选在孔容径为25nm~70nm的范围内具有细孔峰。当该细孔峰存在于孔容径为20nm以上的范围内时,废气中所含的硫分的蓄积所导致的孔隙闭塞变得难以发生,耐硫性变得优异。因此,能够有效地抑制担载在催化剂上的贵金属的催化剂性能降低。另一方面考虑,按照细孔峰存在于孔容径为100nm处的方式进行制造是制造上的界限。
这里,作为铂族元素,可列举出钌(Ru)、铑(Rh)、钯(Pd)、锇(Os)、铱(Ir)、铂(Pt),可以将其中的至少一种或两种以上铂族元素用于本发明的废气净化用催化剂。另外,本发明应用于含Pd的废气净化用催化剂是有效的。
修饰元素的氧化物的含有浓度相对于担载了所述氧化物的修饰硼酸铝优选为0.06~18质量%、更优选为0.10~10质量%。这是由于,当少于该范围时,含有的效果无法充分且显著地发挥,而当多于该范围时,表面存在的氧化物上担载有铂族元素,作为活性种的效果降低。其中,修饰元素的氧化物即使具有各氧化物的晶体结构,也可以以任一非晶体状态用于本发明的废气净化用催化剂。
本发明的废气净化用催化剂在含有上述修饰硼酸铝的载体上担载有铂族元素。铂族元素的担载量换算成铂族元素的金属的质量、以载体的质量为基准计优选为0.1~5质量%、更优选为0.2~4质量%。通过使Pd等铂族元素担载在修饰硼酸铝上,与使铂族元素担载于具有氧储藏能力的CeO2-ZrO2时或使铂族元素担载于La稳定化氧化铝时相比,高温耐久后的铂族元素的分散度劣化率更为得到抑制,可谋求高温耐久后的铂族元素烧结的抑制。
本发明的废气净化用催化剂构成体在由陶瓷或金属材料构成的催化剂支撑体上形成并担载有由上述本发明的废气净化用催化剂构成的层。其担载量优选为70~350g/L、更优选为100~300g/L。这样的废气净化用催化剂构成体中,由陶瓷或金属材料构成的催化剂支撑体的形状没有特别的限定,通常为蜂窝、板、颗粒等形状,优选为蜂窝形状。另外,作为这样的催化剂支撑体的材质,可列举出例如氧化铝(Al2O3)、莫来石(3Al2O3-2SiO2)、堇青石(2MgO-2Al2O3-5SiO2)等陶瓷、或不锈钢等金属材料。
作为本发明的废气净化用催化剂构成体的方式的一个例子,可列举出下述构成体:在由陶瓷或金属材料构成的催化剂支撑体上担载包含上述本发明的废气净化用催化剂的层作为下层,然后在该层上形成含有Rh的催化剂层而成者。此时,作为担载在下层的催化剂上的铂族元素,选择Pd。含Rh的催化剂层中的Rh的担载量以含Rh的催化剂层中的载体、例如氧化锆、氧化铝的质量为基准计,优选为0.05~2.0质量%、更优选为0.05~1.5质量%。该形态的废气净化用催化剂构成体中,Pd:Rh之比优选为1:3~50:1、更优选为1:2~40:1。另外,下层的担载量优选为70~250g/L、更优选为100~200g/L,上层的担载量当考虑耐热性、向下层的气体扩散性、排压等时优选为30~150g/L、更优选为50~100g/L。
关于本发明的废气净化用催化剂的制造方法,可如下来制作:将硼酸铝和含有构成选自ZrO2、SiO2、FeO、Fe3O4、Fe2O3和TiO2中的至少一种氧化物的元素、即含有选自Zr、Si、Fe和Ti中的至少一种元素的含修饰元素的化合物的溶液混合,使其蒸发干固,进行烧成制造含有上述氧化物的硼酸铝,接着,将该修饰硼酸铝与Pd化合物的溶液混合,然后使其蒸发干固,进行烧成。其处理工序在下文具体地进行说明。其中,在本说明书、专利权利要求等的记载中,构成“溶液”的溶剂只要能够形成溶液则没有特殊限制,通常使用水。
本发明的废气净化用催化剂的制造方法中使用的式10Al2O3·2B2O3或式9Al2O3·2B2O3(Al18B4O33)表示的硼酸铝有市售,并且能够以实验室规模通过例如下述方法制造。
向浸渍在50℃的热水浴中的三口烧瓶中加入溶剂(例如2-丙醇、丁醇、乙醇)1.5L、用玛瑙乳钵粉碎了的Al的醇盐(例如乙醇铝、异丙醇铝、三异丙醇铝、正丁醇铝、仲丁醇铝、叔丁醇铝、三丁醇铝、苯酚铝、乙氧基乙氧基乙醇铝)200g、及B的醇盐(例如正丙醇硼、三甲基硅氧基硼、乙氧基乙醇硼、乙烯基二甲基硅氧基硼、芳氧基硼(日文原文:ボロンアルリルオキシド)、正丁醇硼、叔丁醇硼、乙醇硼、异丙醇硼、甲醇硼)40.9g,用N2气边置换边搅拌。作为Al的醇盐使用异丙醇铝时,由于异丙醇铝水解时产生2-丙醇,因此作为溶剂使用2-丙醇在制造上是最优选的。Al的醇盐完全溶解后,缓慢滴加溶剂(例如2-丙醇):水=1:1的混合溶液24.6g,使其慢慢水解,生成白色凝胶状物质。将获得的沉淀物用乙醇洗涤,接着用纯水洗涤,过滤后,在120℃下使其干燥过夜(约15小时),在空气中、300℃下烧成3小时,然后进一步在空气中在1000℃下烧成5小时,得到白色产物硼酸铝。该硼酸铝可通过X射线衍射鉴定为与式10Al2O3·2B2O3或式9Al2O3·2B2O3(Al18B4O33)表示的硼酸铝相同。
