CN1056510C - 提高雌性牛科动物产乳能力的方法 - Google Patents

提高雌性牛科动物产乳能力的方法 Download PDF

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CN1056510C
CN1056510C CN93112762A CN93112762A CN1056510C CN 1056510 C CN1056510 C CN 1056510C CN 93112762 A CN93112762 A CN 93112762A CN 93112762 A CN93112762 A CN 93112762A CN 1056510 C CN1056510 C CN 1056510C
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迪那·劳里·汉考克
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种提高雌性牛科动物产乳能力的方法,通过在首次妊娠前的乳腺体异常生长阶段中给予雌性牛科动物施用有效量的有效制剂,该有效制剂是瑞克托帕明或一种其生理上可接受的盐。

Description

提高雌性牛科动物产乳能力的方法
在某种意义上说,为了最大程度提高奶的产量,雌性牛科动物的饲养问题受到了大量关注。这是因为实质,即乳腺功能性分泌乳汁部分,在很大程度上先于青春期而发育。为加强实质发育而进行了研究。令人惊奇的是,在青春期前期内增加饲料消耗可导致生长速度的增加并使青春期提前,然而结果是降低了奶的产量。
目前发现一种可以处理青春期前和青春期左右的雌性牛科动物的方法,其结果是增加实质组织并提高动物总产奶能力。该方法是给与一种有效物质1-(4-羟苯基)-2-(1-甲基-3-(4-羟苯基)丙氨基)乙醇,或其生理上可接受的盐。
本发明所用的活性物质是1-(4-羟基苯)-2-(1-甲基-3-(4-羟基苯)丙氨基)乙醇,或其生理上可用盐。该化合物具有下列结构式:
Figure C9311276200031
已知其美国用名是“瑞克托帕明”(ractopamine),它具有两个不对称的碳原子,在本发明中,可使用一个单独的异构体,但最好所用化合物是异构体的混合物,最好的盐是它的盐酸化物。
在本发明中所用的化合物是U.S.4690,951的主题,这里作为参考引用。
乳腺的发育是一个复杂的过程,在1992年4用6日发行的Feeds-tuffs第12、13和17页有很好的评述。总之,从初生不久到青春期后不久,乳腺以“异速生长”的速率生长,也就是,其速率大于动物一般生长速率(等速生长),参阅Acta.Agr.Scand,28,41-46(1978)。在此异速生长阶段,生长是指向实质组织,实际乳汁分泌组织将在其上随后形成的小管上皮组织,以及指向实质嵌入在内的脂垫。随后,在这异速生长阶段通过增加实质生长并降低脂垫生长而使奶的产量达到最大。
对于那些每天产奶的品种,高的产奶量是需要的,因为奶要销售。对于那些用于哺育幼犊的品种,高的产奶量也是需要的,幼犊得到维持营养的大量奶供应,到断奶时就可达到较大的体重。
按照本发明,将有效制剂给予首次妊娠前,其乳腺的异速生长阶段中的雌性牛科动物。每个品种达到青春期并能产犊的年龄是已知的。对Boc taurus品种当牛长到成年体形大小的2/3时,雌牛一般可达到青春期。这将在4个月到14个月龄期期间内出现,对于羊和山羊来说,其青春期仅部分受体形大小控制,也受季节控制,一般,这些种属在其长到成年体形大小的40%到70%时就达到青春期,一般在5到10个月的龄期就达到。然而,如果这种所需体形大小在迟到秋季达到,则周期可推迟一年。水牛在1到3龄期达到青春期。除了品种不同之外,在特定品种内还有另外的变化,并且也决定于所用的管理实施。任何个别动物青春期的到来可通过动情期行为迹象的观察或以动物管理科学技术人员熟知的方法来决定,特别是通过血样检测黄体酮来决定。
优选的实施是在异速生长阶段后期施用本发明有效制剂,该阶段包括青春期前的时期(第一次动情期),也可包括青春期后的早期。然而在青春期前后,异速生长阶段逐渐转变为均速生长阶段,有利于改变乳腺发育机会就减少。因此,特别优选的实施是在青春期前的时期施用本发明的有效制剂。该时期的长短随要处理的特定牛科动物而变化,对于Boc taurus的牛科动物,该时期一般在青春期前期的二到四个月。
