CN105705278B - 单晶合金构件的分层制造 - Google Patents

单晶合金构件的分层制造 Download PDF

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CN105705278B
CN105705278B CN201480062336.9A CN201480062336A CN105705278B CN 105705278 B CN105705278 B CN 105705278B CN 201480062336 A CN201480062336 A CN 201480062336A CN 105705278 B CN105705278 B CN 105705278B
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control apparatus
thermal control
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CN105705278A (zh
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T.J.罗克斯特罗
M.F.X.吉吉利奥蒂
W.T.卡特
D.H.阿博特
R.M.克尔卡
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General Electric Co
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Abstract

一种制造构件(C)的方法包括:将金属粉末(P)沉积在工作面(128)上;从定向能量源(124)引导射束来以对应于构件(C)的截面层的图案熔化粉末(P);在循环中重复沉积和熔化的步骤来以逐层方式构造构件(C);以及在沉积和熔化的循环期间,使用与定向能量源(124)分开的外部热控制设备(144,146,150,154)保持构件(C)的预定温度轮廓,使得所得到的构件(C)具有定向固化或单晶微观结构。

Description

单晶合金构件的分层制造
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及涡轮构件,并且更具体地涉及用于构造用于高温环境中的单晶涡轮构件的设备及方法。
背景技术
典型燃气涡轮发动机包括涡轮机核心,其具有成串流关系的高压压缩机、燃烧器和高压涡轮。核心可以以已知方式操作来生成主气流。高压涡轮包括一个或多个级,其从主气流取得能量。各个级均包括静止涡轮喷嘴,随后是承载涡轮叶片的下游转子。这些"热区段"构件在极高温度的环境中操作,其促进金属合金的热腐蚀和氧化。
在现有技术中,热区段构件通常由具有良好抗高温蠕变的镍基或钴基合金(通常称为"超级合金")铸造成。这些合金主要设计成满足机械性质要求,诸如蠕变断裂强度和疲劳强度。
铸造过程已知的是产生期望的微观结构,例如,定向固化("DS")或单晶("SX")。单晶微观结构是指没有结晶晶界的结构。单晶铸造需要晶种元件(即,用于冷却的成核点),以及冷却期间对温度的仔细控制。
增材制造为铸造的备选过程,其中材料逐层构建以形成构件。不同于铸造过程,增材制造仅由机器的位置辨析率限制,且不由如铸造所需的提供倾斜角(draft angle)、避免悬垂等的要求限制。增材制造还由诸如"分层制造"、"反向加工"、"直接金属激光熔化"(DMLM)和"3-D打印"的用语指出。此用语作为针对本发明的目的的同义词看待。
现有技术已知用于使用增材制造来产生热区段构件。例如,授予Morris等人的美国专利申请公告2011/013592描述了一种工艺,其中构件通过沉积金属粉末随后激光熔化的重复循环而构建。激光热输入足以对于构件的一部分保持所需的溶解温度,但不可产生具有完全的单晶微观结构的构件。
因此,所需的是一种用于具有单晶微观结构的构件的增材制造的工艺。
发明内容
该需求通过本发明解决,其提供了用于单晶合金构件的分层制造的设备和方法。设备和方法结合外部热控制设备的使用以有效地控制构造下的构件的温度。
根据本发明的一个方面,一种制造构件的方法包括:将金属粉末沉积在工作面上;从定向能量源引导射束来以对应于构件的截面层的图案熔化粉末;在循环中重复沉积和熔化的步骤来以逐层方式构造构件;以及在沉积和熔化的循环期间,使用与定向能量源分开的外部热控制设备保持构件的预定温度轮廓,使得所得到的构件具有定向固化或单晶微观结构。
根据本发明的另一个方面,粉末和构件支承在构造平台上,平台可沿垂直轴线移动。