因此,如此制作硼酸铝时,也可与制造硼酸铝的原料一起混合含修饰元素的化合物,制造修饰硼酸铝。
本发明的废气净化用催化剂的制造方法中,对于将硼酸铝与含修饰元素的化合物(例如硝酸氧锆、氯化氧锆、硝酸锆、硅溶胶、四乙氧基硅烷(Tetra Ethoxy Silane:(TEOS))、硝酸铁、硫酸铁、乙酸铁、氯化钛(III)溶液、氯化钛(IV溶液、二氧化钛溶胶)的溶液或分散液混合的工序,可以将含硼酸铝的料浆与含修饰元素的化合物的溶液或分散液混合,也可以在含修饰元素的化合物的溶液或分散液中添加硼酸铝。
然后,按照使修饰元素的氧化物基本均匀地附着于硼酸铝的表面的方式,在120℃下使其蒸发干固过夜(约15小时),接着在空气中、600℃下烧成3小时,获得经氧化物修饰的修饰硼酸铝、即用于本发明的废气净化用催化剂的载体。
将如此获得的修饰硼酸铝进一步与铂族元素的化合物(可溶性的化合物例如为Pd时的硝酸Pd、氯化Pd、硫酸Pd)的溶液混合。此时,还可以使三元催化剂中普遍使用的通常的载体或具有氧储藏能力(OSC)的CeO2-ZrO2等载体共存。此时,作为铂族元素使用至少一种以上时,还可以同时担载两种以上的铂族元素。
这里,本发明中使用的修饰硼酸铝所含的修饰元素的氧化物或化合物可以替换硼酸铝中的硼或铝的一部分而存在,但更优选未被替换。这些氧化物或化合物优选以在硼酸铝上担载或以表面修饰的形态存在,例如以氧化物等形式存在于晶体晶界等。这样的氧化物或化合物用XRD等进行观察时,未观察到硼酸铝的峰偏移而观察到修饰元素的氧化物或化合物的固有的峰。
其后,使铂族元素的化合物按照基本均匀地附着在载体表面的方式在120℃下蒸发干固过夜(约15小时),接着在空气中、600℃下烧成3小时,得到在修饰硼酸铝上担载有铂族元素的本发明的废气净化用催化剂。
本发明的废气净化用催化剂构成体可通过例如下述方法来制造。将修饰硼酸铝、粘合剂、根据期望的具有氧储藏能力的CeO2-ZrO2等载体及Pd等铂族元素的化合物的溶液混合,进行湿式粉碎处理制备料浆。将获得的料浆按照公知的方法涂布到由陶瓷或金属材料构成的催化剂支撑体、优选蜂窝形状的催化剂支撑体上,使其干燥,进行烧成,得到包含催化剂支撑体和在该催化剂支撑体上担载的废气净化用催化剂的层的废气净化用催化剂构成体。也可同样地制造在该催化剂层上进一步具有Rh催化剂层的废气净化用催化剂构成体。
实施例
以下,基于实施例及比较例对本发明具体地进行说明。
(硼酸铝的制造)
向浸在50℃的热水浴中的三口烧瓶中加入2-丙醇1.5L、用玛瑙乳钵粉碎了的异丙醇铝200g及正丙醇硼40.9g,边用N2气置换边进行搅拌。在异丙醇铝完全溶解(溶液变为透明)后,缓慢滴加2-丙醇:水=1:1的混合溶液24.6g,使其缓缓水解,此时生成白色的凝胶状物质。将获得的沉淀物用乙醇洗涤,接着用纯水洗涤、过滤。其后,在120℃下干燥过夜(约15小时),在空气中、300℃下烧成3小时,进而在空气中、1000℃下烧成5小时,得到白色产物硼酸铝。该硼酸铝通过X射线衍射可鉴定为与用式10Al2O3·2B2O3表示的硼酸铝相同。
(实施例1)
将如上制造的硼酸铝浸渍到硝酸氧锆水溶液中。该硝酸氧锆水溶液中的硝酸氧锆的量为使作为目标的经ZrO2修饰的用式10Al2O3·2B2O3表示的硼酸铝中的ZrO2的量达到1质量%的量。其后,在120℃下使其蒸发干固过夜(约15小时),在空气中、600℃下烧成3小时,得到1质量%的经ZrO2修饰的用式10Al2O3·2B2O3表示的硼酸铝。
将添加有含有1质量%的ZrO2的修饰硼酸铝99质量份、作为Pd以金属换算计相当于1质量份的硝酸Pd和适量的离子交换水的料浆搅拌,然后干燥,在500℃下烧成1小时,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例2)
将如上制造的硼酸铝浸渍到硅溶胶(SnowTex O40)中。该硅溶胶的量使得作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为1质量%。之后的处理与实施例1同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例3)
将如上制造的硼酸铝浸渍到硝酸铁水溶液中。该硝酸Fe水溶液的硝酸Fe的量使得作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为1质量%。之后的处理与实施例1同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例4)
