CN105576738B - 使用车辆电力转换器的母线预充电 - Google Patents

使用车辆电力转换器的母线预充电 Download PDF

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CN105576738B
CN105576738B CN201510707496.0A CN201510707496A CN105576738B CN 105576738 B CN105576738 B CN 105576738B CN 201510707496 A CN201510707496 A CN 201510707496A CN 105576738 B CN105576738 B CN 105576738B
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阿诺德·维库·门萨·布朗
艾伦·罗伊·盖尔
布鲁斯·卡维·布雷克蒙
王志伦
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/342—The other DC source being a battery actively interacting with the first one, i.e. battery to battery charging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/15—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with additional electric power supply
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/20—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33584—Bidirectional converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

Abstract

本公开提供使用车辆电力转换器的母线预充电。一种车辆包括电机、为电机供电的牵引电池以及起动、照明和点火(SLI)电池。所述车辆还包括电位隔离的DC‑DC转换器，所述电位隔离的DC‑DC转换器连接所述电池并具有与所述电池并联的母线电容。所述车辆还包括电连接与母线电容并联的牵引电池的接触器以及控制器。所述控制器响应于闭合接触器的命令而在闭合接触器之前激活DC‑DC转换器的开关，以驱使能量从SLI电池到达母线电容。

Description

使用车辆电力转换器的母线预充电
技术领域
本公开涉及机动车辆的电气基础设施以及其中的高电压母线(high voltagebus)的预充电。
背景技术
混合动力电动车辆可以使用发动机和电机来推进。电机可以由高电压(例如，300伏)电池进行供电。电机和高电压电池可以经由高电压母线进行电连接。通常，高电压电池和关联的母线通过主接触器进行连接。在闭合主接触器之前，高电压母线的电压可能小于高电压电池的电压。因此，可以通过将高电压母线经由例如预充电接触器和电阻器连接至高电压电池来对高电压母线进行预充电，以使高电压母线上的电压增加。在高电压母线被预充电之后，主接触器可以闭合，以将高电压电池直接连接至高电压母线。
发明内容
一种车辆包括：电机，产生用于所述车辆的推进能量；牵引电池，为电机供电；起动、照明和点火(SLI)电池；电位隔离的DC-DC转换器，连接所述牵引电池和所述SLI电池，并具有与所述牵引电池和所述SLI电池并联的母线电容。所述车辆还包括：接触器，电连接与母线电容并联的牵引电池；以及控制器。响应于闭合接触器的命令，所述控制器在闭合接触器之前激活DC-DC转换器的开关，以驱使能量从SLI电池到达母线电容。所述控制器还可以改变开关的占空比，以控制母线电容的电位的变化率。所述占空比可以随着母线电容的电位的增加而增大。所述占空比增大的速率可基于针对母线电容的指定的充电分布图。在母线电容的电位和牵引电池的电位进行等量化时，所述速率可以不是恒定的。
一种车辆电力管理方法包括：响应于闭合被配置为电连接与母线并联的牵引电池的接触器的命令，在闭合所述接触器之前激活连接牵引电池和辅助电池的电位隔离的DC-DC转换器的开关，以驱使能量从辅助电池到达母线，从而使牵引电池的电位和母线的电位大体上相等。所述方法可以包括：改变所述开关的占空比，以控制母线电位的变化率。所述占空比可以随着母线电位的增加而增大。所述占空比增大的速率可以基于针对母线的指定的充电分布图。在母线的电位和牵引电池的电位进行等量化时，所述速率可以不是恒定的。
一种车辆电力系统包括牵引电池、辅助电池、连接所述牵引电池和所述辅助电池的电位隔离的DC-DC转换器以及与所述DC-DC转换器并联的母线。所述电力系统还包括被配置为将牵引电池与母线电连接的接触器以及控制器。在闭合接触器之前，所述控制器激活DC-DC转换器的开关，以驱使能量从辅助电池到达母线。所述控制器还可以改变开关的占空比，以控制母线电位的变化率。所述占空比可以随着母线的电位的增加而增大。占空比增大的速率可以基于针对母线的指定的充电分布图。在母线的电位和牵引电池的电位进行等量化时，所述速率可以不是恒定的。
