CN105572027B - Concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine - Google Patents

Concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105572027B
CN105572027B CN201610094440.7A CN201610094440A CN105572027B CN 105572027 B CN105572027 B CN 105572027B CN 201610094440 A CN201610094440 A CN 201610094440A CN 105572027 B CN105572027 B CN 105572027B
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China
Prior art keywords
test specimen
deformation
concrete
sensor
fixed
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CN105572027A (en
Inventor
刘毅
张国新
王振红
杨德明
李建彬
张各亮
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China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research
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China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
    • G01N17/002—Test chambers

Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine, including pedestal, is equipped on pedestal: an environmental cabinet is separated with ambient enviroment；One concrete sample accommodating device is located in the environmental cabinet, including fixed bolster plate in the middle part of fixed chuck, active chuck, test specimen, and split constitutes a concrete sample accommodating space, and fixed chuck is installed in environmental cabinet, and active chuck is movably disposed；Environmental cabinet and concrete sample accommodating space set temperature sensor；One true environment simulation system includes at least a temperature-adjusting device and is located in environmental cabinet and concrete sample accommodating device to propose fixed true environment in temperature upper mold；One loading system, so that active chuck position is fixed or, on active chuck setting displacement/deformation-sensor perception concrete sample deformation mobile in axis direction；If strain gauge perceives the load that test specimen is born.The present apparatus can be tested from test angle, development overall process of the factors such as temperature and stress to concrete under the conditions of changeable environment.

Description

Concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine
Technical field
The invention belongs to hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering technical fields, are related to a kind of concrete cracking overall process based on true environment Test method and the testing machine for using this method are tested more particularly, to the cracking whole process simulation of mass concrete Device.
Background technique
For a long time, " not splitting on no dam " is always unsolved world-famous puzzle, and the appearance in crack affects dam structure Appearance, performance and safety, eventually affect the people's lives and property.How to reduce or even prevents the generation in crack from just becoming work The problem of journey builder must be taken into consideration.As related fields is theoretical and the progress of technical research, the research in dam concrete crack Work achieves obvious progress, especially Temperature Controlling of Mass Concrete anticracking and works, and has formd comparatively perfect at present Basic theory and method system.But in view of the complexity of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering, the especially abominable of location environment, dam Distress in concrete problem does not still solve thoroughly.
There are many factor for causing concrete to generate crack, and structure, material and construction factor are likely to become crack appearance Inducement, but for dam, the dam especially built in big temperature difference high altitude localities, surrounding weather environment gradually at For the emphasis factors of temperature controlled anticracking control.Atmospheric environment not only in real time surrounds entire concrete works, and atmospheric environment The varied temperature that important influence, especially ambient enviroment are also generated to engineering, humidity, rainfall, wind speed and sun spoke It the factors such as penetrates, drastically influences the generation of distress in concrete, atmosphere environment impact factor advises the influence that distress in concrete generates How is rule, and influence degree has much again, and there is presently no final conclusions.Therefore, it is complete to develop the concrete cracking based on true environment Process testing machine and method just become needed for concrete dam project construction.
In addition, currently, in the prior art for test specimen displacement or deformation measurement on there are many deficiencies place:
1. most measuring devices measure test piece deformation using indirect measure or foil gauge, precision is difficult to make us full Meaning.
2. to be tested in various simulated environment for test specimen for many testing machines, various environment for displacement, The measurement accuracy of deformation brings very big influence, so that measurement accuracy is not high.
3. in the prior art, cracking to concrete material studies aspect, temperature stress testing equipment is mostly used at present, it can not Accurately measure the deflection of early concrete cracking, the cracking trend of analysis and evaluation concrete, the ideal not up to studied Effect.
4. existing test specimen displacement or deformation measuring device, are limited to the gauge length of various displacement deformation sensors mostly in 200mm Hereinafter, the test specimen for length at 1 meter or more, it is difficult to which deformation or displacement to test specimen provide accurate reasonable measurement.
Further more, testing machine in the prior art, it is rigid element that test specimen, which accommodates component, to neutral poor
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to improve limitation and deficiency in the simulation of existing concrete temperature stress and crack research, mention For one kind from test angle, development overall process of the factors such as temperature and stress to concrete under the conditions of changeable environment into The concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine of row test.
The technical solution of the invention is as follows:
Concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine provided by the invention, including a pedestal, are provided on the base
One environmental cabinet at least has four walls and upper cover, forms a closed space, separates with ambient enviroment；
One concrete sample accommodating device is arranged in the environmental cabinet comprising fixed chuck, active chuck, test specimen Middle part fixed bolster plate, three's split constitute the concrete sample accommodating space that a upper end is open or upper and lower side is open, The fixed chuck is fixed in the environmental cabinet, and the active chuck can be along the length of the concrete sample accommodating space The axis in direction is movably arranged, and the side template is placed between fixed chuck and active chuck；
It is passed in the environmental cabinet or the environmental cabinet and concrete sample accommodating space setting temperature sensor and humidity Sensor；
One true environment simulation system, include at least a temperature-adjusting device, for heating and/or cooling device, It is arranged on the environmental cabinet and concrete sample accommodating device to provide and at least propose fixed true environment in temperature upper mold；
One loading system has the servo motor of speed reducer, the counter-force including a reaction frame, a transmission device and one Frame is arranged on the base, which includes a ball-screw loading device, and connection lead screw is made on the loading device The driven member connection constraints axis of linear motion, which enters environmental cabinet by the side wall of the environmental cabinet and the activity is pressed from both sides Head connects and the active chuck position is made to fix or move in the axis direction, and the driving link lead screw in the loading device is solid It is scheduled on the reaction frame；The servo motor is arranged on the reaction frame, connects the lead screw；The servo motor is constituted Load and execution mechanism, the speed reducer are worm reduction gear, and the constraint axis is manufactured using invar steel (invar)；
Displacement/deformation-sensor perception concrete examination is set on the active chuck or the component connecting with active chuck The deformation of part；
Strain gauge is set on the ballscrew loading device and perceives the load that test specimen is born.
It suitably with the testing machine, further include a computer, which is connect by data line with a control system, The control system includes: to control the control unit of each executing agency's movement of master trip machine true environment simulation system；And master trip The control unit of the movement of servo motor described in concrete sample loading system is controlled in machine；
The computer also passes through the signal output end that the temperature sensor of environmental parameter is monitored described in data line；
Displacement/deformation displacement/deformation-sensor signal output end of the monitoring concrete sample；
The signal output end of the strain gauge of the monitoring test specimen stress is connected；
The control signal output of the control system is connected with the control terminal of each executing agency.
Temperature control unit receives the instruction of computer, control executing agency, that is, heating/cooling device work, so that coagulation Native test specimen accommodating space also may include that the temperature of environmental cabinet meets the parameter of setting.
Displacement/deformation control unit and load control unit control the servo in executing agency i.e. loading system together Motor.
Data processing system in computer calculate concrete sample in the true environment of the simulation include about Shu Yingli, free variable, elasticity modulus, deformation separation, result of at least one of creeping simultaneously export.
Including the rock deformation sensor being arranged in environmental cabinet and two built-in fittings being arranged in test specimen, in built-in fitting The quartzy measuring staff of upper setting, the measuring staff one end are fixed with the built-in fitting close to fixed chuck side, and the other end is positioned close to activity It can slide axially on the built-in fitting of collet side and with respect to the built-in fitting along test specimen, the quartz measuring staff and rock deformation sensor It is corresponding, to measure the displacement of quartzy measuring staff by rock deformation sensor (rock extensometer), directly measure the deflection of test specimen； And/or
It is stretched including what is installed on the grating sensor outside the environmental cabinet is arranged in and is arranged in test specimen built-in fitting Rod, the aperture on the environment tank wall, the grating sensing which stretches out the environmental cabinet and be mounted on outside environmental cabinet Device is corresponding, to measure the relative displacement of the extension bar on built-in fitting, measures test piece deformation amount.
The cross-sectional shape of the accommodating space are as follows: both ends are the shorter heads of width greater depth, centre be width compared with The small longer interlude of length, the head and interlude connect transition by boring section；The fixed chuck and active chuck with Splicing seams in the middle part of test specimen between fixed bolster plate are located in the intermediate segment limit of the accommodating space.
Two built-in fittings are preferably disposed in the test specimen relative to the head.
Extension bar on each built-in fitting is two, is laterally stretched out from the two opposite side walls of environmental cabinet, is existed with setting Two grating sensors outside environmental cabinet are corresponding.With this, the deformation of test specimen can be more accurately detected, eliminates measurement error.
The built-in fitting being arranged in test specimen for fixed displacement/deformation-sensor comprising be arranged in test specimen concrete In inlet part, expose concrete sample surface disk body and deck, the inlet part be a plate body, the plate of the plate body The axis of the face perpendicular to the concrete sample accommodating space, the disk and the embedment of the disk body being connected with inlet part Partial plate body plate face is vertical, and the support rod structure of deck and the quartzy measuring staff for connecting the temperature sensor is arranged on the disk body At matching clamping structure.
Further, it can also include a cope plate that the test specimen, which accommodates fixed device, close the concrete examination The upper end of part accommodating space is open.
For seam between the side template and the active chuck and/or fixed chuck there are gap, which includes side Gap between the end of template and the active chuck, to guarantee test specimen side template and active chuck non-contravention in compression, It further include the gap between the side of side template and fixed chuck and active chuck.
The side template can be arranged in transverse shifting in the environmental cabinet.
In use, concrete can be directly poured into the concrete sample accommodating space and forms test specimen, it can also To be placed in manufactured in the concrete sample accommodating space with the matched test specimen of test specimen accommodating space shape.