根据本发明的另一个方面,该方法还包括在熔化粉末的各个步骤之后降低构造平台达到选择的层增量。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括包绕构件的隔热物的层。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括包绕构件的加热器。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括定位在构件附近的石英灯。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括包绕构件的至少一个感应线圈。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备用于将构件保持在溶解温度。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备用于在沉积和熔化期间控制构件的温度和加热速率两者。
根据本发明的另一个方面,一种用于制造金属构件的设备包括:构造封壳,其配置成保持预定成分的金属粉末;定向能量源,其可操作成产生适合用于熔化金属粉末的能量射束;射束操纵设备,其可操作成引导能量射束以对应于构件的截面层的图案越过金属粉末;以及与定向能量源分开的外部热控制设备,其可操作成保持构造封壳内的预定温度轮廓。
根据本发明的另一个方面,设备还包括设置在构造封壳内的构造平台,构造平台可沿垂直轴线移动。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括包绕构件的隔热物的层。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括包绕构件的加热器。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括定位在构件附近的石英灯。
根据本发明的另一个方面,外部热控制设备包括包绕构造封壳的至少一个感应线圈。
根据本发明的另一个方面,感应线圈安装在构造封壳上方。
根据本发明的另一个方面,感应线圈通过连接到促动器的臂安装在构造封壳上方,其中促动器可操作成使感应线圈在使用中的位置与远离构造封壳的缩回位置之间移动。
附图说明
本发明可连同附图参照以下描述来最佳地理解,在附图中:
图1为根据本发明的方面构建的示例性涡轮构件的示意性透视图;
图2为根据本发明的方面构建的增材制造设备的局部截面示意性侧视图;
图3为沿图2的线3-3截取的视图;
图4为根据本发明的方面构建的增材制造设备的局部截面示意性侧视图;
图5为沿图4的线5-5截取的视图;
图6为根据本发明的方面构建的增材制造设备的局部截面示意性侧视图;
图7为沿图6的线7-7截取的视图;以及
图8为根据本发明的方面构建的备选涡轮构件的示意性透视图。
具体实施方式
参看附图,其中相同的参考标号表示贯穿各个视图的相同元件,图1示出了示例性涡轮叶片10。涡轮叶片10包括常规燕尾部12,其可具有包括柄脚的任何适合形式,柄脚接合转子盘(未示出)中的燕尾槽的互补的柄脚,以用于在其在操作期间旋转时将叶片10固持至盘。叶柄14从燕尾部12沿径向向上延伸,且终止于平台16,平台16从柄部14沿侧向向外突出且包绕柄部14。中空翼型件18从平台16沿径向向外延伸且延伸到热气流中。翼型件具有在平台16和翼型件18的接合处的根部20,以及在其径向外端处的末梢22。翼型件18具有在前缘28处和在后缘30处接合在一起的凹形压力侧壁24和凸形吸力侧壁26。翼型件18可采用适合于从热气流获得能量且引起转子盘的旋转的任何构造。翼型件18可包括多个后缘冷却孔32,或其可在翼型件18的压力侧壁24上包括一定数目的后缘放出槽口(未示出)。翼型件18的末梢22由末梢盖34封闭,末梢盖34可整体结合到翼型件18,或单独地形成且附接到翼型件18。直立的声响器末梢36从末梢盖34沿径向向外延伸,且设置成紧邻组装的发动机中的静止护罩(未示出),以便最大限度减少越过末梢22的气流损失。声响器末梢36包括与压力侧末梢壁40成间隔开的关系设置的吸力侧末梢壁38。末梢壁40和38整体结合到翼型件18,且分别形成压力侧壁24和吸力侧壁26的延伸部。压力侧末梢壁40和吸力侧末梢壁38的外表面分别形成与压力侧壁24和吸力侧壁26的外表面连续的表面。多个膜冷却孔44穿过翼型件18的外壁。膜冷却孔44与翼型件18的内部空间(未示出)连通,内部空间可包括由内壁限定的冷却通路的复杂布置,诸如蛇形构造。
为了具有足够的蠕变断裂强度和疲劳强度,且为了抵抗热腐蚀和氧化,涡轮叶片10由诸如具有良好抗高温蠕变的镍基或钴基合金(通常称为"超级合金")的材料制成。
本发明提供了一种用于使用增材制造方法产生具有单晶(SX)微观结构的构件的方法及设备。上文所述的涡轮叶片仅为需要此材料和微观结构且可使用本发明的原理制造的许多类型的构件的一个示例。当描述本发明的过程和设备时,将使用用语"构件",指定为"C"。
