CN105604662A - 用于操作内燃机的方法和控制装置 - Google Patents

用于操作内燃机的方法和控制装置 Download PDF

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CN105604662A
CN105604662A CN201510973981.2A CN201510973981A CN105604662A CN 105604662 A CN105604662 A CN 105604662A CN 201510973981 A CN201510973981 A CN 201510973981A CN 105604662 A CN105604662 A CN 105604662A
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exhaust
catalytic converter
internal combustion
combustion engine
oxygen content
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CN105604662B (zh
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A·德林
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MAN Energy Solutions SE
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MAN Diesel and Turbo SE
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
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    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/005—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus using models instead of sensors to determine operating characteristics of exhaust systems, e.g. calculating catalyst temperature instead of measuring it directly
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    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
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    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于操作内燃机的方法和控制装置。具体而言，本发明涉及用于操作包括排气后处理系统的内燃机的方法，该排气后处理系统包括具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器，该方法至少包括以下步骤：借助于至少一个传感器通过测量确定催化转化器下游的排气中的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量；借助于至少一个传感器通过测量或者可选地通过计算确定催化转化器上游的排气中的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量；确定催化转化器上游和下游的排气中的氧含量之间的氧含量差异和/或催化转化器上游和下游的排气中的氮氧化物含量之间的氮氧化物含量差异；从氧含量差异和/或从氮氧化物含量差异确定至少一个特征变量。