Be arranged in the climate control system in the environmental cabinet heat and/or cool device can be setting exist In the tank wall of the environmental cabinet or in closed space, the tank wall has hollow chamber, and/or, setting test specimen, which accommodates, to be fixed The fixed chuck, active chuck and side template at least one in device has hollow chamber；
Each hollow chamber's setting inlet and outlet is connected to the medium channel of the heating and/or cooling device, institute Stating executing agency can be the electric heating coil being arranged on the medium channel of the heating-cooling device or driving heating or cooling Media flow delivery pump, for providing in test thermal energy or cold energy as needed.
In the present invention, main climate control system in true environment system is simulated, there can be two parts, a part is It is arranged on environment cabinet, another part is accommodated in test specimen to be arranged on fixed device.It is arranged on environmental cabinet, is more simulation Temperature in true environment, and accommodate in test specimen and be arranged on fixed device, it can simulate in a short time in true environment for example The temperature of concrete dam.All without such comprehensive climate control system in testing machine in the prior art.
In the present invention, concrete directly can be cast directly over into the concrete sample accommodating that test specimen accommodates fixed device In space, in this manner it is possible to test concrete in the true environment of simulation from lean state to solidification again to hardening complete procedure The variation of dilatancy and stress, in this way, for such as dam from pour, be solidified to hardening process stress, strain in difference It can be carried out testing under environmental condition, obtain comprehensive data, provide valuable information for design, the construction of dam.It is existing Testing machine in technology does not all expect the test for yet not accomplishing this complete procedure.Certainly, in testing machine provided by the invention Test specimen accommodate fixed device and concrete sample made of can also be tested.
Connection structure between the constraint axis and the active chuck is articulated connection.As a result, connection ball hinge It can be freely rotated in a certain range, avoid generating torsional load to test specimen when load, there is fine adjustment function to bias.
Specifically, the end of the constraint axis is bulb, and the ball hinge being arranged on the active chuck is two-half structure.
Specific structure are as follows: the ball hinge includes preceding ball seat and rear ball seat, and the preceding ball seat is fixed on the fixed chuck In the both ends of the surface of active chuck, before rear ball seat is fixed on by pretension bolt on ball seat, preceding ball seat and rear ball seat are constituted and are accommodated The spherical space of shaft end portion bulb is constrained, and reserves certain interval at forward and backward ball seat cooperation plane, for that can pass through during installation The pretightning force size of pretension bolt is adjusted, guarantees that the connection spherical surface of bulb and ball seat is very close to each other, when avoiding drawing, pressing load switching Generating idle running influences.
Computer control system provided by the invention is substantially the prior art, is implemented function such as wherein: when due to When test specimen deforms in the true environment of simulation and pushes against the active chuck, strain gauge collects stress, passes through data The signal output end of processing system and data output system connect with power device and starts power device driving active chuck and move It moves until the stress sensed on strain gauge is reduced to zero, the power device stops.
Such structure can make this testing machine realize the test such as free variable.
There are also be exactly that starting power device driving active chuck is mobile and reduces deflection, by institute after free variable Displacement sensors obtain displacement, obtain corresponding stress value by the strain gauge.
The true environment simulation system can also include that the environment is arranged other than the weather adjustment device At least one of case regulating device: humidity control apparatus, solar radiation regulating device, rainfall regulating device, wind speed adjust dress Set, further include such as at least one of lower sensor correspondingly: humidity sensor, solar radiation sensor, rainfall sensor and Air velocity transducer is connect with the computer, the executing agency of the control system connection.
Specifically, apertured, connecting line, the piping connection it can supply gas on the tank wall of the environmental cabinet, send vapour, air-supply At least one of with water injector, humidity control apparatus, rainfall regulating device and wind-speed adjusting device are correspondingly constituted；With/ Or, apertured on the tank wall of the environmental cabinet, the lamps and lanterns that simulated solar irradiates are arranged in hole and constitute solar radiation regulating device.
Each executing agency is associated with so that simulating the true environment of setting with the control system.
Each regulating device, which can also be, establishes one's own system, such as temperature-adjusting device, including heating controller, temperature control Instrument connects heating element and temperature sensor and realizes heating function.In this way, can simplify the structure of control system.
Further, the frame is the frame for including the rectangle that two crossbeams and two columns are constituted, and one fixed horizontal Beam is fixed on the pedestal of the fixed chuck side, and two columns fixed cross beam that is connected in parallel is located at institute Environmental cabinet two sides are stated, a fine motion crossbeam is arranged on the pedestal of the active chuck side, connect with the column, institute It states power device to be arranged on the fine motion crossbeam, reaction frame is consequently formed, the straight-line motion mechanism passes through the fine motion crossbeam It is connect with active chuck, the support section of the displacement/deformation-sensor and the strain gauge is directly or indirectly fixed On the base.
Frame provided by the invention, two crossbeams, one fixation form fixed cross beam on the base, another is Setting does not have fixed structure to form fine motion crossbeam with the pedestal on the base, and loading system is arranged on fine motion crossbeam.
In this way, frame can bear very big stress and might have the deformation of very little when loading system exerts a force to test specimen, But this power and deformation will not be transmitted to pedestal.Therefore, the measurement accuracy of displacement sensor and force snesor is not by frame deformation It influences, guarantees good measurement accuracy.
The constraint axis can be manufactured with invar steel 4J36.
The material and sectional dimension of the column are as follows: guarantee that its rigidity is to bear the 5-20 of the maximum strength stress of concrete Times power and indeformable or stiffness K be more than or equal to 2MN/mm；And/or guarantee that its temperature stability is the temperature model in test Enclose (such as -20-80 DEG C) it is interior when its temperature deformation less than 10 microns.
The frame provided by the invention, using upright post cross-beam type, stable structure, column therein has enough in addition Rigidity and temperature deformation stability, can guarantee test well precision.
Further, form is set on the case lid of the environmental cabinet, so that test process visualization.
The power device selects servo motor, connects worm reduction gear transmission mechanism.Make to control precision, feedback speed in this way Degree, the big raising of efficiency.
A hoisting mechanism is also set up in the pedestal, fixed dress is accommodated in the test specimen and centers a bottom plate for putting It sets test specimen or is poured test specimen on it, which connects the hoisting mechanism, can be by test specimen from mixed by running the hoisting mechanism In solidifying soil test specimen accommodating space into and out.
It can also include an ancillary test machine in testing machine provided by the invention, which includes that a test specimen holds Chamber is set for placing test specimen identical with the test specimen tested in the master trip machine, the temperature tune is set in the test specimen accommodating cavity Regulating device, or setting at least one of the temperature-adjusting device and following regulating device: humidity control apparatus, the sun Radiate regulating device, rainfall regulating device and wind-speed adjusting device；Temperature sensor is set in the test specimen accommodating cavity, also set up as At least one of lower sensor: humidity sensor, solar radiation sensor, rainfall sensor and air velocity transducer, Ge Gesuo It states sensor to connect with the computer, which connects the regulating device and adjust environment in the test specimen accommodating cavity Parameter is identical as the master trip environmental cabinet；The change for also setting up displacement/deformation-sensor in the test specimen accommodating cavity to perceive test specimen Shape.
Displacement/the deformation-sensor being arranged in ancillary test machine can be identical with master trip machine.
The control system further includes controlling the various execution machines of true environment simulation system in the ancillary test machine The control unit of structure movement.
It is put into test specimen accommodating cavity with the test specimen in master trip machine, so that test specimen can Free Transform.Ancillary test machine In test specimen in same environment, for being compared with the test specimen in master trip machine.Ancillary test machine is in test specimen and machine bottom Under the conditions of plate coefficient of friction is sufficiently small, the Free Transform of measurement and master trip machine auxiliary test specimen under the conditions of synthermal.Synthermal condition Parallel test machine, makes test data have integrality.
Testing machine provided by the invention is mainly used for distress in concrete mechanism and temperature stress test.It can carry out a variety of Under the conditions of temperature control measures, concrete hardens the test of the development process of its own temperature stress in overall process, the mistake from being poured into Journey may include the process that adiabatic temperature rise, thermal expansion coefficient, elasticity modulus and the parameters such as creep develop at any time；It can also simulate imitative Real weather environment really, under the influence of natural cause temperature stress and Cracking Mechanism emulate.The testing machine can be according to need Different temperature and constraint degree condition are set, including insulation, constant temperature, the process for setting temperature rise temperature drop etc..It is opened by concrete Whole process simulation test is split, the cracking resistance of concrete is evaluated.
Concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine provided by the invention is that band directly measurement test piece deformation amount concrete is opened Split whole process simulation testing machine, including master trip machine, or further include ancillary test machine, in addition, further include Measurement and Control System, Electrical dragging system, heating refrigeration system, computer control and processing system.
The master trip machine include reaction frame, speed reducer for servo motor ball-screw loading device, test specimen temperature template, Demoulding mechanism, constraint axis, thermal environment case.0-100% constraint, by servo motor push pull maneuver, expansion to concrete or Contraction carries out constraint control, the measurement concrete temperature and stress during mature, and temperature when cracking at any time With stress.And auxiliary testing machine is without constraint axis, principle and other structures are the same as master trip machine.
The Measurement and Control System includes deformation under load Measurement and Control System and Temperature Measure Control System, includes industry control Machine, digital multichannel closed loop controller, data collecting card, load sensor, displacement sensor, deformation-sensor, temperature pass Sensor and humidity sensor etc..Real time data is fed back to controller or data collecting card, computer control and display by sensor As a result.System is mainly measured and is controlled to restraining force, deformation suffered by test specimen, temperature, humidity etc..
The electrical dragging system is grasped by the breaker of various specifications, relay, DC power supply, servo-driver and button Workpiece etc. forms execution unit, executes the instruction of controller and control system sending, carries out process control.
The heating refrigeration system includes heating device, refrigeration compressor set, water pump, incubator and pipe valve.
The computer control and processing system include industrial personal computer, laser printer, control and data processing software, to survey The control instruction that amount control system issues receives pressure, the displacement, deformation numerical value of Measurement and Control System acquisition, aobvious according to instruction Show or export the control instruction that various charts and curve issue Measurement and Control System.