在牛属动物中,本发明可施用于乳牛品种,诸如荷斯坦牛、泽西乳牛、格恩西奶牛、瑞士褐牛、爱尔夏牛、弗里散英国奶牛、荷兰红牛和白牛、丹麦红牛和诺曼底牛。本发明也可施用于肉牛品种,诸如安格斯牛、海福特牛、契安尼娜牛、彭茨高尔牛(Penzgauer):红安格斯牛、短角海福特牛、德文牛、南德文牛、圣格鲁迪牛(Santa Gertruds)、盖洛韦牛、缅因印度牛、白仑格斯牛、婆罗门牛、德国黄牛、夏洛兰牛(Charlais)和利莫辛(Limousin)牛以及杂交种,此外,有一些品种诸如西门塔尔牛(Simmental)和短角牛都可用作奶牛和肉牛二者。本发明也可施用于其它雌性牛科动物诸如山羊、羊和水牛。
本发明有效制剂可按任何一种方式给药。本化合物可以口服,它可作为饲料的一部分、作为精料、作为添加料或溶于饮用水中。本化合物可与生理上可接受的载体混合,并注射给与要处理的动物。本化合物可配制成植入物的一部分,它可以皮下植入,并在一段时间内有效制剂可从其中释放供给,最佳的供给方式是混入饲料中而口服。为此目的,可将有效剂量的有效制剂混入饲料,使饲料含有本发明有效制剂5到200ppm、最好20到125ppm的浓度。
通过以下实施例对本发明举例说明。40头青春期前的荷斯坦种小母牛用于此实验,在研究开始时,其平均体重和年龄约为249kg和244天(8个月)。将小母牛按照其体重和年龄分成对,并指定分别作为对照和试验处理,将小母牛按4头饲养在一栏。试验处理是喂食瑞克托帕明,其用量以干物质为基是饲料的80ppm,处理时期是70天。
每天随意以完全混合的定量饲料喂给小母牛,其含量(以干物质为基的总量的%)为:以玉米青贮饲料(21.1%)、紫苜蓿(15%)和添加料(60%)作为全混定量饲料再加精料(3.9%)。添加料(CA-95)和精料(DA-74)的成分示于表1A,将含有瑞克托帕明的预混料(成分见表1B)与足够的DA-74混合,而提供每公斤精料中有184.7mg的瑞克托帕明。一种不含有瑞克托帕明的相同的精料则喂以对照的小母牛,精料量是要能提供基于总饲料量的80ppm瑞克托帕明,每天喂一次混合饲料。在饲喂之前,立刻从前一天的饲喂中确定拒食量,在喂食后立即将所需的精料加到新鲜饲料中并在饲料槽中混合。
从研究的第一天开始,以及在整个70天期间内每间隔7天连续测量小母牛的体重,在研究开始和终了时的体重是二个连接日的称重平均值,在研究开始和终了时都测定了肩隆的高度。
在研究终了时,使小母牛用安死术致死,切除其乳腺体和卵巢,修整乳腺体,除去乳腺体中层和旁侧悬挂的韧带和多余的皮,将修整过的乳腺体称重和解剖,首先除去皮和乳头,其次,从腺体背部表面除去外部组织(大多是筋膜),将非乳房组织的多余部分从腺体和脂垫的前部和后部以物理方式分开,也同样切除乳房上的淋巴结,然后将腺体分开成左、右两半部并称重。
将36头小母牛的右半部乳腺体分割为实质组织和非实质组织,将每一部分称重而将组织部分提交分析,其中,水的分析是在100℃温度下烘干24小时,脂质以乙醚萃取,蛋白质则用克耶达(Kjedahl)方法测定。
结果
动物特征示于表2,喂瑞克托帕明,母牛的增益是按0.13公斤/天增加(P<0.07),随着处理时间的增加,在ADG上的差异降低,而处理28、42和56天后,对照小母牛和处理过的小母牛之间的ADG差异分别是0.35、0.2和0.17公斤/天,在干物质摄入方面,处理之间是相似的,每公斤增益所需饲料按8.3%降低(P<0.06)。在热尸体重量或屠宰百分率中处理之间均无不同。
乳腺体重量及其组织类型示于表3,从对照小母牛的乳腺体总重比喂瑞克托帕明小母牛者多7.9%,在乳腺体修整掉的重量方面处理之间的差异没有统计学上的意义,同样,在每一种组织类型的真实重量以及按全腺体的百分数表示的组织类型比例中,处理之间的差异也都没有统计学上的意义,然而,喂瑞克托帕明小母牛的乳腺体比对照小母牛的乳腺体稍轻(4.7%),但含有稍多的实质(3.1%)和稍少的非实质(11.8%)。
将分离后的各类组织分析其蛋白质、脂质、灰分和水含量(表4)。与对照小母牛乳腺体相比,喂以瑞克托帕明的小母牛的乳腺体的实质含有校低百分数的脂质(P<0.01)和较高百分数的蛋白质(P<0.06)、水(P<0.01)和灰分(P<0.01);同时,在喂以瑞克托帕明小母牛的乳腺体中的非实质组织重量降低11.8%(P<0.2),非实质组织的化学成分则没有差异。
在小母牛乳腺体的实质组织和非实质组织中的蛋白质、脂质、灰分和水的实际重量示于表5,对于实质组织或非实质组织的任何化学成分处理之间都没有统计学上的明显差异。
在全腺体中的蛋白质、脂质、灰分和水的百分数和重量示于表6,喂以瑞克托帕明水牛的乳腺体按百分数计算含有较高的蛋白质(P<0.07)和水(P<0.03)和较低脂质(P<0.04),喂食瑞克托帕明降低了乳腺体中的总脂质重量(P<0.03),但是瑞克托帕明对蛋白质、灰分和水的作用则没有统计学上的意义。
