CN105694526A - 二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料及其合成和在制备染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用 - Google Patents
二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料及其合成和在制备染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 17
- YIYFFLYGSHJWFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Zn].N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 Chemical compound [Zn].N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 YIYFFLYGSHJWFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 12
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- FUTVBRXUIKZACV-UHFFFAOYSA-J zinc;3-[18-(2-carboxylatoethyl)-8,13-bis(ethenyl)-3,7,12,17-tetramethylporphyrin-21,24-diid-2-yl]propanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[N-]1C2=C(C)C(CCC([O-])=O)=C1C=C([N-]1)C(CCC([O-])=O)=C(C)C1=CC(C(C)=C1C=C)=NC1=CC(C(C)=C1C=C)=NC1=C2 FUTVBRXUIKZACV-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,10,13-trimethyl-3-oxo-4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl) heptanoate Chemical compound C1CC2CC(=O)C=C(C)C2(C)C2C1C1CCC(OC(=O)CCCCCC)C1(C)CC2 TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GFAUNYMRSKVDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N formyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=O GFAUNYMRSKVDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001119 stannous chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- MBVFRSJFKMJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1-benzofuran-7-carbaldehyde Chemical compound FC1=CC=C(C=O)C2=C1C=CO2 MBVFRSJFKMJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000035126 Facies Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- CMWKITSNTDAEDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitrobenzaldehyde Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C=O CMWKITSNTDAEDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- GPRSOIDYHMXAGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene cyclopentanecarboxylic acid iron Chemical compound [CH-]1[CH-][CH-][C-]([CH-]1)C(=O)O.[CH-]1C=CC=C1.[Fe] GPRSOIDYHMXAGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003541 multi-stage reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 6
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 macrocycle compound Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001824 selenocyanato group Chemical group *[Se]C#N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- LGAILEFNHXWAJP-BMEPFDOTSA-N macrocycle Chemical group N([C@H]1[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)C(N=2)=CSC=2CNC(=O)C(=C(O2)C)N=C2[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)C2=CSC1=N2 LGAILEFNHXWAJP-BMEPFDOTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 description 1
- WWECJGLXBSQKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylformamide;methanol Chemical compound OC.CN(C)C=O WWECJGLXBSQKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005311 nuclear magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- JZRYQZJSTWVBBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaporphyrin i Chemical compound N1C(C=C2NC(=CC3=NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 JZRYQZJSTWVBBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- RKCAIXNGYQCCAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N porphin Chemical compound N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 RKCAIXNGYQCCAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002468 redox effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B47/00—Porphines; Azaporphines
- C09B47/04—Phthalocyanines abbreviation: Pc
- C09B47/08—Preparation from other phthalocyanine compounds, e.g. cobaltphthalocyanineamine complex
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B47/00—Porphines; Azaporphines
- C09B47/04—Phthalocyanines abbreviation: Pc
- C09B47/08—Preparation from other phthalocyanine compounds, e.g. cobaltphthalocyanineamine complex
- C09B47/22—Obtaining compounds having nitrogen atoms directly bound to the phthalocyanine skeleton
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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Abstract
本发明提供了一类二茂铁锌卟啉有机染料及其敏化太阳能电池的制备方法与应用。本发明以硝基苯甲醛以及二茂铁甲醛、二茂铁甲酸和吡咯为原料,经缩合、还原、配位、取代等多步反应,成功合成了二茂铁锌卟啉有机染料。经过浸泡法敏化纳晶TiO2/FTO电极,研究了二茂铁Zn卟啉配合物染料敏化太阳能电池,结果表明,本发明制备的染料敏化太阳能电池,在标准光照射下,不同的二茂铁具有不同的输出电流的能力,具有不同程度的光电转化效率,其量子转化率IPCE最高可达85%。本发明合成工艺简单,工艺路线短,操作方便;反应条件温和,成本低,产率高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于化学合成技术领域,涉及一类二茂铁锌卟啉及其合成方法;本发明还涉及该二茂铁锌卟啉作为染料敏化剂在制备染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用。
背景技术
能源问题是制约目前世界经济发展的首要问题,太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭、无污染洁净的天然绿色能源,而成为最有希望的能源之一。目前研究和应用最广泛的太阳能电池主要是硅系太阳能电池,但硅系电池原料成本高、生产工艺复杂、效率提高潜力有限(其光电转换效率的理论极限值为30%),限制了其民用化。
染料敏化太阳能电池(Dye-SensitizedSolarCells,缩写DSSCs)是一种新型的光电化学太阳能电池。它具有制作工艺简单、成本低廉、性能稳定、对环境无污染等优点。在染料敏化太阳能电池体系中,敏化剂起到了吸收太阳光并将激发态电子转移到纳米半导体导带的作用,同时产生的氧化态染料又能快速的从电解质(I2/I3)中得到电子而被还原至基态。所以,进一步改善敏化剂的性能,提高光电转换效率,延长染料敏化太阳能电池的使用寿命,达到实用化的目标,已经成为目前人们研究的焦点问题。
卟啉类化合物的母体环卟吩(Porphine)是由4个吡咯环通过亚甲基相连形成的具有18电子体系的共轭大环化合物,具有芳香性和D4h的高度对称结构。卟啉类化合物由于其特有的18π电子共轭大环结构,可以吸收某一特定波长的光,容易发生π-π跃迁,产生光电导性。卟啉环上共有12个可取代的位置,分别为8个β-位和4个meso-取代位,易于进行修饰,可通过化学方法引入不同的取代基和电子受体,可以获得不同能级的染料分子。因此,卟啉类染料很早就被用作光敏染料,它的物理和化学性质稳定,对太阳光有很高的吸收效率。近年来一些卟啉类染料敏化剂敏化太阳能电池的研究结果表明,这类电池的最高光电转换效率已达到13%(NatureChemistry2014,6,242-247)。目前,虽然这类染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率还远不及多吡啶钌类,但是其生产成本较低,分子结构易于修饰,以及在可见光区长波方向上有较好吸收,因此,卟啉类化合物做为染料敏化剂具有很大的开发潜力。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一类二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料;