Using above-mentioned testing machine, the concrete cracking overall process test method based on true environment, comprising the following steps:
(1), concrete is cast in the concrete sample accommodating space, or concrete sample is arranged and is mixed at this It is fixed on device in solidifying soil test specimen accommodating space；The both ends of the test specimen are connected with the fixed chuck and active chuck respectively；
(2) a true environment simulation system is constructed, the environmental cabinet and/or concrete are made by the executing agency At least temperature parameter in test specimen accommodating device reaches setting true environment to be simulated requirement, and the environment in the environmental cabinet can be with It is a constant environment, or the environment of Parameters variation within the set range；
(3) at least one following test procedure is then carried out under the true environment of setting:
A. it freely constrains:
Testing machine fixes concrete sample one end, other end retractable, sets in the offer of true environment simulation system Under fixed true environment, free variable test is carried out to the test specimen, in the time zone (t) of setting, the acquisition of setting period becomes Shape amount ε (t),
When expansion or shrinkage occurs in test specimen, the strain gauge of setting shows stress value, i.e. starting power device, So that straight-line motion mechanism in the movement of deformation direction identical direction until strain gauge shows that stress value is zero, from displacement/ Deformation-sensor obtains the numerical value of free variable at this time.
The concrete operations freely constrained are as follows: testing machine clamps the both ends of concrete sample, and one end is fixed, and one end is controllable It is mobile, under true environment simulated conditions, the controllable end of the test specimen is not added load, setting time interval (t), according to displacement/ The data of deformation-sensor and strain gauge detection, act power device by control system, thus, make the test specimen Free displacement is μ (t), as the free variable ε (t) of t moment concrete.
The purpose of measuring the free variable of concrete is separated for concrete various modifications.
B. restraint stress:
Testing machine clamps the both ends of concrete sample, and one end is fixed, the controllable movement in one end, i.e., first allow test specimen with work One end free extension of dynamic collet connection, after test specimen has an elongation or shrinkage in the true environment, setting Time interval (t) makes power device by control system according to the data that displacement/deformation-sensor and strain gauge detect Movement, thus, reduce the displacement of test specimen movable terminal, tests the concrete stress in the case of different degree of restraint, it is right The test specimen carries out restraint stress test.
Concrete operations are: testing machine clamps the both ends of concrete sample, and one end is fixed, the controllable movement in one end.Really Under the conditions of environmental simulation, the free displacement of the concrete sample movable terminal is that μ (t) passes through computer according to actual needs Control system, displacement/Deformation control system and loading system, reduce the displacement of test specimen movable terminal, at this moment described to answer It is the concrete temperature stress σ (t) in the case of constraint factor f (t) that force snesor, which measures each moment difference degree of restraint,.
The displacement that movable terminal reduces are as follows:
f(t)×μ(t) (6)
In formula, t is the time, and concrete constraint factor when f (t) is t, μ (t) is the freedom of concrete sample movable terminal Displacement.
C. elasticity modulus:
The elasticity modulus of concrete cracking overall process testing machine measurement concrete based on true environment, in the meter of computer Set interval △ t in calculation machine, i.e., the elasticity modulus of a concrete is measured every the △ t time.
Specifically, set interval △ t in a computer, every △ t time interval, according to displacement/deformation-sensor With the data of strain gauge detection, act power device by control system, thus, so that test specimen movable terminal is done primary position Variation, i.e. the change in displacement value (such as 2 microns) for setting are moved, reaches setting position when piece lengths extend or shorten length When moving changing value (such as 2 microns), a change in displacement is done to test specimen movable terminal, this setting change in displacement value is pushed back Or pull back, stress variation caused by measuring this change in displacement according to strain gauge, elasticity modulus is carried out to the test specimen Test.
Concrete operations are as follows: passed through every the △ t time according to the data that displacement/deformation-sensor and strain gauge detect Control system acts power device, thus, so that test specimen movable terminal is a change in displacement Δ μ (t), refers to one on test specimen The difference of the length at a moment and this moment obtains deformation Δ ε (t), refers to a moment and this moment on test specimen Length difference divided by test specimen total length, be Δ σ (t) according to the stress variation that strain gauge is measured, then the coagulation of t moment Native elasticity modulus are as follows:
According to the time interval of design, computer control system can automatically measure the concrete elastic mould of different moments Amount, can be obtained concrete in the elasticity modulus of entire development process.
D. the separation deformed
According to the temperature change that thermal expansion coefficient of concrete and temperature sensor measure, the temperature deformation of concrete is obtained, In conjunction with the Free Transform measured, the isolated test which is deformed.
The separation of deformation refers to be separated total deformation is measured.Because measuring total deformation is that various deformation is blended in one It rises, has and deform (such as expanding with heat and contract with cold) caused by temperature, have deformation caused by drying shrinkage, have autogenous volumetric deformation, caused by having stress Deformation etc..Here separation, for example separated that a part is deformed caused by only temperature from deformation the inside is measured, with Understand deformation etc. of the concrete only under temperature action.
Concrete operations are as follows: do free constraint first: testing machine fixes concrete sample one end, and the other end can freely be stretched Contracting, by true environment simulation system provide setting true environment, to the test specimen carry out free variable test, setting when Between in region (t), setting period acquisition deflection ε (t).
After 1 day age of concrete, thermal expansion coefficient would not change again substantially, it is considered that and it is a constant, The parameter can also be measured by dedicated thermal expansion coefficient tester, here it is considered that being constant α.According to thermal expansion coefficient of concrete The change in temperature Δ T (t) that α and temperature control system measure, it can be deduced that the temperature of concrete becomes under true environment simulated conditions Shape:
ΔεT(t)=α Δ T (t) (8)
It in conjunction with the Free Transform ε (t) measured, is separated, you can get it, and other deform Δ εaIt (t), mainly include spontaneous Cubic deformation and dry-shrinkage deformed:
Δεa(t)=ε (t)-Δ εT(t) (9)
E. concrete creep
According to the Free Transform that the abovementioned steps C modulus of elasticity of concrete measured and abovementioned steps A are measured, can calculate not By concrete stress when Creep Effect；According to the data that displacement/deformation-sensor and strain gauge detect, pass through control system Power device is acted, thus, make the deformation zero of test specimen, at this moment measure another stress, according to the two stress variations, to this The test of test specimen progress concrete creep.
Concrete operations are as follows: according to the modulus of elasticity of concrete E (t) and Free Transform ε (t) obtained, true ring can be calculated Not by concrete stress σ (t) when Creep Effect under the simulated conditions of border:
σ (t)=ε (t) E (t) (10)
According to the data that displacement/deformation-sensor and strain gauge detect, act power device by control system, To control concrete deformation, be morphed into zero, at this moment measuring stress is σ0(t), then true environment simulated conditions Under creep caused by stress reduce are as follows:
σc(t)=σ (t)-σ0(t) (11)
Pass through σc(t) size it can be concluded that concrete creep influence degree, wherein t is the time.
F. concrete cracking overall process
Concrete sample is allowed to bear tensile stress in the temperature change of setting or apply in the simulation true environment of setting Add pulling force until cracking, obtain the temperature variations of concrete cracking or in the true environment of setting concrete sample it is anti- Tensile strength or limit stretch value.
The concrete operations of concrete cracking overall process may is that concrete temperature changes to set temperature from initial temperature, Test specimen two ends fix, one end applies pulling force, when tensile stress data reduce suddenly, be displaced increase suddenly, correspondence when m- stress, when When being mutated on the curve of m- deformation/displacement, concrete cracking obtains the relevant parameter of at this moment concrete, including temperature, Tensile strength, limit stretch value.
G. concrete cracking overall process evaluation is carried out to the test specimen
In conjunction with test data, that is, experimental condition of step A, B, C, D, E, F and as a result, to true in the simulation for testing setting Concrete sample carries out assessment of performance in environment.
Further, in conjunction with the test data of at least one front A, B, C, D, E, F and as a result, i.e. in conjunction with the phase of concrete Close environmental parameter such as temperature, stress, displacement and deformation, to the test specimen carry out from concrete sample it is intact or since pouring up to Cracking overall process makes evaluation.
In this step, being directed to engineering, weather environment changes this complicated feature in practice, and a variety of environmental factors are arranged Variation model, the environmental factor parameter includes environment temperature, is also comprised in humidity, rainfall, wind speed and solar radiation At least one.
Relevant parameter temperature, stress, displacement and the deformation of concrete can be used as the cracking under the conditions of real-world temperature Index provides important test reference for engineering design, construction and construction.
It can be seen from the above, the testing machine and method can be to the Free Transform progress of concrete under real environmental conditions Test；The temperature stress of concrete difference restrained condition under real environmental conditions can be tested；It can be to true environment The elasticity modulus development process of Under Concrete is tested；Can various deformation to concrete under real environmental conditions into Row separation test；Creeping for concrete under real environmental conditions can be tested；It can be according to being tried under real environmental conditions Development process and the dehiscence process for testing the parameters such as the concrete temperature, stress, strain obtained, to the cracking overall process of concrete into Row assay provides reference for the Crack Control Design of concrete.
The simulation of the true environment refers to the hydrometeorological condition according to Practical Project location, input environment temperature The relevant informations such as degree, humidity, rainfall, wind speed and solar radiation simulate true engineering weather environment.It in this step, can needle To engineering, weather environment changes this complicated feature in practice, and a variety of environmental factor variation models are arranged.
Method provided by the invention, can also be since concrete be poured test specimen up to each of such overall process that crack Stage or various aspects are tested and are evaluated.
It in the above-mentioned methods, can be with the following method for the simulation of true environment:
1. environment temperature
Depending on local situation, that is, the locality of true environment is simulated, the above monthly mean temperature data is fitted to one Cosine curve, following formula (1) are the calculation formula after fitting:
Consider climate simulation, calculated using following formula:
In formula, TaFor temperature, TamFor average temperature of the whole year, AaFor temperature year luffing, τ is time (moon), τ0For maximum temperature Time (moon).