图2示意性地示出了用于执行本发明的制造方法的设备100。基础构件为台112、粉末供应源114、刮具116、溢出容器118、可选由构造封壳122包绕的构造平台120、定向能量源124,以及射束操纵设备126。这些构件中的各个将在下文中更详细描述。设备100还包括外部热控制设备,其将在下文中描述。
台112为提供平坦工作表面128的刚性结构。工作表面128与虚拟工作面共面且限定虚拟工作面。在所示的示例中,其包括与构造封壳122连通且暴露构造平台120的中心开口130、与粉末供应源114连通的供应开口132,以及与溢出容器118连通的溢出开口134。
刮具116为位于工作表面128上的刚性侧向伸长的结构。其连接到促动器136,促动器136可操作成使刮具116沿工作表面128选择性地移动。促动器136在图2中示意性地绘出,其中理解到诸如气动或液压缸、滚珠螺杆或线性电促动器等的装置可用于此目的。
粉末供应源114包括供应容器138,其在供应开口之下且与其连通,以及升降器140。升降器140为板状结构,其可在供应容器138内垂直地滑动。其连接到促动器142,促动器142可操作成使升降器140选择性地向上或向下移动。促动器142在图2中示意性地绘出,其中理解到诸如气动或液压缸、滚珠螺杆或线性电促动器等的装置可用于此目的。当升降器140降低时,期望的合金成分的金属粉末"P"的供应可装载到供应容器138中。当升高升降器140时,其使粉末P暴露在工作表面128上方。
构造平台120为板状结构,其可在中心开口130下方垂直地滑动。其连接到促动器121,促动器121可操作成使构造平台120选择性地向上或向下移动。促动器121在图2中示意性地绘出,其中理解到诸如气动或液压缸、滚珠螺杆或线性电促动器等的装置可用于此目的。
溢出容器118在溢出开口134之下且与其连通,且用作多余粉末P的储存器。
定向能量源124可包括可操作成生成适合功率的射束以及在构造过程期间熔融和熔化金属粉末的其它操作特征的任何已知的装置,如下文更详细描述的那样。例如,定向能量源124可为具有大约104W/cm2的数量级的输出功率密度的激光器。其它定向能量源(诸如电子束枪)为激光器的适合的备选方案。
射束操纵设备126包括一个或多个反射镜、棱镜和/或透镜,且设有适合的促动器,且布置成使得来自定向能量源124的射束"B"可聚焦至期望的斑点大小,且在与工作表面128一致的X-Y平面中操纵至期望位置。
如本文使用的用语"外部热控制设备"是指不同于定向能量源124的设备,其有效地将定位在构造平台120上的构件C保持在适合的溶解温度下(即,保持预定的温度轮廓),且因此在构造过程期间控制固化粉末P的结晶性质。如下文更详细所述,外部热控制设备可通过直接地用作热源(即,热能输入)或通过保持由定向能量加热过程生成的热来操作。外部热控制设备与定向能量源124物理地且功能地分开。
图2-图7中示出了各种类型的外部热控制设备的示例。在图2和图3中,隔热物144的层包绕构造封壳122。隔热物144有效阻止热从构造的构件C传递,从而减小其冷却速率且保持升高的温度。
图4和图5示出了包括一个或多个加热器的外部热控制设备。带型电阻加热器146环绕在构造封壳122的外部,且连接到电功率源148。在启用时,加热器146通过热传导加热构造封壳122(且因此内部的构件C)。
外部热控制设备的另一可选类型为辐射加热源。例如,图4示出了布置成具有至构件C的视线且连接到电功率源152的石英灯150(也称为石英卤素灯)。此灯是市售的,分别额定为几千瓦输出。当启用时,石英灯150通过辐射热传递来加热构件C。石英灯150可替代上文所述的带加热器146使用或除其之外使用。
外部热控制设备的另一个选择为感应加热,其中在感应线圈中流动的AC电流感应出磁场,其继而又在附近传导物体中感应出涡流,导致物体的电阻加热。在图6和图7中所示的示例中,感应加热器154包括包绕构造平台120的一个或多个独立的感应线圈156,其连接到电功率源158。在所示的示例中,提供了多个感应线圈156,但单匝线圈可能就足够。在启用时,感应加热器154有效加热构件C。由发明人根据经验证明的是,此类外部感应加热154将优选加热粉末床内的熔化/固化构件C,而不将疏松粉末P充分加热至引起其熔化或以其它方式附接到构造的构件C。线圈156附近的构件(例如构造平台120和构造封壳122)必须由适合的非传导性材料制成,以避免来自感应加热器154的加热。
可选地,设备可包括另一个感应加热器154',其包括连接到电功率源158'的感应线圈156'。感应加热器154'通过连接到促动器161的臂159定位在构造平台120上且在工作表面128上方。促动器161可操作成使感应加热器154'在图6中所示的延伸或"使用中"的位置与远离工作表面128的缩回位置之间移动。