本发明的另一目的是提供一种上述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成方法;
本发明还有一个目的,就是提供上述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料作为敏化剂在制备染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用。
一、二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料
本发明二茂铁锌卟啉有机染料的结构如下:
R为二茂铁甲酰胺基或二茂铁甲亚胺基,其结构式为:
R'为3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯基,结构为:
本发明将二茂铁引入卟啉分子可以形成大共轭体系,形成具有特殊的光谱和电化学性质的化合物,由于其活泼的光敏性和氧化还原性质使得其光电转化效率提高。其中卟啉环中间的金属Zn可以和N元素等形成配位,轴向的组装在锚定分子上,构成双层卟啉结构,提高了电子传输效率,进而提高光电转换效率。同时二茂铁卟啉上meso位所连接的长链烷基,使得卟啉具有良好的溶解性。
二、二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成
本发明二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成方法,包括以下工艺步骤:
(1)5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉的合成
将3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯甲醛和5-(4-硝基苯)-二吡咯甲烷溶解在二氯甲烷中,在氩气保护下室温反应10~15min,再加入催化剂三氟乙酸,继续反应30~40min,然后加入氧化剂二氯二氰基苯醌,撤去氩气保护,室温反应1~2h;二氯甲烷洗涤、蒸干溶剂后再加入二氯二氰基苯醌的甲苯溶液,继续回流反应1~1.5h,减压蒸去甲苯,柱层析分离,干燥,即得紫色粉末状产物;
5-对硝基苯基二吡咯甲烷与3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:1~1:1.2;催化剂三氟乙酸的用量为5-对硝基苯基二吡咯甲烷摩尔量的1.5~2.0倍;氧化剂二氯二氰基苯醌的用量为5-对硝基苯基二吡咯甲烷摩尔量的2.5~3.0倍。
(2)5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉的合成
将5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉溶于浓盐酸中,氩气保护下加入氯化亚锡的盐酸溶液,先于60~70oC反应1~1.5h,再于-5~5℃下(冰浴)反应30~40min,然后用氨水中和并过滤,粗产物柱层析分离即得;
浓盐酸作为还原剂,5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉与浓盐酸溶液摩尔比为0.5:1500~0.6:1500;5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉与氯化亚锡的摩尔比为1:6~1:14。
(3)5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉的合成
将5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉和醋酸锌加入到氯仿和甲醇的混合溶液中,氩气保护下,于60~7℃反应3~4h;反应完成后,除去溶剂,粗产物柱层析分离,得产物锌卟啉;
5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉和醋酸锌的摩尔比为1:4~1:8;氯仿和甲醇的混合溶液中,氯仿和甲醇的体积比为2:1~3:1。
(4)5,15-二[4-(二茂铁甲酰胺基苯基)]10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉ZnPCp1-Rn的合成
将步骤(3)合成的5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉溶解在无水二氯甲烷中,加入三乙胺调节体系的PH=8~9,搅拌10~15min,冷却至0~-5℃,逐滴加入二茂铁甲酰氯的无水二氯甲烷溶液,室温下搅拌10~12h;反应完成后用5%~7%的NaHCO3萃取,收集有机相,除去溶剂,得到目标产物ZnPCp1-Rn;
5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉与二茂铁甲酰氯摩尔比为1:1.2~1:1.3。
(5)5,15-二[4-(二茂铁甲亚胺基苯基)]10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉ZnPCp2-Rm的合成
将步骤(3)合成的5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉与二茂铁甲醛以1:8~1:10的摩尔比溶解在无水二氯甲烷中,在氩气保护下,于80~85℃反应22~24h;反应结束后冷却到室温,加水过滤得到粗产物,依次用水、甲醇冲洗滤饼,干燥,得到目标产物ZnPCp2-Rm。