Description

用于操作内燃机的方法和控制装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于操作内燃机的方法。此外，本发明涉及一种用于操作内燃机的控制装置。
背景技术
从实践已知的内燃机包括排气后处理系统以便减少内燃机的污染物排放。因此从实践已知，内燃机的排气后处理系统包括催化转化器，例如用于减少内燃机的氮氧化物排放的催化转化器。这些可为例如所谓的SCR催化转化器或者氧化催化转化器。此外，从实践已知，这种催化转化器具有碳氢化合物氧化活性，以便因而可使碳氢化合物在催化转化器中氧化。碳氢化合物的氧化从一定的温度发生，该温度被称为用于碳氢化合物的氧化的点火温度。特别是当内燃机冷起动(其时间相对较长)发生时，大量尚未燃烧或未氧化的碳氢化合物可积聚在催化转化器中，随后在达到点火温度时突然在催化转化器中氧化。由于碳氢化合物的氧化构成放热反应，在此过程中可致使催化转化器中的温度强烈增加，这可导致催化转化器被热损坏。这是一个缺点。
从DE102009007764A1已知一种方法，沉积在催化转化器中的碳氢化合物的量通过模型估算。从现有技术已知的方法相对地不准确。
发明内容
基于此，本发明基于该目标创造了一种用于操作内燃机的新型方法和控制装置。
该目标通过根据权利要求1所述的用于操作内燃机的方法解决。根据本发明的方法至少包括以下步骤：借助于至少一个传感器通过测量确定具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器下游的排气中的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量；借助于至少一个传感器通过测量或者通过计算确定具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器上游的排气中的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量；确定催化转化器上游的排气中的氧含量和催化转化器下游的排气中的氧含量之间的氧含量差异和/或催化转化器排气上游的排气中的氮氧化物含量和催化转化器下游的排气中的氮氧化物含量之间的氮氧化物含量差异；从氧含量差异和/或氮氧化物含量差异确定至少一个特征变量，内燃机根据该特征变量以避免具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器损坏的方式操作。
利用根据本发明的方法，基于氧含量差异和/或氮氧化物含量差异可以准确地确定至少一个特征变量，该差异基于在催化转化器下游的排气上通过测量确定的氧含量和/或通过测量确定的氮氧化物含量而确定，内燃机根据该特征变量操作以便安全和可靠地避免催化转化器由于积聚在催化转化器中的碳氢化合物的放热氧化导致损坏。
根据进一步有利的发展，特别是当特征变量小于下限值时，内燃机的操作并不根据该特征变量改变，但是特别是当相应的特征变量大于下限值且小于上限值时，内燃机的操作根据该特征变量以第一方式改变，且特别是当相应的特征变量大于上限值时，内燃机的操作根据该特征变量以第二方式改变。这允许内燃机尤其有利的操作，从而以独立于相应特征变量的限定方式影响内燃机的操作。
根据进一步有利的发展，催化转化器下游的排气中的氮氧化物含量至少借助于NOx传感器通过测量确定，其中催化转化器上游的排气中的氮氧化物含量借助于另外的NOx传感器通过测量或通过计算确定。使用至少一个NOx传感器的优点是，催化转化器中的氮氧化物甚至在相对低温度的温度下借助于碳氢化合物来催化转化，在此温度下不可能使催化转化器中沉积的碳氢化合物借助于氧点燃。由于此原因，在碳氢化合物可经由氧在催化转化器中氧化之前能够得到关于具有碳氢化合物的催化转化器的负载程度的信息，从而可及时影响内燃机的操作。
优选地，催化转化器下游的排气中的氧含量借助于拉姆达传感器(lambdasensor)通过测量确定，其中催化转化器上游的排气中的氧含量借助于另外的拉姆达传感器或借助于空气质量传感器通过测量或通过计算确定。至少一个NOx传感器与至少一个拉姆达传感器的组合使用是优选的，这是因为监测具有碳氢化合物的催化转化器的负载程度可能在较大的温度范围内。
用于操作内燃机的控制装置在权利要求8中限定。
附图说明
本发明的优选的进一步发展从所附权利要求和随后的说明书获得。本发明的示例性实施例借助于附图更详细地描述而不限于此。其中示出了：
图1：包括排气后处理系统的内燃机的示意图，用于展示根据本发明的用于操作内燃机的方法。
参考标号列表
10内燃机
11汽缸
12排气后处理系统
13催化转化器
14，14′排气
15NOx传感器
16拉姆达传感器
17NOx传感器
18拉姆达传感器。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及用于操作包括排气后处理系统的内燃机的方法，特别是操作内燃机的方法，其利用过量的氧操作以用于燃料的燃烧。此外，本发明涉及一种用于执行该方法的控制装置。
图1高度示意性地示出了内燃机10，其具有多个汽缸11且具有内燃机10的排气后处理系统12，其中，在图1中示例性地示出排气后处理系统12的催化转化器13，其可进给有离开内燃机10的排气14，其中，清洁的排气14′离开催化转化器13。催化转化器13是具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器，其中碳氢化合物可通过其氧化被转化或燃烧，其中这种催化转化器可为例如V2O5基的SCR催化转化器以用于减少氮氧化物排放，或包含贵金属的氧化催化转化器以用于氮氧化物的氧化。
催化转化器13的区域中积聚的碳氢化合物的氧化仅特别在催化转化器13中达到限定的点火温度时发生。
特别是当内燃机10的冷起动失败或耗时长的时候，相对大量的未燃烧或未氧化的碳氢化合物可在内燃机10的发动机起动期间积聚在催化转化器13中，其随后在达到点火温度时突然地氧化且导致催化转化器13中的温度的急剧增加。然而，这是不利的，因为这造成使催化转化器13热损坏的风险。
根据本发明提出，借助于至少一个传感器通过测量确定催化转化器13下游的排气14′中的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量。在图1的示例性实施例中，一方面NOx传感器15且另一方面拉姆达传感器16设在具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器13的直接下游，以便通过测量同时确定催化转化器13下游的排气14′中的氧含量以及氮氧化物含量。此外，根据本发明设置为，确定催化转化器13上游的排气14中的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量，也即借助于至少一个传感器通过测量或者作为备选通过计算确定。在图1的示例性实施例中，具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器13的直接上游设有传感器，即，另外的NOx传感器17和另外的拉姆达传感器18，以便通过测量确定催化转化器13上游的排气14中的氧含量和氮氧化物含量。此处的直接意味着，没有另外的催化活化组件和/或没有颗粒过滤器或排气后处理系统的类似物定位在各个传感器15、16、17、18和被保护免于损坏的具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器13之间。
催化转化器13上游的排气14中的氧含量还可另外地借助于气体质量传感器结合燃烧的燃料量确定。