将如上制造的硼酸铝浸渍到氯化钛(III)溶液中。该氯化钛(III)溶液中的氯化钛的量使得作为目标的经TiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的TiO2为1质量%。之后的处理与实施例1同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例5)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为0.06质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例6)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为0.10质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例7)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为0.50质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例8)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为5.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例9)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为10.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例10)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为18.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例11)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为0.06质量%,除此之外,与实施例3同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例12)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为0.10质量%,除此之外,与实施例3同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例13)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为0.50质量%,除此之外,与实施例3同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例14)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为5.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例3同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例15)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为10.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例3同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(实施例16)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为18.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例3同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(比较例1)
将添加有如上制造的硼酸铝99质量份、作为Pd以金属换算计相当于1质量份的硝酸Pd和适量的离子交换水的料浆搅拌,然后干燥,在500℃下烧成1小时,得到担载有Pd的硼酸铝。
(比较例2)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为0.03质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(比较例3)
使作为目标的经SiO2修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的SiO2为20.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例2同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(比较例4)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为0.03质量%,除此之外,与实施例3同样地进行,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
(比较例5)
使作为目标的经Fe2O3修饰的修饰硼酸铝中的Fe2O3为20.00质量%,除此之外,与实施例3相同,得到担载有Pd的修饰硼酸铝。
<催化剂性能评价方法>
对于各实施例和各比较例的样品,使用固定床流通型反应装置测定模拟废气的净化性能。在反应管内设置催化剂粉100mg,将CO、CO2、C3H6、H2、O2、NO、H2O和N2平衡构成的假定为完全燃烧的模拟废气以1000cc/分钟的总流量导入至催化剂粉。以10℃/分钟的速度将反应管和催化剂粉升温至500℃,然后进行气体成分的测定。
出口气体成分用CO/NO分析计(株式会社堀场制作所制“PG240”)及HC分析计(株式会社岛津制作所制“VMF-1000F”)进行测定。
模拟各催化剂的S中毒的老化(Aging)以250℃×20H、O2=20%、H2O=10%、SO2=100ppm进行。
<铂族元素的分散度评价方法>
用作铂族元素的Pd的分散度基于公知手段CO脉冲吸附法(T.Takeguchi、S.Manabe、R.Kikuchi、K.Eguchi、T.kanazawa、S.Matsumoto、Applied Catalysis A:293(2005)91.)进行测定。该Pd分散度通过式Pd分散度=相当于CO吸附量的Pd量(摩尔)/所含的Pd的总量来计算。
<催化剂性能评价结果及Pd的分散度测定结果>
表1为硫中毒老化后的各催化剂的CO、HC、NO的50%净化时的温度(T50)。由该结果可知,各实施例1~16与比较例1相比,低温(150℃)活性更为优异。另外可知,修饰氧化物的含量为0.03质量%的比较例2及4中,与比较例1的差并不显著,但如实施例5和11那样,当含有0.06质量%时,差变得显著。与此相对可知,修饰氧化物的含量达到20质量%的比较例3和5中,催化剂的低温活性与比较例1相比进一步变差,当修饰氧化物的含量多至20质量%时,相反低温活性变差。其中可知,在少于20质量%的范围中,低温活性提高,在18质量%的实施例10、16中,与比较例1相比更为优异。
这里,硫中毒用与通过催化剂性能评价方法的S中毒方法同样地以模拟各催化剂的S中毒的老化进行、以250℃×20H、O2=20%、H2O=10%、SO2=100ppm进行。
表1右端为各催化剂的S中毒老化后的Pd分散度的评价结果。从评价结果可知,各实施例1~16与比较例1相比,Pd分散度更高。另外,修饰氧化物的含量为0.03质量%的比较例2及4中,与比较例1的差并不显著,但当如实施例5和11那样含有0.06质量%时,差变得显著。与此相对可知,修饰氧化物的含量达到20质量%的比较例3和5中,催化剂的低温活性与比较例1相同或更差,当修饰氧化物的含量多至20质量%时,相反Pd分散率变差。其中可知,在少于20质量%的范围内,Pd分散率提高,为18质量%的实施例10、16中,与比较例1相比更为优异。
Claims (4)
1.一种废气净化用催化剂,其特征在于,其包含含有修饰硼酸铝的载体和担载在该载体上的铂族元素,所述修饰硼酸铝在硼酸铝上含有选自包括Zr、Si和Ti的组中的元素的氧化物中的至少一种氧化物,其中,所述氧化物的浓度以修饰硼酸铝的质量为基准计为0.5质量%~18质量%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的废气净化用催化剂,其特征在于,担载在所述载体上的铂族元素为Pd、Pt、Rh或Ru中的任一种或两种以上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的废气净化用催化剂,其特征在于,所述氧化物以在硼酸铝上担载或以表面修饰的形态存在。
4.一种废气净化用催化剂构成体,其特征在于,其包含由陶瓷或金属材料构成的催化剂支撑体和担载在该催化剂支撑体上的权利要求1~3中任一项所述的废气净化用催化剂的层。
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