其合成路线如下
上述方法合成的二茂铁锌卟啉,经红外,核磁,质谱检测,与设计的化合物的结构一致,表明合成成功。
三、二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料敏化太阳能电池的性能
1、染料敏化太阳能电池的制备
(1)TiO2纳米结构双层膜电极的制备:在FTO导电玻璃(NipponSheetGlass,4mmthick)丝网印刷上7.0μm透明层(自制,20-nm-sized)和5.0μm散射层(Dyesol,400-nm-sized)制成双层介孔二氧化钛薄膜作为电池负极。
(2)锚钉分子及染料分子的吸附:将(TiO2纳米结构双层膜电极在流动空气的条件下,500oC热处理30min,冷却至90oC,浸入0.1~3.0mM锚钉分子的甲醇/CHCl3(二者体积比为1/1~10/1)溶液中浸泡0.5h~12h,之后取出冲洗,吹干;再于0.1~2.0mM二茂铁锌卟啉有机染料(ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm)的CHCl3/DMF甲醇/CHCl3(二者体积比为1/1~100/1)溶液中浸泡0.1h~1h,取出冲洗,吹干,并保证90%以上的覆盖率,这样锚钉分子和染料分子就通过轴向配位吸附在TiO2电极上(图1)。
所述的锚钉分子的命名为:5-(4-吡啶基)-15-(4-羧基苯基)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉,其结构式为:
(3)染料敏化太阳能电池的制备:将纳米铂的玻璃电极通过一个厚度10~15μm的热熔环同上述吸附有锚钉及染料分子的TiO2纳米结构双层膜电极加热熔融密封,最后将电解质材料(I3 -/I-溶解在乙腈中)注入到两个电极的缝隙中,这样一个可以用于测量数据的光电池就制成了。详细的制备方法参见文献(WangP.etal.,Asolvent-free,SeCN-/(SeCN)3-basedionicliquidelectrolyteforhighefficiencydyesensitizednanocrystallinesolarcells,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2004,126,7164)。
2、染料敏化太阳能电池的性能
(1)二茂铁锌卟啉的光电性能分析
图2、3分别上述制备的二茂铁锌卟啉染料ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm在DMF中的紫外-可见吸收光谱。从图2、3中可以看出,卟啉环结构在紫外光谱上有很明显的的特征吸收峰,430nm附近的强吸收峰称为Soret带(即B带),500~700nm范围的若干个弱吸收为Q带。通常由于形成金属卟啉后分子结构的对称性增加,Q带吸收峰个数减少为一至两个。两种二茂铁锌卟啉的紫外光谱上具有明显的卟啉环特征吸收峰,在425nm处有较强的Soret带吸收,550nm和600nm附近出现两个较弱的Q带吸收。由ZnPCp1-Rn和ZnPCp2-Rm的紫外-可见吸收光谱,两者都具有较高的Soret带吸收和较广的Q带吸收,这说明其具有良好的光捕获能力,其中ZnPCp1-Rn相比ZnPCp2-Rm吸收带稍显红移和展宽,可以预见其具有更高的光电转换效率。
(2)染料敏化太阳能电池的性能测试
图4为以ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm为敏化剂制备的染料敏化太阳能电池的电流密度与电压关系的曲线图。从图4中可以看出,ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm染料电池在标准光照射下,均具有向较好的外界负载输出电流的能力,而且ZnPCp1-Rn染料具有同样电压条件下更大的电流密度,这是由于ZnPCp1-Rn的二茂铁甲酰胺基结构与卟啉环的大共轭体系,使得其具有良好的光捕获效率,同时又具有良好的电子传递效率而引起的差异。
图5为以ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm为敏化剂制备的染料敏化太阳能电池的IPCE图。从图5中可以看出,ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm染料电池在标准光照射下均具有较高的光电转化效率。而且,ZnPCp1-Rn染料具有同样光照条件下更高的IPCE值(最大值为85%)。这是由于ZnPCp1-Rn的二茂铁甲酰胺基结构影响性质所致。
附图说明
图1为本发明Zn-卟啉染料轴向配位示意图。
图2为本发染料ZnPCp1-Rn在DMF中的紫外-可见吸收光谱。
图3为本发明染料ZnPCp2-Rm在DMF中的紫外-可见吸收光谱。
图4为以ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm为敏化剂制备的染料敏化太阳能电池的电流密度与电压关系的曲线图。
图5为以ZnPCp1-Rn、ZnPCp2-Rm为敏化剂制备的染料敏化太阳能电池的IPCE图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实验对本发明两种二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成作详细说明。
实施例一、ZnPCp1-Rn的制备和应用
1、ZnPCp1-Rn的制备
(1)5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉的合成:将1mmol5-对硝基苯基二吡咯甲烷和1mmol3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯甲醛加入到100mLCH2Cl2中,在氩气保护下室温反应15min,再加入1.5mmolTFA,氩气保护下室温搅拌30min。然后加入0.57gDDQ,继续反应1h。二氯甲烷洗去杂质层,收集所有液体蒸干,加入DDQ的甲苯溶液(100mL甲苯和0.57gDDQ),继续回流反应1h,蒸干溶剂,柱层析法分离,用石油醚和乙酸乙酯作洗脱剂,收集主要色带,干燥,既得紫色粉末状产物;