Consider temperature diurnal variation, calculated using following formula:
In formula,For daily temperature, TaFor monthly mean temperature, A is temperature diurnal variation amplitude, at the time of t is in 1 day (when) root Depending on the Various Seasonal of different regions.
2. solar radiant heat
Concrete structure is often an exposure under solar radiation, is had a major impact to concrete temperature.Unit The heat that solar radiation comes on unit area in time is S, wherein set the part absorbed by concrete as R, remainder quilt It reflects away, then:
R=αs·S (3)
In formula, αsFor absorption coefficient, also referred to as coefficient of blackness, concrete surface generally takes 0.65.
S=S0(1-kn) (4)
In formula, S0For fine day solar radiant heat, n is cloud amount, and k is coefficient, these three numerical value can be provided by local weather station.
The temperature that the influence of sunshine is equivalent to surrounding air increases Δ Ta,
ΔTa=R/ β (5)
In formula, β is concrete surface exothermic coefficient, can be calculated according to surface roughness and wind speed.
3. rainfall
The rainfall for inquiring engineering location meteorological department, by rainfall equipment and rainfall amount controller come simulated rainfall.
4. wind speed
The wind speed of the meteorological department in engineering location, threshold wind velocity simulator are inquired, and coagulation can be obtained according to wind speed Native surface coefficient of heat transfer.
Under the conditions of testing machine provided by the invention can carry out a variety of temperature control measures, concrete is from being poured into hardening overall process In its own temperature stress development process, including adiabatic temperature rise, thermal expansion coefficient, elasticity modulus and the parameters such as creep at any time The process of development, can with the true weather environment of analog simulation, under the influence of natural cause temperature stress and Cracking Mechanism into Row emulation.Different temperature and constraint degree condition, including insulation, constant temperature, setting temperature rise temperature drop can be set as needed in the device Process etc..It is tested by concrete cracking whole process simulation, evaluates the cracking resistance of concrete.
This testing machine is the testing equipment of numerical simulation and visual simulating laboratory, is mainly used for distress in concrete mechanism It is tested with temperature stress.Under the conditions of can carrying out a variety of temperature control measures, concrete is warm from its own in hardening overall process is poured into The development process for spending stress, the mistake developed at any time including adiabatic temperature rise, thermal expansion coefficient, elasticity modulus and the parameters such as creep Journey, can with the true weather environment of analog simulation, under the influence of natural cause temperature stress and Cracking Mechanism emulate.It should Different temperature and constraint degree condition, including insulation, constant temperature, setting temperature rise temperature drop process etc. can be set as needed in instrument.It is logical The test of concrete cracking whole process simulation is crossed, the cracking resistance of concrete is evaluated.
This test function provides at least 20 tons of scleronomic constraint condition for test specimen, 100% constraint, and can carry out 0~ 100% is stepless adjustable；The accurate simulation for realizing temperature rise, temperature drop process, provides accurate boundary condition for concrete sample.Pass through Motor push pull maneuver carries out constraint control to the expansion or shrinkage of concrete, measures in the development of concrete maturation and dehiscence process Temperature and stress.
Ancillary test machine without constraint, and test specimen and machine bed plate coefficient of friction it is sufficiently small under the conditions of, measurement and master trip The Free Transform of auxiliary test specimen under the conditions of machine is synthermal, synthermal condition parallel test machine, makes test data have integrality.
The present apparatus and method have the advantages that
1) this testing machine use environmental cabinet and concrete sample accommodating space dual structure, can since pouring test specimen into Row test, can simulate various true environments in addition, can fully understand the case where concrete is poured into hardening complete procedure, be Various industries concrete structure provides comprehensive test data.
2) the reaction frame structure for using high rigidity, is suitable for the permanent creep test of concrete.
3) using floating frame structure, i.e. two end floor beams, one is fixed on the base, and one is only placed on pedestal, Measurement accuracy is higher, and systematic error is smaller.
4) test specimen automatic lifting device is increased, so that test specimen treatment process after specimen molding and test is saved physical strength, just In operation；
5) test specimen is increased in the function of test process adjusting constraint, can make to try in test process adjusting micro-adjusting mechanism Part constraint is gradually reduced to zero；
6) real-time tracking records data, and sampling time interval can be freely arranged；
7) loading device is watched using servo motor Hardened gear face worm reduction gear ball-screw driving method in the host It takes motor to be used cooperatively with speed reducer, keeps loading system rotary inertia small, the response time is short, Shi Jian≤1S after stress loading Zhi. Because turbine and worm decelerator has self-locking function, being used cooperatively with servo motor may make load long-term stable work, When the loading device is loaded into maximum load after actual measurement, the horizontal accuracy of stable load can be maintained within ± 0.05%.Load When because reaction frame floating end it is mobile, and fixing end and test specimen fixed reference end are motionless, so measurement error will not be introduced.Using watching Motor ball-screw design method is taken, its total noise of centrifuge is made to be no more than 65dB；
In view of the demand of long term test, using full servo motor Hardened gear face worm reduction gear driving method, than stepping electricity The accuracy of machine loading stress control greatly improves.During the experiment, concrete deformation very little, servo motor and speed reducer phase With use, and servo motor speed is stepless adjustable, and load step-length can be selected arbitrarily, therefore stepper motor is compared in Bit andits control accuracy It is high；Kind of drive ball-screw, higher than common lead screw precision, transmission efficiency is also much higher (95%), and transmission is rubbed using rolling It wipes, long service life.
Reaction frame uses 45 steel makings, is designed to the connection structure of the fixed one end floating (fixing when transport) in one end, Its power and deformation are not transferred to pedestal when reaction frame stress, and then influence each other with counter-force frame and survey to the deformation measurement of test specimen Amount generates interference, will not introduce measurement error.
Heat inside environmental cabinet isolation is transmitted to reaction frame and pedestal, while also being completely cut off external heat and internally being passed It passs, ensure that temperature controlled easily-controllable property, while avoiding influence of the rising-heat contracting-cold to measurement result of plant bottom case.
Constraint axis front end is ball head structure, and connection ball hinge can be freely rotated in a certain range, to examination when avoiding loading Part generates torsional load, has fine adjustment function to bias.The connection of ball hinge and bulb is two-half structure, and when installation can pass through Adjustment bolt pretightning force size guarantees that the connection of bulb and ball seat is very close to each other, avoids generating idle running shadow when drawing, pressure load switching It rings.
8) as a kind of optimization of above technical scheme, constraint axis is using invar steel 4J36 manufacture, invar in the host The elasticity modulus of steel is big, linear expansion coefficient very little, mainly for the manufacture of size approximation is varied with temperature in precision instrumentation Constant element, the average linear coefficient of expansion within the scope of 20~100 DEG C only have 1.4x10^-6/ DEG C, and -80~100 DEG C when be basically unchanged, the error of experimental result can be calculated or be measured, so as to remove in final result calculating or measurement miss Difference keeps result unaffected.
9) as a kind of optimization of above technical scheme, the deformation measurement uses grating sensor (0.1 μm of resolution ratio) It is mounted on outside test specimen environmental cabinet, couples with test specimen built-in fitting, do not influenced by internal temperature and humidity, test piece deformation is accurate Reliably measurement uses strain-type rock deformation sensor (rock extensometer) mode.During test, test piece deformation passes through edge Built-in fitting inside test specimen drives quartzy measuring staff mobile, and measuring staff one end is fixed with built-in fitting, and the other end can be relatively pre-buried Part slides axially along test specimen, and the displacement of quartzy measuring staff, directly measurement examination are measured by rock deformation sensor (rock extensometer) The deflection of part.Further optimize, while extension bar can be installed on built-in fitting, using the grating being mounted on outside environmental cabinet The relative displacement of extension bar on sensor measurement built-in fitting measures test piece deformation amount.Deformation-sensor precision is up to precision 0.1%FS (0.1 μ ε), -70 DEG C of use temperature range~180 DEG C.Because extensometer output is analog quantity, range is the change of 2.5mm Shape sensor (extensometer) and 24 A/D (effective code 180,000) of total digital controller are used cooperatively, minimum resolution 0.014 μm, control precision can be 0.125 μm.Displacement measuring staff and deformation measuring staff are all made of quartz material, the quartzy average linear coefficient of expansion Only α 1 (- 20~200 DEG C)≤0.55 × 10^-6/ DEG C influences very little to measurement, can also tested by calibration mode It is deducted in journey.It is of course also possible to which grating sensor, which is used alone, obtains displacement/deformation data.
10) as a kind of optimization of above technical scheme, the test specimen temperature template material is 304 Stainless Molding Boards, point Not Wei lower template, two side templates and cope plate, have template thermometer hole 1 in each template, cope plate separately arranges that there are three examinations Part thermometric via hole, for temperature sensor inserting to inside test specimen, to be distributed at piece lengths 1/4,1/2 and 3/4, template with Test specimen totally 7 each temperature measuring point.Cope plate placing flat can be freely disassembled and install above test specimen, and circulation fluid junction is using soft Pipe connection does not have to disassembly hose, guarantees sealed reliable no leakage when removing and installing.Bolster is by both ends collet, test specimen, side The upper and lower surface of template is completely covered, and guarantees that the temperature difference at collet and concrete sample center controls the concrete sample within 1 DEG C 4 faces and template contacts, front and back up and down wrapped up by collet, collet is by bolster temperature control, therefore, it is ensured that concrete The outer surface of test specimen and the temperature difference at center are within 1 DEG C.To guarantee temperature transmitting uniformly, four pieces of hollow molds up and down of test specimen Intralamellar part is with journey circulation fluid；PID accurately calculates control heating and refrigerating plant, guarantees fine cold and hot compensation, control input The flow of template circulation fluid makes the temperature of circulation fluid meet the various requirement of test.Template heated cooling medium uses 40% second Two alcohol solutions, -25 DEG C of freezing point temperature.