总之,虽然喂食瑞克托帕明小母牛比对照小母牛增益多(9.0%)(1.55对1.42kg/d),而喂瑞克托帕明小母牛乳腺体的实质组织比对照小母牛按百分数计算含有较少脂质(P<0.01)和较多的蛋白质(P<0.06)。瑞克托帕明对于非实质组织的脂质含量没有影响,这些数据表明,瑞克托明有用于饲养青春期前和青春期左右的小母牛,以得到较高速率的增益;而又没有在乳腺发育中通常脂质沉积的增加,这种脂质沉积通常随增益的增加而增加。表1A  添加料(CA-95)和精料(DA-74)的组分(%):组分                  CA-95  DA-74玉米粉,黄色          63.0   20.0大豆粉(溶剂提取的)    10.0   25.0蔗糖蜜                10.0   2.5干酒糟                9.0    ---玉米芯                ---    38.0肉粉                  4.6    ---燕麦粉                ---    11.0动物脂肪              ---    2.0矿物质/维生素         2.8    1.1盐                    0.6    0.4表1B  含有瑞克托帕明预混料的成分
              %成分
瑞克托帕明盐酸化物    玉米芯1号           10           902号           5            95
表2  生长特性
                                  与对照相比的
                  对照  瑞克托帕明               P<
                                   百分率变化增益,公斤/天         1.42      1.55     (+9.2)      0.07饲料/增益             6.83      6.26     (-8.3)      0.06摄取干物质,公斤/天   9.7       9.6      (-1.0)      0.87热尸体,公斤          188.6     193.9    (+2.8)      0.18屠宰率,%            54.2      54       (-0.4)      0.77
表3  乳腺体、实质和乳腺体中脂肪的重量
                                  与对照相比的
                 对照   瑞克托帕明             P<
                                   百分率变化总重,克             3508      3231      (-7.9)    0.14修整过的重量,克     2285      2177      (-4.7)    0.39乳腺体(体重的%)     0.66      0.61      (-7.6)    0.19右乳腺体重量,克     1134.75   1082.1    (-4.6)    0.39实质,克             554       571       (+3.1)    0.8非实质,克           574.7     506.9     (-11.8)   0.22实质(乳腺体的%)     48.6      52.9      (+8.8)    0.31非实质(乳腺体的%)   50.9      47.1      (-7.5)    0.39
表4  乳腺体的实质和非实质组织的化学成分
                                    与对照相比的
                  对照   瑞克托帕明              P<
