CN105683762B - 具有带线性化磁场的磁极转子的用于转速测量的传感器系统 - Google Patents

具有带线性化磁场的磁极转子的用于转速测量的传感器系统 Download PDF

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CN105683762B
CN105683762B CN201480058566.8A CN201480058566A CN105683762B CN 105683762 B CN105683762 B CN 105683762B CN 201480058566 A CN201480058566 A CN 201480058566A CN 105683762 B CN105683762 B CN 105683762B
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本雅明·考夫纳
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01PMEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P3/00Measuring linear or angular speed; Measuring differences of linear or angular speeds
    • G01P3/42Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means
    • G01P3/44Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means for measuring angular speed
    • G01P3/48Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means for measuring angular speed by measuring frequency of generated current or voltage
    • G01P3/481Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means for measuring angular speed by measuring frequency of generated current or voltage of pulse signals
    • G01P3/487Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means for measuring angular speed by measuring frequency of generated current or voltage of pulse signals delivered by rotating magnets
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/142Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices
    • G01D5/145Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices influenced by the relative movement between the Hall device and magnetic fields
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
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    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/244Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing characteristics of pulses or pulse trains; generating pulses or pulse trains
    • G01D5/24428Error prevention
    • G01D5/24433Error prevention by mechanical means
    • G01D5/24438Special design of the sensing element or scale
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/244Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing characteristics of pulses or pulse trains; generating pulses or pulse trains
    • G01D5/245Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing characteristics of pulses or pulse trains; generating pulses or pulse trains using a variable number of pulses in a train
    • G01D5/2451Incremental encoders
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D2205/00Indexing scheme relating to details of means for transferring or converting the output of a sensing member
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于对能转动的构件进行转速测量的传感器系统(01),该传感器系统具有磁极转子(02),该传感器系统还包括:带有至少一磁道交替布置的磁北极和磁南极(05)的载体(04)以及至少一个磁场传感器(03),其用于探测磁极转子(02)的磁道。根据本发明的传感器系统(01)的特征特别在于,在转动方向上在磁场传感器(03)之前和之后与磁道相对置地分别布置有铁磁性的磁通导引件(07),其中,铁磁性的磁通导引件(07)布置在磁场传感器(03)和磁极转子(02)之间的结构空间中,铁磁性的磁通导引件(07)之间的间距相当于磁极转子(02)的磁极(05)的宽度。