As a kind of optimization of above technical scheme, the thermal environment case is by test specimen, template, collet and partially restrained axis It is wrapped in inside, in the case where heating refrigerating plant, refrigeration unit, heating device and air humidifying device are applied in combination, environmental cabinet can Simulated atmosphere natural environment meets the various requirement of test.Environment tank shell uses stainless steel material, inside filling thermal insulating material Material, insulation case lid are loaded and unloaded using telpher crane, have vertical lifting and horizontally moving functions, can be according to the live feelings in laboratory Condition special designing.Axial flow blower for air circulation is installed, for the hot and cold air in environmental cabinet will to be entered in environmental cabinet It is uniformly mixed, guarantees the temperature gradient in environment space within ± 2 DEG C.Damping spring is installed under axial flow blower, avoids wind Machine vibration is transmitted on cabinet or test specimen.Heat inside environmental cabinet isolation is transmitted to reaction frame and pedestal, while also isolation is outer The heat in portion internally transmits, and ensure that temperature controlled easily-controllable property, while avoiding the rising-heat contracting-cold of plant bottom case to measurement As a result influence.
Therefore, the present apparatus be widely used in mine, mining industry, underground engineering, metallurgical construction, national defence people's air defense, universities and colleges, The testing equipment of the ideal high performance-price ratio of the industries such as communications and transportation.
Below by drawings and examples, the invention will be described in further detail.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of testing machine provided by the invention.
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the external structure of the master trip machine in testing machine provided by the invention.
Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram of the internal structure of master trip machine provided by the invention.
Fig. 4 is the portion the A partial enlargement structural representation of Fig. 3.
Fig. 5 is the case lid 22 of the removal environmental cabinet of master trip machine shown in Fig. 3 and the plan structure signal after cope plate 314 Figure.
Fig. 6 is the portion the A partial enlargement structural representation of Fig. 5.
Fig. 7 is displacement sensor setting structure schematic diagram.
Fig. 8 is medium recycle circuit structural schematic diagram in side template.
Fig. 9 is medium heating procedure schematic diagram.
Figure 10 is the structural schematic diagram of one embodiment of heating device.
Figure 11 is that the present invention is based on the control principle drawings that the concrete cracking overall process of true environment is tested.
Figure 12 is another control principle drawing.
Figure 13 is functional schematic of the invention.
Figure 14 is temperature and concrete stress graph based on true environment.
Figure 15 is that the ball hinge of bulb constraint axis is the structural schematic diagram of two-half structure.
Figure 16 is the displacement/deformation-sensor composition displacement/deformation detection system for perceiving concrete sample deformation The structural schematic diagram of another embodiment.
Figure 17 is that quartzy measuring staff and extensometer combine the decomposition texture schematic diagram on test specimen.
Figure 18 is that quartzy measuring staff and extensometer combine the structural schematic diagram on test specimen.
Figure 19 is the structural schematic diagram of connection support bar on the built-in fitting and built-in fitting being arranged in test specimen.
Figure 20 is that tooling is arranged in test specimen accommodating space to guarantee the position of built-in fitting accurately schematic diagram.
Figure 21 is the displacement/deformation-sensor structural schematic diagram being arranged in outside environmental cabinet.
Figure 22 is displacement deformation schematic structural diagram of testing device main view.
Figure 23 is displacement deformation test device positioning mechanism schematic diagram main view.
Figure 24 is deformation-sensor location and installation mechanism schematic diagram main view.
Specific embodiment
Concrete cracking overall process testing machine provided by the invention based on true environment is as shown in Figure 1, include a master A testing machine A and ancillary test machine B.It is additionally provided with computer D, computer D is connect by data line L with a control system D1, Control system D1 includes:
1. controlling the control unit of the various executing agencies of true environment simulation system in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B；
2. controlling the power in control unit, that is, loading system of the executing agency of concrete sample load in master trip machine A The control unit of device.
The data line L of computer D is also connected with:
1. monitoring the signal output end of the temperature sensor of environmental parameter in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B；
2. monitoring displacement/deformation displacement/deformation-sensor of concrete sample in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B Signal output end；
3. monitoring the signal output end of the strain gauge of test specimen stress in master trip machine A.
The major function of computer D is:
1. the parameters of true environment to be simulated and the changing rule of parameters are set by computer D, according to The movement of each execution unit of this control simulation true environment, will also receive the ring for monitoring each sensor feedback of environmental parameter Border parameter and the operation that executing agency is controlled accordingly by control unit；
2. by the various test parameters in computer D setting test, such as: displacement/deformation-sensor and stress sensing The monitoring time interval of device；
3. control unit, which is arranged, instructs the power device movement and the displacement/deformation-sensor and the stress sensing The incidence relation of device；
4. passing through various tests knots in the data processing system and each test of data output system output in computer D Fruit.
One computer control system including the acquisition at least temperature, the displacement/deformation that are made of aforementioned each sensor and is answered Data collection system and data including power handle and export system；The signal output end of each sensor and computer control The data processing system of system processed is connected with the corresponding signal input terminal of data output system, the data processing system and data The signal output end of output system is connect with the signal input part of an executing agency, which includes dynamic in loading system Device is heated and/or cooled in power device and weather adjustment device, to adjust environmental cabinet and/or concrete sample accommodating space Environment it is consistent with the true environment of setting and/or start or stop the power device；The data processing system and data Output system connect and calculate concrete sample in the true environment of the simulation include restraint stress, free variable, Elasticity modulus, deformation separation, result of at least one of creeping simultaneously export.
The true ring of simulation being arranged by computer D and control system D1 and in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B The executing agency in border simulates the true environment of a setting on test specimen and locating for test specimen in environment, in this context, lead to It crosses computer D and control system D1 and deformation of the test specimen in the environment such as different temperatures is obtained by displacement/deformation-sensor, then lead to It crosses the loading system that computer D and control system D1 are set and controlled and pulling force or pressure is applied to test specimen in master trip machine A, complete It such as freely constrains, restraint stress, elasticity modulus, the separation of deformation, the test of concrete creep and concrete cracking overall process, Obtain the various performance parameters of the concrete in various simulated environments, the identical test block in ancillary test machine B is in freely without about The deformation etc. of the state of beam, the test block can be used as comparison.
Testing machine provided by the invention and test method are described in detail below.
Fig. 2 shows a kind of master trip machines comprising environmental cabinet 2 is arranged on pedestal 1, is additionally provided on pedestal 1 for pedestal 1 One reaction frame 4 is additionally provided with test specimen in environmental cabinet 2 and accommodates fixed device 3 (see Fig. 5).
Environmental cabinet 2 as shown in Figure 2 includes the cabinet 21 of a upper end opening and the case lid 22 for closing the upper end opening (see Fig. 3) is constituted the enclosure space separated with ambient enviroment with this, to build up wherein by true environment simulation system Test the true environment of the setting needed.
Thermal environment case is used to completely cut off internal heat and transmits to reaction frame and pedestal, while also completely cutting off external heat It internally transmits, ensure that temperature controlled easily-controllable property, while avoiding shadow of the rising-heat contracting-cold to measurement result of plant bottom case It rings.
Environmental cabinet 2 completely cuts off internal heat and transmits to reaction frame 4 and pedestal 1, while it is inside also to completely cut off external heat Portion's transmitting, ensure that temperature controlled easily-controllable property, while avoiding influence of the rising-heat contracting-cold to measurement result of plant bottom case 1.
As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 5, the test specimen accommodates fixed device 3, is arranged in the environmental cabinet 2, including fixed chuck 311, active chuck 312, test specimen middle part fixed bolster plate 313, three's split constitutes a upper end opening or upper and lower side is spacious The concrete sample accommodating space 31 of mouth, the cross-sectional shape of the accommodating space 31 are as follows: both ends are that width greater depth is shorter Head, centre, which is the longer interlude of width smaller length, the head and interlude, connects transition by boring section；The fixation Splicing seams in the middle part of collet 311 and active chuck 312 and test specimen between fixed bolster plate 313 are located at the centre of the accommodating space 31 In segment limit, there are sideshake a1, the end face of side template 31 and active chucks with active chuck 312 for the side of side template 313 There are end clearance a2 (as shown in Figure 6) between 312.It is test specimen C that the shape of concrete sample accommodating space 31, which is substantially equal to, Shape.
A kind of test specimen accommodates the structure of fixed device 3 are as follows: fixed chuck 311 is fixed on pedestal 1, active chuck 312 can be movably disposed at pedestal 1 relative to pedestal 1 along the axis of the length direction of the concrete sample accommodating space On；It further includes a cope plate 314 that test specimen, which accommodates fixed device 3, closes the described of the concrete sample accommodating space 31 Upper end is open.The example that fixed device is accommodated for the open test specimen of upper and lower side, sets on bottom surface in the accommodating space 31 One bottom plate, that is, lower template (not shown).Bolster and two side templates are 304 Stainless Molding Boards totally 4 with a thickness of 70mm Block.
In use, it is formed on the bottom plate that concrete can be directly poured into the concrete sample accommodating space 31 Test specimen C can also be placed in manufactured on the bottom plate in accommodating space 31 with the matched test specimen C of the test specimen accommodating space shape. In bottom plate following settings support base 31-1 (see Fig. 5).
As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, in order to guarantee the repetitive positioning accuracy of side template 313, installation fixed form uses T-type Slot guidance mode, in the fixed side form sliding block 313-1 of 313 lateral surface of side template, the fixed T-slot in corresponding position is solid in environmental cabinet 2 Determine block 313-2, side form sliding block 313-1 is slidably fixed in the T-slot on T-slot fixed block 313-2, so that side template 313 can install a screw rod 313-3, spiral shell in the lateral movement of the longitudinal axis perpendicular to accommodating space 31, environmental cabinet side wall Bar 313-3 is screwed on side form sliding block 313-1, fixed adjusting handle 313-4 on screw rod 313-3.Rotate adjusting handle 313- 4, drive side template 313 to horizontally slip in environmental cabinet 2 along T-slot by side form sliding block.
