CN105646131B - 一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子,其具有如下结构,其中,n=1或2。当n=1时,所述具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子的密度为0.940g/ml,凝固点为‑43℃;当n=2时,所述具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子的密度0.944g/ml,凝固点为‑36℃。本发明还公开了该具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子的制备方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于燃料推进剂领域,涉及具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子及其制备方法。
背景技术
高密度燃料是液体推进剂的重要组成部分,其性能决定了飞行器的飞行性能(包括航程、航速和有效载荷),是为飞行器提供动力保障的关键。高密度燃料可以应用于以煤油为燃料的吸气式发动机、火箭发动机、以及火箭-冲压、涡轮-冲压组合动力发动机。除具有一般液体碳氢燃料的优点外,高密度燃料还具有更大的质量密度和体积热值(即高能量密度),在发动机油箱容积有限的情况下,能有效增加所携带的能量,满足高航速、大载荷和远射程的要求。
高密度燃料采用化学方法人工合成,以石油化工中间体为原料合成的高密度燃料包括JP-10,RJ-4,RJ-5,RJ-7等。为减少对石油的过度依赖以及缓解温室效应等环境问题,以生物质及其衍生物为原料合成高密度燃料日益重要。
木质纤维素广泛存在于自然界的植物中,是大自然中最丰富的有机物。通过水解、热裂解、催化裂解或生物降解,可以得到一系列的纤维素平台化合物,例如糠醛类化合物、呋喃类化合物。这些化合物通过烷基化、aldol缩合、脱氧还原可以得到不同碳数的烷烃产品,用于制备第二代生物燃料。文献Science,2005,308,1446以线性醛酮分子作为桥梁分子,与糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛进行aldol缩合反应及后续加氢脱氧得到的碳氢燃料主要是密度低的正十三烷(密度0.755g/cm3)与正十五烷(密度为0.769g/cm3)。文献ChemicalCommunication,2013,49,5727;Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2015,170-171,124以糠醛选择性加氢脱氧得到的2-甲基呋喃与线性醛酮分子发生烷基化反应,经过加氢脱氧后得到的密度都低于0.80g/cm3碳氢燃料。文献Energy Fuels,2014,28,5112使用2-甲基呋喃与环戊酮在酸催化剂发生烷基化反应,加氢脱氧得到密度为0.82g/cm3的燃料。文献Chemical Engineering Science,2015,138,239以环己酮和2-甲基呋喃为原料,合成密度为0.825g/cm3的燃料。文献Scientific Reports,2015,5,9565;Chemical Communication,2014,50,2572将环戊酮进行缩合和加氢脱氧制备得密度为0.866g/cm3的燃料。文献GreenChemistry,2015,17,4473将环戊酮进行缩合和加氢脱氧制备得到双环己烷,密度为0.887g/cm3的燃料,但冰点(1.2℃)偏高,限制了其直接应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子,以及基于木质纤维素类衍生物合成新型的高密度且低冰点(凝固点)的具有螺环烷烃结构的高能量密度的燃料分子的制备方法。
本发明的第一方面涉及一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子,其特征在于具有如下结构:
其中,n=1或2。
所述具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子,当n=1时,具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子的密度为0.940g/ml,凝固点为-43℃;当n=2时,具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子的密度0.944g/ml,凝固点为-36℃。
本发明的第二方面涉及一种具有螺环结构的燃料分子的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)使2-甲基呋喃和环戊酮或环己酮在催化剂作用下发生如下烷基化反应,生成产物FCF:
(2)使步骤(1)的产物FCF在酸性条件下发生如下水解反应,得到四酮分子:
(3)使步骤(2)的所述四酮分子与丙酮在碱性催化剂存在下在溶剂中按下式发生分子内aldol反应,得到三酮分子:
(4)使步骤(3)的所述三酮分子与肼按下式发生还原脱氧反应,生成所述具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子。
优选地,步骤(1)中的2-甲基呋喃和环戊酮或环己酮的摩尔比为2:1,反应温度为40℃~60℃,反应时间为3h~9h,所述催化剂为nafion-212、amberlyst-15、MMT-K10、Al-MCM-41、ZSM-5或Hβ中的一种或几种;
优选地,步骤(2)中的水解反应在90℃~100℃下进行12h~48h;
优选地,步骤(3)中的所述四酮分子和丙酮的摩尔比为1:1~1:4,所述碱性催化剂为水溶性碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物或碳酸盐,反应温度为80℃~120℃,反应时间为0.5h~2h,所述溶剂为二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、水、四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇中的一种或几种;