Description

具有带线性化磁场的磁极转子的用于转速测量的传感器系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种对能转动的构件进行转速测量的传感器系统,该传感器系统具有磁极转子,该传感器系统还包括带有至少一磁道交替布置的磁北极和磁南极的载体以及至少一个磁场传感器,其用于探测磁极转子的磁道。
背景技术
磁极转子可以用作转速发送器或者角度发送器。典型的应用领域是车辆的电驱动装置。因而在角度传感器和换向传感器中使用磁极转子,以便于依赖于构件的转动运动而产生信号。磁极转子例如经常用作ABS传感器或者转速传感器的信号发送器。磁极转子包括盘状的或者环状的载体,其具有至少一磁道磁北极和磁南极。磁极充当度量衡标准并且可以用磁场传感器非接触式地进行探测。
WO2012/038169A1示出了对能转动的机器元件(特别是轮毂)进行转速测量的传感器系统,其带有信号发送器以及第一和第二传感器。该信号发送器与能转动的机器元件联接,并且与机器元件的转动轴线同轴地布置,并且具有两种不同类型的在周向方向上交替变化的信息区域。第一传感器与信息区域处于交互作用中,而第二传感器与两个邻接的信息区域的边界区域处于交互作用中。第一类型的信息区域优选实施为磁正极,而第二类型的信息区域实施为磁负极。
由DE 10 2004 010 948 B4公知了一种用于内燃机的曲轴的角度测量装置。该角度测量装置包括承载体,其带有构造为圆环面的第一磁道以及构造为柱形周侧面的第二磁道。每条磁道都能够通过至少一个电磁传感器来探测。
DE 102 10 372 A1描述了一种转动角传感器,其带有磁北极和磁南极的第一磁道以及(带有不同于第一磁道数量的磁北极和磁南极的)磁北极和磁南极的第二磁道的盘状的载体,且分别带有用于检测第一和第二磁道的传感器元件。在转动角传感器投入运行之后以第一磁道施行第一次粗略获知磁道载体的转动角,并且以第二磁道实现高分辨率地获知转动角。转动角传感器的正弦信号通过应用角度函数被线性化。
在现有技术中所使用的磁极转子按属性具有其场分布相对于磁极转子位置的非线性的特征曲线。如果仅需以大致相当于邻接的极的间距的精确度获知磁极转子的角度位置,可以评估出由磁极在传感器上引起的脉冲。特别是当应当更精确地确定两个邻接的磁极之间的位置时,对非线性特征曲线的评估导致显著的困难。为了获得线性信号曲线的在很多应用中所期望的度量,公知的是,由传感器获知的信号事后通过适宜的软件算法在微控制器上或者在控制设备中被线性化。在这种处理方式中有问题的是,对传感器信号的计算线性化通常覆盖了非均匀地分布在测量区域上敏感性。原本就已经线性的信号是更加稳定的,并且以相同的方式和方法在总的测量区域对公差波动作出反应。进而不利的是,微控制器和用于线性化的软件算法会产生费用。此外必须已知信号的非线性特性,以便可以对其应用适宜的线性化算法。
另外公知的是,使用专门协调于各自的应用的磁极转子。然而,这具有很大的缺陷,即,在制造中,专门的磁极转子显著贵于保持简单的构件。另外,特别是标准ABS发送器被扩展成使其能够在批量生产中制造,并且因而可以廉价地获得。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于,提供一种对传感器系统进行转速测量的带有磁极转子的传感器系统,该传感器系统的磁场为评估磁场方向和磁场强度的传感器针对每次磁极转子转动提供尽可能线性的磁场角度变化。此外,传感器系统应当采用廉价的标准结构元件。
为了解决根据本发明的任务,采用如下所述的传感器系统。
根据本发明的传感器系统的特征在于,在转动方向上在该磁场传感器之前和之后与磁道相对置地分别布置有铁磁性的磁通导引件,其中,在径向上观察铁磁性的磁通导引件至少部分地布置在磁场传感器和磁极转子之间的结构空间中。铁磁性的磁通导引件之间在转动方向上的间距大致相当于磁极转子的一个磁极的长度,从而使得在磁场传感器暴露于倾斜的磁场曲线的情况中,铁磁性的磁通导引件被不同地磁化,由此使磁场在传感器位置处被扭曲。
根据本发明的传感器系统的重要优势在于,通过使用铁磁性的磁通导引件,磁通密度的曲线可以发生如下变化,即,其角度变化更均匀地伴随转子转动。通过如下方式实现了向量场曲线的最优化,即,在适宜的传感器位置生成近似线性的、在磁场角度变化与磁极转子角度变化之间的联系。为了探测磁极转子的磁道而使用的磁场传感器因而提供了近似线性的传感器信号,其明显更稳定并且在整个测量区域对公差波动同样地做出反应。由于通过所进行的、对在传感器处的磁通的影响,根据本发明,已经存在基本上线性的信号,迄今为止必需的、在计算上费事的对传感器信号的线性化被取消,这特别出于费用原因是十分有利的。另一优势在于,对磁极转子自身无需进行任何变化,由此在大批量生产中可以采用相对廉价的磁极转子。
磁场传感器和磁极转子之间的气隙大于铁磁性的磁通导引件和磁极转子之间的气隙。这通过把磁通导引件布置在磁场传感器和磁极转子之间的结构空间中来实现。
根据一个优选的实施方式,磁通导引件构造为棒状的。磁通导引件的长度优选相当于磁极的磁道宽度(Spurbreite)。磁通导引件优选具有小于磁极长度的50%的宽度。
磁极转子可以实施为径向磁极转子。对于径向磁极转子,磁北极和磁南极的磁道构成柱形周侧面。该磁道具有径向的作用方向,并且可以凭借磁场传感器径向地访问。
在替选的实施方式中,磁极转子构造为轴向磁极转子。轴向磁极转子具有构成柱形周侧面的磁北极和磁南极的磁道。该磁道具有轴向作用方向,并且凭借磁场传感器轴向地访问。
此外,如下实施方式也是可行的,其中,磁极转子具有磁北极和磁南极的多于一个地磁道。可以形成带有径向或者轴线作用方向的多条磁道。同样,实现了将径向和轴向的作用方向上的磁道的组合。在该实施方式中与磁北极和磁南极的每条磁道相对置地相应布置铁磁性的磁通导引件。
被证明为适宜的是,所有磁极分别具有相同的极角(Polwinkel)。
附图说明
下面凭借附图进一步阐明本发明的优选实施方式。附图中:
图1以立体图示出了用于转速测量的根据本发明的传感器系统;
图2为根据现有技术的传感器系统的经磁极环的极对的磁场线曲线和线性误差曲线的示意图;
图3为用于示出根据本发明的传感器系统以及根据现有技术的传感器系统的线性误差的图表。
具体实施方式
图1以立体、简化的视图示出了用于转速测量的根据本发明的传感器系统。根据本发明的传感器系统01包括磁极转子02以及磁场传感器03。磁极转子02由盘状载体04构成,其具有一个构成柱形周侧面的、从交替布置的磁北极和磁南极05出发的磁道。带有这样布置的磁北极和磁南极05的磁极转子02被称作径向磁极转子,这是因为,磁性材料径向地施布在载体04上,并且因而具有径向的作用方向。
根据本发明的传感器系统01还包括两个铁磁性的磁通导引件07,它们在转动方向上布置在磁场传感器03之前和之后,并且在径向上布置在磁场传感器03与磁极转子02之间的结构空间中。铁磁性的磁通导引件07之间的间距大致相当于磁极转子02的磁极05的宽度。磁场传感器03和磁极转子02之间的气隙大于铁磁性的磁通导引件07和磁极转子02之间的气隙。
在示出的实施方案中,磁通导引件07具有棒状的形状。为了最优地影响磁极转子02的磁场,磁通导引件07的长度相当于磁极05的磁道宽度,而磁通导引件的宽度<磁极05的长度的50%。磁极转子02的所有磁极05优选分别具有相同的极角。
在替选的实施方式中,磁北极和磁南极05的磁道可以构成环面。此类磁极转子被称作轴向磁极转子。对于轴向磁极转子,磁性材料被轴向地施布在载体04上并且因而具有轴向的作用方向。磁场传感器03又被相应地定位,也就是说在该情况下与磁极转子02轴向地取向,以便能够轴向地探测。
关于根据本发明获得的传感器信号和根据现有技术获得的传感器信号的区别在下文中凭借图2和图3进一步阐明。
图2示出根据现有技术的传感器系统的经磁极环的极对的磁场线曲线和线性误差曲线的示图。在图2中叠加了两种信息:形成背景的是经磁极转子02的极对的磁场线曲线的示图。在它前面则标示出了传感器信号的线性误差,其使用磁场角度作为极对位置的尺度,也就是关于极对长度上的理想直线的磁场角度的差。由图2特别可以看出,在待测量的磁场线垂直或者水平地穿过传感器延伸时,线性误差就一直是零。而在磁场以45度角倾斜地穿过传感器延展时,误差总是达到其最大值。由此得出,在正交的情况下,磁场应当是没有变化的。这通过本发明实现。
图3为用于示出根据本发明的传感器系统以及根据现有技术的传感器系统的线性误差的图表。从理想状况出发,从极对应当输出直的输出线(-π至+π)。在图3中示出了模拟的传感器输出信号与这种理想情况在整个值区域的上的差。点状曲线示出了根据现有技术的传感器系统的线性误差。实心曲线示出了根据本发明的传感器系统的线性误差。通过使用铁磁性的磁通导引件07,磁通密度的曲线如下改变,即,其伴随转子转动的角度变化明显更加均匀。这通过如下方式来实现,即,在磁场传感器03暴露于倾斜的磁场曲线的情况中,磁通导引件07被不同地磁化。由此使磁场在传感器位置处被扭曲。该扭曲很大程度上抵消了原先的线性误差,从而得到了对线性误差的显著改善。而正交的情况不受影响,这是因为在此使磁通对称地穿过磁通导引件07延展。在该情况下,在传感器位置的磁场曲线的角度不通过同样呈镜面对称地布置的磁通导引件07发生变化。
根据本发明,通过使用铁磁性的磁通导引件07使磁极转子02的磁场如下地被最优化,即,针对每次磁极转子转动为磁场传感器03提供近似线性的磁场角度变化。由此可以省去迄今为止必需的、事后的对传感器信号的计算技术上的线性化。
附图标记列表
01- 用于转速测量的传感器系统
02- 磁极转子
03- 磁场传感器
04- 载体
05- 磁极
06- -
07- 铁磁性的磁通导引件