使用上文所述的设备的用于单晶构件"C"的构造过程如下。构造平台120移动到初始高的位置。晶种元件160(见图2)置于构造平台120上。晶种元件160用作用于冷却的成核点,且具有选择的结晶结构。如果期望制造单晶构件C,则晶种元件将具有单晶微观结构。此晶种元件160可由已知技术制成。一旦定位晶种元件160,则构造平台120降低到工作表面128以下达到选择的层增量。层增量影响增材制造过程的速度和构件C的辨析率。举例来说,层增量可为大约10到50微米(0.0003到0.002英寸)。粉末"P"然后沉积在构造平台120和晶种元件160上。例如,供应容器138的升降器140可升高来推动粉末通过供应开口132,以使其暴露在工作表面128上方。刮具116移动越过工作表面,以使升高的粉末P在构造平台120上水平地扩散。当刮具116从左行进到右时,任何多余的粉末P通过溢出开口134落入溢出容器118中。随后,刮具116可缩回到起始位置。
定向能量源124用于熔化构造的构件C的二维截面或层。定向能量源124发射射束"B",且射束操纵设备126用于以适合图案在暴露的粉末表面上操纵射束B的焦点"S"。粉末P的暴露层由射束B加热至允许其融化、流动和固结的温度。该步骤可称为熔化粉末P。
构造平台120垂直地向下移动达到层增量,且另一层粉末P以类似的厚度施加。定向能量源124再次发射射束B,且射束操纵设备126用于以适合图案在暴露的粉末表面上操纵射束B的焦点S。粉末P的暴露层由射束B加热至允许其在顶层内且与之前固化的较低层一起融化、流动和固结的温度,再次保持下方的层的结晶定向。
移动构造平台120、施加粉末P和然后定向能量熔化粉末P的该循环重复,直到整个构件C完成。
保持整个构件C的单晶微观结构需要在制造期间控制整个构件C的温度和冷却速率。定向能量热输入足以保持构件C的最上方部分的所需温度,新的层主动地铺设在其附近,但并非用于其全部范围。为了解决该问题,本发明的方法在粉末沉积和定向能量熔化的循环期间使用外部热控制设备。
外部热控制设备可操作成控制整个构件C的温度和加热速率两者。例如,一种已知的溶解热处理包括以下步骤:(1)将构件加热至大约1260℃(2300℉)大约两小时以使微观结构均匀化,(2)以大约5.5℃(10℉)每小时的速率将温度从大约1260℃(2300℉)逐渐地升高到大约1320℃(2415℉)的溶解温度,然后(3)将构件保持在那个温度下大约两小时,随后是(4)在三分钟或更短内冷却至大约1120℃(2050℉)的老化温度。外部热控制设备有效实现执行该热处理和其它热处理所需的温度轮廓。
由于外部热控制设备与定向能量源124分开,故其还可用于其它热处理过程,诸如构造过程完成之后老化构件C。例如,一种已知的老化过程涉及在几小时的时期内在老化温度下初步老化该构件以实现期望的微观结构。
如果可选的感应加热器154'存在,则其可用于更直接地控制构件C的再熔化和固化以保持其结晶定向和微观结构。在上文所述的循环期间,感应加热器154'将移动到构件C的新近定向能量熔化的层上的延伸位置,且触动来按期望加热该层。如果需要,则定向能量源124可用于同时地再熔化暴露的层,直到感应加热器154'可移动就位。一旦期望的加热循环完成,则感应加热器154'将离开设备的其余部分缩回,使得粉末P的下一层可施加且定向能量熔化至下方的层。
上文所述的设备和方法可用于与其它方法组合来构建构件的全部或部分。例如,图8示出了涡轮叶片210,其具有燕尾部212、从燕尾部212沿径向向上延伸且终止于平台216中的叶柄214。中空翼型件218从平台216沿径向向外延伸。翼型件具有在平台216和翼型件218的接合处的根部220,以及在其径向外端处的末梢222。涡轮叶片210的下部(即,燕尾部212、柄部214、平台216和根部220)可使用常规铸造过程制成,且具有定向固化微观结构。翼型件218的本体可为使用上文所述的增材制造过程构建的单晶结构。置于铸造的下部上的单晶薄片221用作增材制造过程的晶种。
翼型件218(或上文所述的任何其它构件C)不需要具有均质的合金成分。成分可在增材制造过程期间通过改变粉末P的成分来改变,以产生构件C的变化的层或区段。例如,图8中所示的翼型件218可具有制造带有第一合金成分的径向内部或本体部分(虚线下方),以及制造带有不同于第一合金的第二合金成分的径向外部或末梢部分219(虚线上方)。例如,用于末梢部分219的合金可具有大于用于本体部分的合金的抗氧化性。
本文所述的过程具有优于现有技术的若干优点。增材制造过程更简单,且相比于常规熔模铸造需要少得多的过程步骤来产生构件。该工艺的构件产量可显著高于常规熔模铸造,例如,在90%的范围中对65%或更少。其还允许用于更精细的细节的技术,诸如冲击冷却、成形膜孔、湍流器结构和另外为"非可铸造"或"非可加工"的特征。
前文描述了用于单晶合金构件的分层制造的设备和方法。此说明书中公开的所有特征(包括任何所附权利要求、摘要和附图)和/或如此公开的任何方法或工艺的所有步骤可以以除至少一些此类特征和/或步骤相互排斥的组合外的任何组合来组合。