(2)5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉的合成:将0.5mmol5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉溶于125mL浓盐酸(12mol/L)中,氩气保护下加入氯化亚锡(1.676g)的盐酸溶液,于水浴60~70℃反应1h,再换成冰浴再反应0.5h后,然后用氨水中和并过滤,粗产物柱层析分离,得产物卟啉;
(3)5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉的合成:将0.2mmol5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉和0.8mmol醋酸锌加入50mL氯仿和甲醇(体积比为2:1)的混合溶液中,氩气保护下,于60~70℃反应3~4h;反应完成后,除去溶剂,粗产物柱层析分离,得产物锌卟啉;
(4)5,15-二[4-(二茂铁甲酰胺基苯基)]10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉ZnPCp1-Rn的合成:将0.39mmol5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉溶解在55mL无水DCM中,加入0.79mmol三乙胺,搅拌30min,将反应温度冷却至0℃左右,逐滴加入二茂铁甲酰氯(0.47mmol溶解在5mL无水DCM中),室温下搅拌过夜,反应完成后用5%的NaHCO3萃取,收集有机相,除去溶剂,得到目标产物ZnPCp1-Rn。产率为50.3%。
(5)采用Varian型核磁共振仪(400M)检测产品,染料ZnPCp1-Rn的核磁数据:1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ10.12(s,2H,-NH-H),8.95(d,4H,βH),8.75(d,4H,βH),8.46(d,4H,ArH),8.28(d,4H,ArH),7.51(s,4H,ArH),4.33~4.57(s,8H,Fc-H),4.13(s,10H,Fc-H),4.16(t,4H,-OCH2-H),3.86(brs,12H,-OCH3-H),1.79(m,4H,-CH2-H),1.59(m,4H,-CH2-H),1.03(t,6H,-CH3-H)。其结构如下:
2、染料敏化太阳能电池的制备
(1)TiO2纳米结构双层膜电极的制备:在FTO导电玻璃(NipponSheetGlass,4mmthick)丝网印刷上7.0μm透明层(自制,20-nm-sized)和5.0μm散射层(Dyesol,400-nm-sized)制成双层介孔二氧化钛薄膜作为电池负极,具体制备采用下述的参考文献的方法。(参考文献WangP.etal.,Enhancetheperformanceofdye-SensitizedSolarcellsbyco-graftingamphiphilicsensitizerandhexadecylmalonicacidonTiO2nanocrystals,J.Phys.Chem.B.,2003,107,14336)。
(2)锚钉分子及染料分子的吸附:将TiO2纳米结构双层膜电极在流动空气的条件下,500oC热处理30min,冷却至90oC;浸入3.0mM锚钉分子的甲醇/CHCl3(体积比为9/1)溶液中浸泡12h,之后取出冲洗,吹干;再于2.0mM二茂铁锌卟啉有机染料的CHCl3/DMF(体积比为10/1)溶液中浸泡1h,取出冲洗,吹干,并保证90%以上的覆盖率,这样锚钉分子和染料分子就通过轴向配位吸附在TiO2电极上。
(3)染料敏化太阳能电池的制备:将纳米铂的玻璃电极通过一个厚度10~15μm的热熔环同TiO2纳米结构双层膜电极加热熔融密封,最后将电解质材料(I3 -/I-溶解在乙腈中)注入到两个电极的缝隙中,这样一个可以用于测量数据的光电池就制成了。详细的制备方法参见文献(WangP.etal.,Asolvent-free,SeCN-/(SeCN)3-basedionicliquidelectrolyteforhighefficiencydyesensitizednanocrystallinesolarcells,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2004,126,7164)。
3、染料敏化太阳能电池性能检测:染料敏化太阳能电池的电流密度与电压关系的曲线图见图4,IPCE图见图5。
实施例二、ZnPCp2-Rm的合成和应用
1、ZnPCp2-Rm的合成
步骤(1)、(2)、(3)同实施例一。
(4)5,15-二[4-(二茂铁甲亚胺基苯基)]10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉的合成:将1mmol5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉与9mmol二茂铁甲醛溶解在20mLN,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,在氩气保护下,于80℃反应24h;反应结束后冷却到室温,加水过滤得到粗产物,依次用水、甲醇冲洗滤饼,干燥,得到目标产物ZnPCp2-Rm。产率为46%。
(5)采用Varian型核磁共振仪(400M)检测产品,染料ZnPCp2-Rm的核磁数据:1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.98(s,4H,βH),8.82(s,4H,βH),8.69(s,2H,N=CH-),8.58(d,4H,ArH),8.31(d,4H,ArH),7.44(d,4H,ArH),4.41~4.65(s,8H,Fc-H);4.19(s,10H,Fc-H),4.22(t,4H,-OCH2-H),3.91(brs,12H,-OCH3-H),1.85(brs,4H,-CH2-H),1.49(m,4H,-CH2-H),1.06(brs,6H,-CH3-H)。