附图说明
图1是机动车辆的示意图。
具体实施方式
在此描述本公开的实施例。然而，应理解的是，所公开的实施例仅为示例，并且其它实施例可采用各种可替代形式。附图不必按比例绘制；可夸大或最小化一些特征以示出特定组件的细节。因此，在此公开的具体结构和功能细节不应被解释为限制，而仅仅作为用于教导本领域技术人员以多种形式利用本发明的代表性基础。如本领域普通技术人员将理解的，参照任一附图说明和描述的各个特征可与一个或更多个其它附图中说明的特征组合以产生未明确说明或描述的实施例。说明的特征的组合提供用于典型应用的代表性实施例。然而，与本公开的教导一致的特征的多种组合和变型可被期望用于特定的应用或实施方式。
车辆电力系统的高电压组件(诸如DC-DC电力转换器)通常经由一组接触器而与牵引电池隔离(尽管不是电位隔离)。虽然这些接触器提供隔离，但是它们还为包括DC-DC电力转换器的高度电容性负载供电。因此，电流浪涌(current surge)应该被避免，以防止高电压组件出现问题。
基于电阻器和接触器设计，在启动期间预充电电路可以限制涌入电流(inrushcurrent)。然而，从高电压电池供应到预充电电路的电流可能是不均匀的。因此，比起供应的电流更均匀的情况，预充电电路的元件(例如，预充电接触器等)可能更大、更重或更贵，这是因为所述元件必须能够适应电流大小的较大波动并具有可接受的预期寿命。此外，预充电时间可取决于预充电电阻器的电阻以及供应的电流。也就是说，随着高电压电池的荷电状态的降低，预充电时间可增加，这是因为预充电电阻的大小不变。更进一步，预充电电路可执行预充电功能(鉴于其是被动的)的精度可能影响主接触器的磨损率。
一般而言，在车辆(例如，电动车辆)中使用的DC-DC转换器是单向的。然而，可以修改这些转换器(例如，同步整流型DC-DC转换器)的设计，以包含预充电功能从而满足启动要求。(同步整流器是一种通过将低电阻传导路径跨接在二极管整流器上来提高电力转换效率的电子开关。)在一些示例中，金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)或其它开关可以被用于这一目的。具有适当的电路设计和控制的MOSFET(双向装置)可以有助于能量从变压器的初级侧流动到次级侧以及从变压器的次级侧流动到初级侧。
参照图1，机动车辆10包括发动机12、电机14、动力传动系统16以及车轮18。发动机12和电机14均与动力传动系统16机械连接(如由粗实线所示)。而且，动力传动系统16与车轮18机械连接(如由粗实线所示)。这样，发动机12或电机14(或二者)可以用于经由动力传动系统16以及车轮18来推进车辆10。在其它示例中，发动机12和电机14可以沿着扭矩路径被串联布置，并且可以通过例如离合器被选择性地结合以及分离。其它的车辆布置当然也是可以的。
车辆10还包括牵引电池20、起动、照明、点火(SLI)电池22(辅助电池)、布置在牵引电池20和辅助电池22之间的电位隔离的DC-DC电力转换器24(以及相关的电路元件)以及辅助负载26。牵引电池20被布置为取决于电机是以马达状态运行还是以发电机状态运行而向电机14提供电力或从电机14接收电力。同样地，辅助电池22被布置为向辅助负载26提供电力。
在该示例中，电力转换器24包括构成变压器32的线圈28、30以及开关(例如，金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管等)34、36、38、40、42、44。开关34、36被布置为使电流在辅助电池22和线圈28之间流通。开关38、40、42、44被布置为使电流在牵引电池20和线圈30之间流通。其它转换器布置也是可以的。例如，可以使用具有四个开关的非中心抽头的(non-center tapped)次级侧(类似于初级侧)等。
相关的电路元件可以包括电容器46、48以及电感器50、52。在该示例中，电容器46、48以及电感器50被布置为形成电连接在辅助电池22和电力转换器24之间的π型滤波器54。而且，电容器48和电感器50、52被布置为形成电连接在辅助电池22和电力转换器24之间的T型滤波器56。相关的电路元件还可包括：母线电容58，与牵引电池20并联；以及主接触器60，被配置为将牵引电池20与电力转换器24以及母线电容58电连接。然而，不同于传统的接触器布置，主接触器60不具有与其关联的预充电电路。更确切地说，如下面更详细地解释的，来自辅助电池22的电流可以被用于在闭合主接触器60之前，使牵引电池20和母线电容58中的每个两端的电位大体上相等。
车辆10还包括一个或更多个控制器62，所述一个或更多个控制器62被配置为控制电力转换器24和主接触器60(如由虚线所示的)。也就是说，例如，响应于闭合主接触器60的请求，控制器62可以在闭合主接触器60之前激活开关34、36、38、40、42、44，以驱使电流从辅助电池22穿过变压器32到达母线，而使母线电容58两端的电位增加到与牵引电池20两端的电位大致相等的量，从而避免主接触器60熔焊(welding)。