As shown in fig. 6, maximal regulated distance a1 between 313 side of side template and active chuck 312 is 10mm, when demoulding, can It is maximum that side template 313 is transferred to distance outward.Gap a2 between 313 end of side template and active chuck is 5mm, guarantees test specimen Side template 313 and 312 non-contravention of active chuck in compression.Cope plate 314 and lower template i.e. bottom plate and side template 313 it Between gapless, guarantee that test specimen C cement in production does not squeeze out, the gap a2 of 313 end of side template and active chuck is tried in production It is lived when part C with one section very thin of copper sheet pad.
As shown in figure 3, further including a stripper apparatus, a lifting device is connected on the bottom surface of the bottom plate, the lifting device Bottom plate ejection accommodating space 31 can be easily removed by one ejection decelerating motor 32 of connection by the ejection decelerating motor 32 Concrete sample C.
Specifically, demoulding uses screw rod ejecting structure, is mounted on the both ends of test specimen bottom, by ejecting decelerating motor 32 drive sprocket wheel chains are transferred to feed screw nut, and the lifting of nut rotary screw drives mandril lifting, for ejecting test specimen C, most Big ejection distance 150mm.Dust seal is installed at mandril and end template, that is, bottom plate, prevents dust and sundries from falling to gap It is interior.Mandril via hole at bottom plate or lower template guarantees that liquid will not leak using stainless steel tube and bed die welding form.Test specimen top Before need rotation side template adjusting handle 313-4 that side template 313 is removed some gaps out.
The both ends that demoulding mechanism is mounted on test specimen bottom drive sprocket wheel chain to be transferred to feed screw nut, spiral shell by decelerating motor Female rotary screw lifting drives mandril lifting, for ejecting test specimen.
The shape of test specimen accommodating space 31 make test specimen collet segment shape be bone-shaped, have Rouno Cormer Pregrinding Wheel transition, protect Card test specimen is broken in effective length.
Reaction frame 4 on the pedestal 1 is set, and as shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, reaction frame 4 includes two Column 41, a fixed cross beam 42 and a fine motion crossbeam 43, one rectangle frame of composition, the longitudinal direction of column 41 and accommodating space, that is, The axis direction of concrete sample is parallel, and two crossbeams are separately fixed at the both ends of two columns.Fixed cross beam 42 is fixed on pedestal 1 On, fine motion crossbeam is set on the base, but does not have fixed structure between pedestal.
The material and sectional dimension of column 41 are as follows: guarantee that its rigidity is 5-20 times for bearing the maximum strength stress of concrete Power and indeformable or stiffness K be more than or equal to 2MN/mm；Further more, the material and sectional dimension of column also guarantee that its temperature is steady It is qualitative for when temperature is -20-80 DEG C its temperature deformation less than 10 microns.
One straight-line motion mechanism is arranged on the fine motion crossbeam 43, specifically, as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, straight-line motion mechanism For the screw mechanism 44 that a ball screw nut component is constituted, the nut 441 in screw mechanism passes through floating by nut set 442 Crossbeam 43 is fixed on constraint axis 443, and the side wall that constraint axis 443 passes through environmental cabinet 2 is connected on the end face of active chuck 312, So that 312 position of active chuck is fixed or in axis direction movement；The screw rod 444 being spirally connected with nut 441 is rotationally It is fixed on fine motion crossbeam 43.
Using centralized positioning plug by the axis hole center pair at the axis hole center of support base and fixed cross beam when constraining axis installation Just, support base is fixed later, removes plug, installation constraint axis, location mandril is processed using high precision digital control lathe, guaranteed Concentricity is within 0.01mm.It constrains axis and pulling force or pressure loading is applied to test specimen under servo loading system driving, it can basis Need to adjust degree of restraint, 0-100% constraint is adjustable.Constraint axis front end is ball head structure, and connection ball hinge can be in a certain range It is inside freely rotated, avoids generating torsional load to test specimen when load, there is fine adjustment function to bias.The connection of ball hinge and bulb For two-half structure, when installation, can guarantee that the connection of bulb and ball seat is very close to each other, avoid by adjusting screw bolt pretightening force Generating idle running when drawing, pressing load switching influences.
Two halves formula ball hinge connection structure between constraint axis 443A and active chuck 312 as shown in figure 15.Ball hinge Including preceding ball seat 312-10 and rear ball seat 312-11, preceding ball seat 312-10 is fixed on active chuck by pretension bolt 312-10a On 312 end face, before rear ball seat 312-11 is fixed on by pretension bolt 312-12 on ball seat 312-10, preceding ball seat 312-10 and Ball seat 312-11 constitutes the spherical space for accommodating the constraint end axis 443A bulb 443a afterwards, and forward and backward ball seat cooperates plane 312- At 13 reserve certain interval, for during installation can by adjusting the pretightning force size of pretension bolt 312-12, guarantee bulb with The connection spherical surface of ball seat is very close to each other, and generation idle running influences when avoiding drawing, pressing load switching.
Fixed chuck, active chuck and the constraint at both ends axis are all made of invar steel 4J36 manufacture, constrain the diameter of axis The elasticity modulus of 150mm, invar steel are big, linear expansion coefficient very little, mainly for the manufacture of becoming in precision instrumentation with temperature Change the element of size approximately constant, the average linear coefficient of expansion within the scope of 20~100 DEG C only has 1.4x10^-6/ DEG C, to survey Measuring influential part length is 660mm, therefore influences to be 0.000924mm/ DEG C on the result of experiment, and at -80~100 DEG C When be basically unchanged, the influence very little to control system in test, convenient for mentioning high control precision.
Displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3 is set between constraint axis 443 and environmental cabinet 2, specifically, on constraint axis 443 Setting measurement top plate 443-1, on 2 lateral wall of environmental cabinet be arranged support base 443-2, on the support base 443-2 setting displacement/ Deformation-sensor 443-3, the displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3 sensing part are against on measurement top plate 443-1.In nut 441 Upper connection strain gauge 441-1, sensing part thereon are against on support base or constraint axis 443 and sense stress.
Displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3 this setup can be so as not to load test specimen by power device Influence and reduce detection accuracy.This is because the fine motion crossbeam 43 in reaction frame 4 is not connected with pedestal 1, power device The counter-force of compression test specimen will not pass on pedestal 1, and displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3, which is fixed on to be equal on environmental cabinet, to be fixed on On pedestal 1, so being unaffected.
As shown in figs. 4 and 7, displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3 is mounted on the both ends of test specimen, is arranged symmetrically, respectively in 2 Road precision ± 1 μm, in same ancillary test B machine.Master trip seat in the plane shifting/deformation-sensor range: ± 100 μm, auxiliary examination Test seat in the plane shifting/deformation-sensor range: ± 2000 μm.
Support base 443-2 is mounted on pedestal 1, when laboratory ambient temperature is constant, displacement/deformation-sensor measurement end with The relative position of test specimen fixing end will not change, theoretically error free.
Specific to a specific embodiment, the constraint axis 443, active chuck 312 and fixed chuck 311 are all made of Gao Gang The invar steel of degree, the minimum material linear expansion coefficient is only (- 20-100 DEG C) 1.4x10-6/ DEG C, the influence to whole device is only It is 0.000924mm/ DEG C, this error can be deducted in experimental result, it is as a result more accurate；Active chuck 312 below and pedestal 1 it Between use high-precision railroad, ensured measuring accuracy.
One loading system, including a power device, which is arranged on the reaction frame 4, specifically, power Device be it is as shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, be arranged on fine motion crossbeam 43.Power device includes that helical gear-worm and gear, reduction ratio reach The servo motor 446 that 650 speed reducer 445 and speed reducer is connected, the power device are controlled by the load control of computer connection Unit processed starts and stops it and limits its steering.And loading control unit is according to set displacement/deformation-sensor The signal issued with strain gauge, according to the parameters such as start and stop of the requirement control servo motor 446 specifically tested.
The screw pitch for the screw rod 444 being spirally connected with nut 441 is 12mm.Straight-line motion mechanism so, single pulse displacement Only 0.007 μm, servo motor band closed loop feedback substantially increases plus unloads precision, can be light threshold value is arranged at 1 μm Reply.
The preferred servo motor of power device connects worm reduction gear transmission mechanism.Such power device makes to control The big raising of precision, feedback speed, efficiency.
Because doing long term creep strain test (loading force is constant) with this testing machine, subtracted using full servo motor Hardened gear face worm gear Fast machine driving method, the accuracy than the control of stepper motor loading stress greatly improve.During the experiment, concrete deformation is very Small, servo motor 446 and the matching of speed reducer 445 use, and 446 speed of servo motor is stepless adjustable, and load step-length can be selected arbitrarily It selects, therefore Bit andits control accuracy is higher than stepper motor；Kind of drive ball-screw, transmission efficiency higher than common lead screw precision Also much higher (95%), transmission use rolling friction, long service life.
Tension and compression loading device is by servo motor, helical gear-worm gear speed reducer and high-accuracy ball screw nut component It constituting, load driver device is driven using servo motor, and high-accuracy helical gear-worm gear speed reducer reduction ratio reaches 650, with After the ball screw cooperation that screw pitch is 12mm, single pulse displacement is only 0.007 μm, servo motor band closed loop feedback, significantly Precision is improved plus unloaded, can easily be coped with threshold value is arranged at 1 μm.
Displacement sensor and force snesor are mounted on the end of test specimen active chuck, measure convenient for SERVO CONTROL.When load because Reaction frame floating end is mobile, and fixing end and test specimen fixed reference end are motionless, displacement sensor top plate and test specimen fixing end Relative position is motionless, so measurement error will not be introduced.
The reaction frame 4 uses 45 steel makings, is designed to the connection for the fine motion crossbeam that one end fixed cross beam one end is floated Structure, in stress, its deformation will not generate interference to displacement measurement, will not introduce measurement error.