此外设置为，确定催化转化器13的直接上游的排气14中和催化转化器13的直接下游的排气14′中的氧含量之间的氧含量差异和/或催化转化器13的直接上游的排气14中的氮氧化物含量和催化转化器13的直接下游的排气14′中的氮氧化物含量之间的氮氧化物含量差异。在图1所示的示例性实施例中，氧含量差异和氮氧化物含量差异两者均被确定。
从氧含量差异和/或从氮氧化物含量差异确定至少一个特征变量，内燃机10根据该特征变量以避免催化转化器13损坏的方式操作。从氧含量差异和/或从氮氧化物含量差异，确定催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载和/或催化转化器13在积聚于催化转化器13中的碳氢化合物的氧化期间发生的温度升高和/或催化转化器13中的碳氢化合物的燃烧率作为特征变量。基于这些特征变量中的至少一个，内燃机的操作然后以避免催化转化器13损坏的方式被开环或者闭环控制。
特别是当至少一个特征变量(例如催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载)小于极限值时，内燃机的操作并不根据该特征变量改变。作为对比，特别是当相应的特征变量(例如催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载)大于极限值时，内燃机10的操作根据该特征变量改变。
当相应的特征变量(例如催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载)与上限值和下限值相比时，得到特别有利的操作，即，特别是当特征变量(例如催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载)小于下限值时，内燃机10的操作并不根据该特征变量改变，特别是当相应的特征变量大于下限值且小于上限值时，内燃机的操作根据该特征变量以第一方式改变，且特别是当相应的特征变量大于上限值时，内燃机的操作根据该特征变量以第二方式改变。
在这点上，特别是当催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载大于下限值且小于上限值时，可设置为减少内燃机10中的燃料喷射量，而且特别是当催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载大于上限值时，减少内燃机10中的燃烧空气量，例如通过影响内燃机10的节流阀位置，而且优选地也额外减少内燃机10中的燃料喷射量。
从氧含量的差异或氮氧化物含量差异，能够根据以下反应方程确定催化转化器13的碳氢化合物负载，示例性地通过n-癸烷C10H22表示：
C10H22+15.5O2→10CO2+11H2O
C10H22+31NO→15.5N2+10CO2+11H2O
催化转化器13中的碳氢化合物氧化期间形成的温度升高△T能够根据以下关系确定：
△T＝mc*MABGAS*αABGAS*HUc/△tAUF
其中mc为催化转化器13中的碳质量，其中MABGAS为流过催化转化器13的排气质量流，其中αABGAS为排气热容量，其中HUc为碳的热值，△tAUF为催化转化器13的加热持续时间。
催化转化器13的加热持续时间△tAUF或碳氢化合物的燃烧率可从氧含量差异的梯度确定。
本发明还涉及一种用于执行该方法的控制装置，其中该控制装置优选的是内燃机10的电子式发动机控制装置。其包括用于执行根据本发明的方法的器件。这些器件是用于与涉及执行根据本发明的方法的组件交换数据的数据接口、用于数据处理的处理器和用于存储数据的存储单元。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于操作包括排气后处理系统的内燃机的方法，其中，所述排气后处理系统包括具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的催化转化器，其特征在于，
借助于至少一个传感器通过测量确定具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的所述催化转化器下游的排气中的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量，
借助于至少一个传感器通过测量或者可选地通过计算确定具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的所述催化转化器上游的排气的氧含量和/或氮氧化物含量，
确定所述催化转化器上游的排气中的氧含量和所述催化转化器下游的排气中的氧含量之间的氧含量差异和/或确定所述催化转化器上游的排气中的氮氧化物含量和所述催化转化器下游的排气中的氮氧化物含量之间的氮氧化物含量差异，
从所述氧含量差异和/或从所述氮氧化物含量差异确定至少一个特征变量，所述内燃机根据所述特征变量以避免具有碳氢化合物氧化活性的所述催化转化器损坏的方式操作。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，从所述氧含量差异和/或从所述氮氧化物含量差异确定所述催化转化器的碳氢化合物负载和/或所述催化转化器在所述碳氢化合物的氧化期间发生的温度升高和/或所述碳氢化合物的燃烧率作为特征变量。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，特别是当特征变量小于极限值时，所述内燃机的操作并不根据所述特征变量改变，且特别是当相应的特征变量大于极限值时，所述内燃机的操作根据所述特征变量改变。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，特别是当特征变量小于下限值时，所述内燃机的操作并不根据所述特征变量改变，特别是当相应的特征变量大于所述下限值且小于上限值时，所述内燃机的操作根据所述特征变量以第一方式改变，且特别是当所述特征变量大于所述上限值时，所述内燃机的操作根据所述特征变量以第二方式改变。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，特别是当相应的特征变量大于所述下限值且小于所述上限值时，减少燃料喷射量，且特别是当相应的特征变量大于所述上限值时，减少燃烧空气量且优选地额外减少燃料喷射量。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述催化转化器下游的排气中的氮氧化物含量至少借助于NOx传感器通过测量确定，且其中所述催化转化器上游的排气中的氮氧化物含量借助于另外的NOx传感器通过测量或通过计算确定。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述催化转化器下游的排气中的氧含量额外地借助于拉姆达传感器通过测量确定，且其中所述催化转化器上游的排气中的氧含量借助于另外的拉姆达传感器或借助于空气质量传感器通过测量或通过计算确定。
8.一种用于操作包括排气后处理系统的内燃机的控制装置，其特征在于，所述控制装置包括用于执行根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法的器件。
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CN105604662B (zh) 2019-06-14
JP2016089834A (ja) 2016-05-23

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