例如，假设主接触器60是断开的并且控制器62已经接收到闭合主接触器60的命令，则控制器62可以闭合开关34并断开开关36。电流将从辅助电池22的正极端子流到线圈28的中心抽头部分，通过开关34，并返回到辅助电池22的负极端子。这将使得电流沿着从页面顶部朝向页面底部的方向流过线圈30(假设与线圈28、30关联的同名端位于异侧)。鉴于与开关关联的二极管布置，来自线圈30的电流将流过与开关38关联的二极管、电容58、与开关44关联的二极管，并返回到线圈30。在一段时间之后，控制器62可以断开开关34，并在此后使开关36闭合与开关34闭合的时间段相同的时间段。电流将从辅助电池22的正极端子流到线圈28的中心抽头部分，通过开关36，并返回到辅助电池22的负极端子。这将使得电流沿着从页面底部朝向页面顶部的方向流过线圈30。来自线圈30的电流将流过与开关42关联的二极管、电容58、与开关40关联的二极管，并返回到线圈30(以此类推)。虽然在开关34的接通与开关36的切断之间的时间段可以保持大体上不变，但是开关34、36中的每个接通的时间量可以随着母线获取电荷而变化。例如，开关34、36最初可以交替地接通达所述时间段的10％，而随着电荷被获取，开关34、36可以交替地接通达所述时间段的50％。
在闭合主接触器60之前，对与开关34、36关联的占空比(duty cycle)的控制可以提供对母线电容58中的变化行为的关联控制，这在某些传统系统中是不可能的。例如，控制器62可以操作占空比，以实现针对母线的指定的充电分布图(charge profile)：占空比可以随着母线电容58的电位的增加而增大；占空比变化的速率(可以是恒定的或变化的)可以根据指定的充电分布图来控制，等等。占空比增大的速率控制能量被传输到母线电容58的速率，从而提供对高电压母线进行预充电的控制方法。
在此考虑的布置可以在某些情况下提供多个优点，所述多个优点包括提高效率和封装、减少部件数量、成本、散热以及噪声、振动和振感(harness)(接触器的闭合有时可产生“咔哒”声)。
在此公开的处理、方法或算法可被传送到处理装置、控制器或计算机或者通过处理装置、控制器或计算机实现，所述处理装置、控制器或计算机可包括任何现有的可编程电子控制单元或者专用的电子控制单元。类似地，所述处理、方法或算法可以以多种形式被存储为可被控制器或计算机执行的数据和指令，所述多种形式包括但不限于永久地存储在非可写存储介质(诸如，ROM装置)上的信息以及可变地存储在可写存储介质(诸如，软盘、磁带、CD、RAM装置以及其它磁介质和光学介质)上的信息。所述处理、方法或算法还可被实现为软件可执行对象。可选择地，所述处理、方法或算法可使用合适的硬件组件(诸如，专用集成电路(ASIC)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、状态机、控制器或其它硬件组件或装置)或者硬件、软件和固件组件的组合被整体或部分地实现。
在说明书中使用的词语是描述性词语而非限制性词语，应该理解的是，在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的情况下，可进行各种改变。如前所述，各个实施例的特征可被组合，以形成本发明的可能未被明确描述或示出的进一步的实施例。尽管各个实施例可能已被描述为提供优点或者在一个或更多个期望的特性方面优于其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式，但是本领域普通技术人员应该认识到，一个或更多个特征或特性可被折衷，以实现期望的整体系统属性，期望的整体系统属性取决于具体的应用和实施方式。这些属性可包括但不限于成本、强度、耐久性、生命周期成本、可销售性、外观、包装、尺寸、维护保养方便性、重量、可制造性、装配容易性等。因此，被描述为在一个或更多个特性方面不如其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式合意的实施例并不在本公开的范围之外，并且可被期望用于特定的应用。

Claims (3)

1.一种车辆，包括：
电机，被配置为产生用于所述车辆的推进能量；
牵引电池，被配置为为所述电机供电；
起动、照明和点火电池；
电位隔离的DC-DC转换器，连接所述牵引电池和所述起动、照明和点火电池，并具有与所述牵引电池和所述起动、照明和点火电池并联的母线电容；
接触器，被配置为将牵引电池与母线电容并联电连接；
控制器，被配置为：
响应于闭合所述接触器的命令，在闭合所述接触器之前，激活所述DC-DC转换器的开关，以驱使能量从所述起动、照明和点火电池到达所述母线电容；
改变所述开关的占空比，以控制所述母线电容的电位的变化率，其中，所述占空比随着所述母线电容的电位的增加而增大。
2.如权利要求1所述的车辆，其中，所述占空比增大的速率基于针对所述母线电容的指定的充电分布图。
3.如权利要求2所述的车辆，其中，在所述母线电容的电位和所述牵引电池的电位进行等量化时，所述速率不是恒定的。
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