Because of reaction frame, that is, frame floating end, that is, fine motion cross beam movement when load, and fixing end, that is, fixed cross beam and test specimen Fixed reference end is motionless, and displacement/deformation-sensor measurement top plate and test specimen fixing end relative position are motionless, so survey will not be introduced Measure error.
Frame structure uses upright post cross-beam type, about 4 tons of weight, is adapted to long term creep strain test requirements document testing machine itself Rigidity requirement, (stiffness K >=2MN/mm).
Specifically, when loading frame bears 200KN load, maximum stress point is about 60MPa, far smaller than material yield Intensity and tensile strength.When loading frame bears 200KN load, fixed cross beam and the outside lateral bend of fine motion crossbeam in frame, Two heel posts elongate and since the effect of moment of flexure curve inwardly, and axial total deformation is 0.04655+0.04670= 0.09325mm, rigidity 200000/0.09325=2144772N/mm=2.14MN/mm.It is carried when loading frame bears 200KN When lotus, frame minimum safety factor is 6.49.
The frame provided by the invention, using upright post cross-beam type, stable structure, column therein has enough in addition Rigidity and temperature deformation stability, can guarantee test well precision.
The constraint axis 443 of fixed chuck 311, active chuck 312 and both ends is all made of invar steel 4J36 manufacture, constrains axis 443 diameter 150mm, the elasticity modulus of invar steel is big, linear expansion coefficient very little, the average linear within the scope of 20-100 DEG C The coefficient of expansion only has 1.4x10^-6/ DEG C, is 660mm on the influential part length of measurement, therefore is on the influence of the result of experiment 0.000924mm/ DEG C, and be basically unchanged at -80-100 DEG C, experimental result influence can be calculated or be measured, measurement result is more Precisely.
Form is set on the case lid of the environmental cabinet, so that test process visualization.
Figure 11 gives the concrete based on true environment in one embodiment in testing machine provided by the invention and opens Split the control principle drawing of overall process test.
As shown in figure 11, testing machine provided by the invention further includes a computer D and control system D1, control system D1 packet It includes: controlling the control unit of the various executing agency's movements of true environment simulation system in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B；With And the power controlled in control unit, that is, loading system that the executing agency that concrete sample loads acts in master trip machine A fills The control unit set.
The computer D is connected by data line L with control system D1, meanwhile, computer D also passes through data line L and prison Survey signal output end, the monitoring concrete sample displacement/deformation displacement/deformation-sensor of the temperature sensor of environmental parameter Signal output end, the signal output end for the strain gauge for monitoring test specimen stress are connected；
The control signal output of the control system D1 is connected with the control terminal of each executing agency.
The control unit of each executing agency includes: temperature control unit, displacement/deformation control unit and load control Unit, computer D provide instruction, and control system D1 controls each executing agency's movement i.e.: be heated or cooled, loading mechanism movement with Direction initialization load or unload allows test specimen C Free Transform or controllably deforming, and starting, the direction of action of executing agency's movement It is controlled by the instruction that computer D receives displacement/deformation-sensor signal and issues to Loading Control System with stopping.Computer Data processing system in D carries out data processing according to specific test for the information obtained from each sensor, calculates examination It tests structure and/or draws out parameter curve output.
In the environmental cabinet 2 for having temperature control unit to control and test specimen accommodates the heating or cooling device in fixed device 3 It can be, cavity is set inside the fixed chuck 311, active chuck 312 and side template 313 that composition accommodates fixed device, is led to It crosses the cavity and extraneous connecting line is passed through heat medium or cooling medium into cavity.By taking a side template 313 as an example, such as scheme Shown in 8, water conservancy diversion grid is set in the internal cavities of side template 313, forms tortuous flow path, internal diversion grid plays simultaneously to be added Strengthening tendons effect guarantees indeformable after long-time adds unloading test.For another example cope plate 314 is also such structure, as shown in figure 3, Medium inlet 313-5 is arranged in the cavity at one end, and media outlet 313-6 is arranged in the other end.Medium inlet and outlet connection are situated between Matter heating or cooling device, as shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10.Adapter tube 313-5 connection one on the medium inlet of side template 313 pumps 313- 7 outlet, the inlet connection for pumping 313-7 connect the outlet of an insulating box 313-8, are provided with refrigerator pipes 313-9, connection refrigeration Device, the compressor refrigerant in refrigerating plant is nontoxic using R502, no pollution to the environment.It is set in insulating box 313-8 Heated cooling medium use 40% glycol water, -25 DEG C of freezing point temperature.The entrance of insulating box 313-8 connects side template 313 Medium outlet.Heating coil 313-10 is set on the inlet tube of pump 313-7.
Heating/cooling device as shown in Figure 9 is needed according to test to side template, cope plate so that fixed chuck, work Heat medium or cooling medium are conveyed in the cavity of tank wall in dynamic collet or even environmental cabinet 2 etc..The heating or cooling device In pump 313-7, connect refrigerator pipes 313-9 refrigerating plant and heating coil 313-10 be executing agency, be controlled by meter The temperature parameter set in calculation machine D.It, can also be by temperature control unit all or part in order to simplify the structure of computer Ground is separated from computer D, and flow chart can become Figure 12 from Figure 11.
The heating system of heating coil 313-10 is as shown in Figure 10, and heating tube namely pumps the inlet tube 313- on 313-7 The signal input output end of the signal output end connection temperature controller b of jointing temp sensor a on 12, temperature sensor a, the temperature control Instrument b temperature data transmission end connection heating controller c the end corresponding signal IO, according to temperature controller b transmit temperature data, Voltage, the electric current that heating controller c is suitble to heating coil 313-10 output, so that heating coil 313-10 generates heat, to ectosome Existing set temperature, provides the simulation of the true environment of setting.
If providing low temperature, heater stop work, cooling device starts, circularly cooling agent in refrigerator pipes 313-9, Medium d glycol water in cooling insulating box, pump 313-7 work, to the cavity of fixed chuck, active chuck and side template Interior conveying cooling medium can also convey in the heat exchanger that be arranged into environmental cabinet simultaneously.313-7 is pumped as executing agency, It starts and stops and revolving speed is temperature controlled the control of unit, required temperature is provided.
Cavity is set inside fixed chuck 311, active chuck 312 and side template 313, the test specimen temperature mould that test specimen is wrapped up In plate.
In order to measure the temperature of test specimen, temperature sensor can be plugged in test specimen, the general temperature that will monitor test specimen Degree sensor is plugged in the axis line location of test specimen.For this purpose, in each template such as side template 313 and fixed chuck and active chuck On can have template thermometer hole 1, in embodiment as shown in Figure 1, a thermometer hole 313-11 is set on side template.Cope plate 314-1 is separately arranged there are three test specimen thermometer hole 314-2, for by temperature sensor inserting to the inside test specimen C or surface, temperature to be passed Sensor is distributed at piece lengths 1/4,1/2 and 3/4.
In another embodiment, the Measurement and Control System includes load sensor, displacement sensor (LVDT or light Displacement transducer), rock deformation sensor (rock extensometer), digital multichannel closed loop controller, for test specimen sheet Body deformation is tested with stress, and drives servo that uninstalling system is added to add unloading (push-and-pull) test specimen, and with the online use of microcomputer.
The displacement of perception concrete sample deformation/deformation-sensor composition displacement/deformation detection system, the displacement/ Deformation detection system is:
As shown in Figure 16, Figure 17 to Figure 19, including the rock deformation sensor being arranged in environmental cabinet 2 and it is arranged in test specimen In two built-in fitting C-1, fixed support rod C-0 on two built-in fittings.
The built-in fitting C-1 being arranged in test specimen for fixed displacement/deformation-sensor comprising be arranged in test specimen coagulation Inlet part, exposing in soil is in the disk body and deck on concrete sample surface, and the inlet part is a plate body, the plate body Plate face is perpendicular to the axis of the concrete sample accommodating space, and the disk of connected disk body is buried with described with inlet part The plate body plate face for entering part is vertical, and the support rod of deck and the quartzy measuring staff for connecting the temperature sensor is arranged on the disk body C-0 constitutes matching clamping structure (see Figure 19)
Support rod C-0 is pierced by the long hole on cope plate 314, and quartzy measuring staff C-2, the stone are arranged on two support rod C-0 English one end measuring staff C-2 is fixed with the C-0 close to fixed chuck side, and the other end is positioned close to the branch of 312 side of active chuck It can slide axially on strut C-0 and with respect to support rod C-0 along test specimen, the quartz measuring staff C-2 and rock deformation sensor pair It answers, to pass through the displacement of rock deformation sensor measurement quartz measuring staff, directly measures the deflection of test specimen；
The rock deformation sensor includes strain-type rock extensometer C-3, extensometer C-3 and quartzy measuring staff C-2 Counter structure is: axial in quartzy measuring staff along quartzy measuring staff in the end of the quartzy measuring staff C-2 close to 312 side of active chuck Two contacts connectors of upper setting, a contact adapter C-2-1 by measuring staff end are slidingly disposed on quartzy measuring staff, but with Support rod C-0 is connected, slightly affixed by more inner contact adapter C-2-2 and quartzy measuring staff.Two groups of folders of extensometer C-3 Head, wherein one group of collet C-3-1 is contacted with contact adapter C-2-1, another group of collet C-3-2 connects with contact adapter C-2-2 Touching.With the force of constraint axis 443, test specimen deforms, can measure corresponding electricity by extending, then be adopted by data This electricity conversion is become dimensional values by collecting system.The conversion method is the prior art.
Because extensometer output is analog quantity, range is the extensometer of 2.5mm and 24 A/D (effective code 180,000) of controller It is used cooperatively, minimum resolution is 0.014 μm, and control precision can be 0.125 μm.
Therefore, test piece deformation test device provided by the invention can reach micron-sized measurement accuracy.