其结构如下:
2、染料敏化太阳能电池的制备:同实施例一;
3、染料敏化太阳能电池性能检测:染料敏化太阳能电池的电流密度与电压关系的曲线图见图4,IPCE图见图5。
Claims (10)
1.二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料,其结构如下:
R的结构为下式所示:
R'的结构为:
。
2.如权利要求1所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,包括以下工艺步骤:
(1)5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉的合成:将3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯甲醛和5-(4-硝基苯)-二吡咯甲烷溶解在二氯甲烷中,在氩气保护下室温反应10~15min;再加入催化剂三氟乙酸,继续反应30~40min;然后再加入氧化剂二氯二氰基苯醌,撤去氩气保护,室温反应1~2h;二氯甲烷洗涤、蒸干溶剂后再加入二氯二氰基苯醌的甲苯溶液,继续回流反应1~1.5h,减压蒸去甲苯,柱层析分离,干燥,即得紫色粉末状产物;
(2)5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉的合成:将5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉溶于浓盐酸中,氩气保护下加入氯化亚锡的盐酸溶液,先于60~70℃反应1~1.5h,再于-5~5℃反应30~40min,然后用氨水中和并过滤,粗产物柱层析分离即得;
(3)5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉的合成:将5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉和醋酸锌加入到氯仿和甲醇的混合溶液中,氩气保护下,于60~70℃反应3~4h;反应完成后,除去溶剂,粗产物柱层析分离,得产物锌卟啉;
(4)5,15-二[4-(二茂铁甲酰胺基苯基)]10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉ZnPCp1-Rn的合成:将步骤(3)合成的5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉溶解在无水二氯甲烷中,加入三乙胺调节体系的PH=8~9,搅拌10~15min,冷却至0~-5℃,逐滴加入二茂铁甲酰氯的无水二氯甲烷溶液,室温下搅拌10~12h;反应完成后用5%~7%的NaHCO3萃取,收集有机相,除去溶剂,得到目标产物ZnPCp1-Rn;
(5)5,15-二[4-(二茂铁甲亚胺基苯基)]10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉ZnPCp2-Rm的合成:将步骤(3)合成的5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉与二茂铁甲醛溶解在无水二氯甲烷中,在氩气保护下,于80~85℃反应22~24h;反应结束后冷却到室温,加水过滤得到粗产物,依次用水、甲醇冲洗滤饼,干燥,得到目标产物ZnPCp2-Rm。
3.如权利要求2所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,5-对硝基苯基二吡咯甲烷与3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:1~1:1.2;催化剂三氟乙酸的用量为5-对硝基苯基二吡咯甲烷摩尔量的1.5~2.0倍;氧化剂二氯二氰基苯醌的用量为5-对硝基苯基二吡咯甲烷摩尔量的2.5~3.0倍。
4.如权利要求2所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉与浓盐酸溶液摩尔比为0.5:1500~0.6:1500。
5.如权利要求2所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,5,15-二(4-硝基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉与氯化亚锡的摩尔比为1:12~1:14。
6.如权利要求2所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,其特征在于:步骤(3)中,5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)卟啉和醋酸锌的摩尔比为1:4~1:8。
7.如权利要求2所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,其特征在于:步骤(3)中,氯仿和甲醇的混合溶液中,氯仿和甲醇的体积比为2:1~3:1。
8.如权利要求3所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,其特征在于:步骤(4)中,5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉与二茂铁甲酰氯摩尔比为1:1.2~1:1.3。
9.如权利要求1所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料的合成,其特征在于:步骤(5)中,5,15-二(4-氨基苯)-10,20-二(3,5-二甲氧基-4-丁氧基苯)锌卟啉与二茂铁甲醛的摩尔比为1:8~1:10。
10.如权利要求1所述二茂铁Zn卟啉有机染料作为敏化剂在制备染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用。
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