优选地,步骤(4)中的所述还原脱氧反应在惰气保护下进行,所述三酮分子与肼的摩尔比为1:10,所述碱性催化剂为水溶性碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物或碳酸盐,反应温度为140℃,反应时间12h~24h。
本发明的有益效果:
1、本发明的一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子除具有一般液体碳氢燃料的优点外,还具有高密度、低冰点的优点,具有更大的质量密度和体积热值,即具有高能量密度的优点,在发动机油箱容积有限的情况下,能有效增加所携带的能量,能够满足吸气式发动机、火箭发动机、以及火箭-冲压、涡轮-冲压组合动力发动机等的高航速、大载荷和远射程的要求。
2、本发明的一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子是基于木质纤维素类衍生物合成的,减少了对石油的过度依赖以及缓解温室效应等环境问题。
附图说明
无。
具体实施方式
以下通过列表的形式用实施例来进一步说明本发明的实施。实施例仅仅是示例性的,而非限制性的。
表1.羟基烷基化/烷基化反应,催化剂量0.6g。
羟基烷基化/烷基化反应:以表1中的实施例1和7为例:在三口烧瓶中,在搅拌条件,加入160mmol 2-甲基呋喃和80mmol的环戊酮/环己酮(2:1的配比),在强酸性催化剂nafion-212作用下发生羟基烷基化/烷基化反应,催化剂的量在0.6g,反应温度40℃,反应6h。采用色谱分析法来测量样品组成,并计算目标产物FCF的收率。对环戊酮的反应,C15-FCF收率为85.4%;对环己酮的反应,C16-FCF收率为94.1%。实施例2-6和8-12的反应条件和收率如表1所示。
表2.FCF水解反应。
水解反应:以表2中的实施例13和17为例:表1得到的反应后混合物在减压蒸馏下分离得到FCF,在三口烧瓶中搅拌条件下,在200ml乙酸水溶液(乙酸和水1:1体积比)中,加入10g FCF,在90℃下发生水解反应,反应时间为12h,得到四酮分子。采用色谱分析法来测量样品组成,并计算目标产物四酮分子的收率,C15-四酮分子收率为95.2%,C16-四酮分子收率为96.4%。实施例14-16和18-20的反应条件和收率如表2所示。
表3.分子内aldol反应
分子内aldol反应:以表3中实施例21和27为例:在三口烧瓶中,加入50ml DMF作为溶剂,在搅拌条件下,加入2.5ml的四酮分子和2.5ml的丙酮分子,同时加入NaOH作为催化剂,NaOH与丙酮的质量比为2.5%,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为1h,发生分子内的aldol反应,得到三酮分子(螺环烷烃前驱体)。采用色谱分析法来测量样品组成,并计算三酮分子(螺环烷烃前驱体)的收率,其中C15-螺环烷烃前驱体收率为91.2%,C16-螺环烷烃前驱体收率为92.7%。实施例22-26和28-32的反应条件和收率如表3所示。
表4.脱羰基反应:三酮分子(螺环烷烃前驱体)和肼的摩尔比控制在1:10,反应温度为140℃
脱羰基反应:以表4中的实施例33和37为例。在氮气保护环境下,温度为140℃,在搅拌条件下,向三口烧瓶中加入三酮分子(螺环烷烃前驱体)和肼,其中三酮分子和肼的摩尔比控制在1:10,加入KOH作为催化剂,KOH的加入量占三酮分子和肼总质量的5%,反应时间为12h。采用色谱分析法来测量样品组成,并计算具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子的收率,反应收率几乎100%。实施例34-36和38-40的反应条件和收率如表4所示。
总之,经过羟基烷基化/烷基化,FCF水解,与丙酮分子内aldol,肼还原等多个反应步骤,环戊酮合成螺环烷烃的收率在74.1%,环己酮合成螺环烷烃的收率在84.1%。
经过测量,环戊酮合成螺环烷烃的密度为0.940g/ml,冰点为-43℃;环戊酮合成螺环烷烃的密度为0.944g/ml,冰点为-36℃。
Claims (3)
1.一种具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子,其特征在于具有如下结构:
其中,n=1或2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)使2-甲基呋喃和环戊酮或环己酮在催化剂作用下发生如下烷基化反应,生成产物FCF:
(2)使步骤(1)的产物FCF在酸性条件下发生如下水解反应,得到四酮分子:
(3)使步骤(2)的所述四酮分子与丙酮在碱性催化剂存在下在溶剂中按下式发生分子内aldol反应,得到三酮分子:
(4)使步骤(3)的所述三酮分子与肼按下式发生还原脱氧反应,生成所述具有螺环烷烃结构的燃料分子:
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤(1)中,2-甲基呋喃和环戊酮或环己酮的摩尔比为2:1,反应温度为40℃~60℃,反应时间为3h~9h,所述催化剂为nafion-212、amberlyst-15、MMT-K10、Al-MCM-41、ZSM-5或Hβ中的一种或几种;
步骤(2)中,水解反应在90℃~100℃下进行12h~48h;
步骤(3)中,所述四酮分子和丙酮的摩尔比为1:1~1:4,所述碱性催化剂为水溶性碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物或碳酸盐,反应温度为80℃~120℃,反应时间为0.5h~2h,所述溶剂为二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、水、四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇中的一种或几种;
步骤(4)中,所述还原脱氧反应在惰气保护下进行,所述三酮分子与肼的摩尔比为1:10,反应过程中所用的催化剂为水溶性碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物或碳酸盐,反应温度为140℃,反应时间为12h~24h。
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