Claims (9)

1.一种用于对能转动的构件进行转速测量的传感器系统(01),所述传感器系统具有磁极转子(02),所述传感器系统还包括:
-载体(04),所述载体具有至少一磁道交替布置的磁北极和磁南极(05),
-至少一个磁场传感器(03),所述至少一个磁场传感器用于探测所述磁极转子(02)的载体(04)上的磁道,
其特征在于,在转动方向上在所述磁场传感器(03)之前和之后与磁道相对置地分别以关于所述磁场传感器(03)镜面对称的方式布置有铁磁性的磁通导引件(07),其中,在径向方向上观察,所述铁磁性的磁通导引件(07)至少部分地布置在所述磁场传感器(03)与所述载体(04)之间的结构空间中,而且其中,所述铁磁性的磁通导引件(07)之间在转动方向上的间距大致相当于所述磁极转子(02)的一个磁极(05)的长度,从而使得在所述磁场传感器(03)暴露于倾斜的磁场曲线的情况中,所述铁磁性的磁通导引件(07)被不同地磁化,由此使磁场在传感器位置处被扭曲,从而针对磁极转子转动为所述磁场传感器(03)提供磁场角度变化与磁极转子角度变化之间近似线性的联系。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,磁场传感器(03)与磁极转子(02)之间的气隙大于所述铁磁性的磁通导引件(07)与所述磁极转子(02)之间的气隙。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,所述磁通导引件(07)是棒状的。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,所述磁通导引件(07)的长度相当于一个磁极(05)的磁道宽度。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,所述磁通导引件(07)具有小于一个磁极(05)的长度的50%的宽度。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,所述磁极转子(02)的磁道构成柱形周侧面。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,所述磁极转子(02)的磁道构成圆环面。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,所述磁极转子(02)具有多于一条的磁道。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的传感器系统(01),其特征在于,所述磁极转子(02)的所有磁极(05)分别具有相同的极角。
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