                                     百分率变化实质,克             554      571       (+3.1)     0.8实质的脂质%         54.5     47.8      (-12.3)    0.01实质的蛋白质%       6.46     6.99      (+8.2)     0.06实质的水分%         37.9     43.7      (+15.3)    0.01实质的灰分%         0.43     0.52      (+20.9)    0.01非实质,克           574.7    506.9     (-11.8)    0.22非实质的脂质%       80.4     79.1      (-1.6)     0.28非实质的蛋白质%     2.64     2.59      (-1.9)     0.8非实质的水分%       16.1     17.5      (+8.7)     0.27非实质的灰分%       0.15     0.11      (-26.7)    0.42
表5  在乳腺体的实质和非实质中化学组分的重量
                                 与对照相比的ge
                 对照   瑞克托帕明                P<
                                   百分率变化实质,克             554       571       (+3.1)       0.8实质的蛋白质,克     36        40.2      (+11.7)      0.38实质的脂质,克       302.4     272.3     (-10.0)      0.26实质的水分,克       209.4     249.4     (+19.1)      0.26实质的灰分,克       2.4       3.0       (+25.0)      0.19非实质,克           574.7     506.9     (-11.8)      0.22非实质的蛋白质,克   14.8      12.8      (-13.5)      0.41非实质的脂质,克     461.5     401       (-13.1)      0.15非实质的水分,克     93.2      88.9      (-4.6)       0.73非实质的灰分,克     0.9       0.6       (-33.3)      0.34
表6  乳腺体化学组分的百分率和重量
                            与对照相比的
            对照  瑞克托帕明              P<
                             百分率变化全部腺体,%蛋白质        4.47     4.93     (+10.3)     0.07脂质          67.5     62.5     (-7.4)      0.04水分          26.5     31.4     (+18.5)     0.03灰分          0.29     0.33     (+13.8)     0.38全部腺体,克蛋白质        50.8     53       (+4.3)      0.61脂质          763.9    673.2    (-11.9)     0.03水分          302.6    338.2    (+11.8)     0.31灰分          3.3      3.6      (+9.1)      0.67

Claims (5)

1.提高雌性牛科动物产乳能力的方法,其中包括:在首次妊娠前的乳腺体异速生长阶段内给予牛科动物一种有效制剂,它是1-(4-羟苯基)-2-(1-甲基-3-(4-羟苯基)丙氨基)乙醇或其生理上可接受的盐。
2.按照权利要求1的方法,其中,有效制剂按其盐酸盐使用。
3.按照权利要求2的方法,其中,有效制剂是在异速生长阶段的后期施用。
4.按照权利要求3的方法,其中,有效制剂是按含有5到200ppm有效物质的全饲料方式而口服施用。
5.按照权利要求4的方法,其中,雌性牛科动物是牛,而有效制剂是青春期前期2到4个月期间内施用。
CN93112762A 1992-12-21 1993-12-20 提高雌性牛科动物产乳能力的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1056510C (zh)

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