此说明书中公开的各个特征(包括任何所附权利要求、摘要和附图)可由用于相同、等同或类似目的的备选特征替换,除非明确另外指出。因此,除非明确另外指出,则公开的各个特征仅为普通的一系列等同或类似特征的一个示例。
本发明不限于前述实施例的细节。本发明延伸至此说明书(包括任何所附潜在新颖点、摘要和附图)中公开的任何新颖的一个特征或特征的任何新颖组合,或延伸至如此公开的任何方法或工艺的任何新颖的一个步骤或步骤的任何新颖组合。

Claims (14)

1.一种制造构件(C)的方法,包括:
将金属粉末(P)沉积在工作面(128)上;
从定向能量源(124)引导射束来以对应于所述构件(C)的截面层的图案熔化所述粉末(P);
在循环中重复沉积和熔化的步骤来以逐层方式构造所述构件(C);
在沉积和熔化的循环期间,使用与所述定向能量源(124)分开的外部热控制设备保持所述构件(C)的预定温度轮廓,使得所得到的构件(C)具有定向固化或单晶微观结构,其中,所述外部热控制设备在所述循环期间控制所述构件的温度和加热速率来保持所述预定温度轮廓;以及
感应加热器(154’),其通过将所述感应加热器移动到所述构件的新近定向能量熔化的层上的延伸位置、且触动来按期望加热所述层以用于更直接地控制所述构件的再熔化和固化;并且,在完成期望的加热循环之后,所述感应加热器将缩回离开所述外部热控制设备,使得所述粉末的下一层可施加且定向能量熔化至下方的所述层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述粉末(P)和构件(C)支承在可沿垂直轴线移动的构造平台(120)上,且所述定向能量源用于连续再熔化所述构件的层直到所述感应加热器可移动就位。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括在熔化所述粉末(P)的各个步骤之后降低所述构造平台(120)达到选择的层增量。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备包括包绕所述构件(C)的隔热物的层。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备包括包绕所述构件(C)的加热器(146)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备包括定位在所述构件(C)附近的石英灯(150)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备包括包绕所述构件(C)的至少一个感应线圈(154)。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备用于将所述构件(C)保持在熔解温度。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备用于在沉积和熔化期间控制所述构件(C)的温度和加热速率两者。
10.一种用于制造金属构件(C)的设备,包括:
构造封壳(122),其配置成保持预定成分的金属粉末(P);
定向能量源(124),其可操作成产生适合用于熔化所述金属粉末(P)的能量射束(B);
射束操纵设备(126),其可操作成引导所述能量射束(B)以对应于所述构件(C)的截面层的图案越过所述金属粉末(P);
与所述定向能量源(124)分开的外部热控制设备,其可操作成在循环期间控制所述构件的温度和加热速率来保持所述构造封壳(122)内的预定温度轮廓;以及
包括感应线圈的感应加热器(154’),所述感应线圈通过臂(159)安装在所述构造封壳上方,所述臂连接到促动器(161),其中所述促动器被操纵用来在使用中的位置与远离所述构造封壳的缩回位置之间移动所述感应线圈。
11.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于,所述设备还包括设置在所述构造封壳(122)内的构造平台(120),所述构造平台(120)可沿垂直轴线移动。
12.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备包括包绕所述构件(C)的隔热物的层。
13.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备包括包绕所述构件(C)的加热器(146)。
14.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于,所述外部热控制设备包括定位在所述构件(C)附近的石英灯。
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