Displacement measuring staff and deformation measuring staff are all made of quartz material, the quartzy average linear coefficient of expansion be only α 1 (- 20~ 200 DEG C)≤0.55 × 10^-6/ DEG C, very little is influenced on measurement, the centre distance of test piece deformation measurement point is 900mm, by quartz Linear expansion coefficient calculate, it is 0.000495mm/ DEG C that measuring staff, which is acted upon by temperature changes, when deformation measurement, this influence value is substantially not Become, can deduct during the test by this value influences, and can also be deducted during the test by calibration mode.
Noted earlier is setting displacement/deformation-sensor in environmental cabinet 2, in addition, as shown in figure 21, it can also be by position Shifting/deformation-sensor is located at the outside of environmental cabinet 2, for example, using LVDT sensor (differential transformer sensor), test specimen C In one leading-off rods C-4 of lateral connection on the support rod C-0 that connects on two built-in fittings, environmental cabinet 2 is stretched out, in two leading-off rods Quartzy measuring staff C-2 is connected between C-4.One end of quartzy measuring staff C-2 and the leading-off rods of 311 side of fixed chuck are fixed, with activity The leading-off rods of 312 side of collet movably connects.Specific connection structure is: in the end of quartzy measuring staff C-2, fixed LVDT becomes The iron core C-5 of depressor has between iron core C-5 and coil C-6 after the end fixed coil C-6 of leading-off rods C-4, test specimen C stress Relative motion, to cause the variation of voltage and react the deflection of test specimen.Certainly, the sensor of 2 outside of environmental cabinet is set It is also possible to extensometer.It can also be other deformation-sensors.The sensor that 2 outside of environmental cabinet is arranged in is more intuitive, easily In observation.When measurement accuracy is not required in very high situation, this external sensor can be used.In order to avoid because drawing Rod is longer and leads to the sinking of quartzy measuring staff, and measuring staff support base C-7 can be set.
In order to obtain more accurate data, leading-off rods can be stretched out to the two side walls of environmental cabinet on support rod, if Set two sets of displacement/deformation-sensors.
Displacement/deformation-sensor in environmental cabinet and displacement/deformation-sensor outside environmental cabinet can use individually, It can also use simultaneously, check and correction is compared with this.
It can also be mounted on outside test specimen environmental cabinet with the grating sensor (0.1 μm of resolution ratio) of displacement measurement, with activity Collet 312 is connected with each other, and is not influenced by internal high temperature, and test piece deformation measurement uses strain-type rock extensometer mode.
Test piece deformation drives support rod and quartzy measuring staff to move by the built-in fitting being embedded in inside test specimen during test Dynamic, measuring staff one end is opposite to be fixed with support rod, and the other end can slide axially with respect to support rod along test specimen, be measured by extensometer The relative displacement of two support rods can directly measure the deflection of test specimen.Sensor accuracy is up to precision 0.1%FS (0.1 μ ε), - 70 DEG C of use temperature range~180 DEG C.
The built-in fitting being arranged in test specimen for fixed displacement/deformation-sensor comprising be arranged in test specimen concrete In inlet part, expose concrete sample surface disk body and deck (see Figure 19), the inlet part be a plate body, should The plate face of plate body perpendicular to the concrete sample accommodating space the axis, with inlet part be connected disk body disk with The plate body plate face of the inlet part is vertical, and deck and the quartzy measuring staff that connect the temperature sensor are arranged on the disk body Support rod constitutes matching clamping structure.
In order to guarantee that built-in fitting is synchronous with test piece deformation, built-in fitting be made into it is flat, it is big along axial direction and cements face, hang down Histogram guarantees that built-in fitting does not have sinking before test specimen solidification to there is a disk.Built-in fitting is mounted on test specimen by positioning tool Central axes on, using guarantee measurement deformation as the homogeneous deformation of test specimen.
In order to enable the position for the built-in fitting being arranged in test specimen C is accurate, guarantees the consistent of sample dimensions specification, can borrow An I-shaped tooling C-8 (as shown in figure 20) is helped, both ends are fixed on fixed chuck 311 and active chuck 312, before filler It needs for 4 positioning pins collet and lower template to be fixed together by the dowel hole of collet two sides.Bar among tooling Apertured on part is detachably fixedly connected with the support rod of built-in fitting, is then poured concrete, built-in fitting is fixed, then removes the work Word part C-8.
Specifically, deformation measurement built-in fitting before vibrating inside cuttage to test specimen, and installs support rod after filler, leads to Positioning tooling fixture is crossed to be fixed on test specimen.Positioning tool can guarantee that test specimen will not be subjected to displacement in vibration processes, And guarantee to measure the consistency of distance.
By inside template and test specimen integral hoisting to equipment after the completion of vibration, both ends collet and ball strand are connected with jail Gu then removing positioning tool, positioning pin, cope plate, quartzy measuring staff, extensometer are installed respectively (to protect by Figure 21 sequence Demonstrate,prove locating effect, it is proposed that remove tooling after 3 hours).With the spike of diameter 8mm along cope plate thermometric via hole, the cuttage on test specimen Aperture, and be put into plastic tube and cut, temperature sensor injects test specimen along plastic tube by cope plate thermometer hole.
Cope plate handle 314-2 is provided on cope plate.
Cope plate placing flat can be freely disassembled and install above test specimen, circulation fluid junction medium inlet 313-5 and Media outlet 313-6 is connected using hose, and disassembly hose is not had to when removing and installing, guarantees sealed reliable no leakage.
To guarantee temperature transmitting uniformly, lattice structure inside template, limitation liquid in internal nowed forming, test specimen Up and down for journey circulation fluid inside four pieces of hollow templates；PID accurately calculates control heating and refrigerating plant, guarantees fine Cold and hot compensation controls the flow of input template circulation fluid, and the temperature of circulation fluid is made to meet the various requirement of test.
The temperature of environmental cabinet is set to meet the various requirement of test.Environment tank shell uses stainless steel material, and inside filling is protected Adiabator seals tightly without deformation, with a thickness of 150mm.
Test specimen, template, collet and partially restrained axis are wrapped in inside by thermal environment case.
Other than containing refrigeration unit, heating device, can also be including air humidifying device, that is, humidifier, rainer Spray equipment, air flow system, that is, fan assembly, schematic diagram are as shown in figure 12.
True environment simulation system further includes solar radiation device i.e. bulb.
Simulated atmosphere natural environment, above-mentioned each device is arranged in environmental cabinet, for example, apertured on the tank wall of environmental cabinet 2, even Road is taken over, which at least one of supplies gas, send vapour, air-supply and water injector.Apertured on the tank wall of the environmental cabinet, The lamps and lanterns that simulated solar irradiates are set in hole and constitute solar radiation regulating system.Humidity sensor, wind are set in environmental cabinet Fast sensor and solar radiation sensor.
Correspondingly, in order to simulate true environment, other than temperature control unit, it is also provided with humidity controlling unit control The opening and closing or humidification intensity of humidifier processed；Opening and closing and the flow of rainfall control unit control spray equipment are set；Wind speed control is set The opening and closing of unit control fan processed and revolving speed, setting solar radiation device control units control the opening and closing and brightness of bulb.This A little control devices can also be arranged in simultaneously in ancillary test machine B.
The control unit of above-mentioned executing agency can be included in control system D1, flow chart such as Figure 11 and Figure 12 It is shown.
If increasing the simulation of solar radiation, can the aperture on environmental cabinet, be arranged bulb.
Each control unit and the incidence relation of computer D are described as follows by taking solar radiation as an example: the switch of bulb is i.e. For executing agency, correspondingly, solar radiation sensor is set in environmental cabinet, in control system D1 or is separately provided sun spoke Control unit association switch is penetrated, which is controlled by the true environment parameter set in computer D again and holds The operation such as row open and close and strong and weak adjusting.
The comparing that computer D is acquired according to the parameters and related sensor of the true environment simulation system of setting As a result, being instructed to each control unit, or starts or stops each executing agency or adjust its degree.It as a result, can be in environment Various true environments are simulated in case, and the various tests of test specimen is allowed to carry out in specific environment.
Computer D includes the information of temperature sensor, displacement/deformation-sensor and strain gauge by acquisition, can be with Test function as shown in fig. 13 that: restraint stress, free variable, elasticity modulus, deformation separation and concrete creep is carried out, if Test block is that directly concrete is cast in testing machine, so that it may which concrete is carried out from the test for being solidified to cracking overall process And evaluation.
In the present invention, main climate control system in true environment system is simulated, there can be two parts, a part is It is arranged on environment cabinet, another part is accommodated in test specimen to be arranged on fixed device.It is arranged on environmental cabinet, is more simulation Temperature in true environment, and accommodate in test specimen and be arranged on fixed device, it can simulate in a short time in true environment for example The temperature of concrete dam.All without such comprehensive climate control system in testing machine in the prior art.
In the present invention, concrete directly can be cast in the concrete sample accommodating space that test specimen accommodates fixed device In, become again to the expansion of hardening overall process in this manner it is possible to test concrete in the true environment of simulation from lean state to solidification The variation of shape and stress, it is such test for such as dam from pour, be solidified to hardening overall process stress, strain in difference It can be carried out testing under environmental condition, obtain comprehensive data, provide valuable information for design, the construction of dam.It is existing Testing machine in technology does not all expect the test for yet not accomplishing this overall process.Certainly, in testing machine provided by the invention Test specimen accommodates fixed device and can also test manufactured concrete sample.
As shown in Figure 1, the ancillary test machine F in testing machine provided by the invention, including an environmental cabinet, that is, it include one Test specimen accommodating cavity is for placing test specimen identical with the test specimen tested in the master trip machine, as one embodiment, the test specimen The temperature-adjusting device is set in accommodating cavity, is also provided with humidity control apparatus, solar radiation regulating device, rainfall regulating device And wind-speed adjusting device；Temperature sensor is set in the test specimen accommodating cavity, also set up humidity sensor, solar radiation sensor, Rainfall sensor and air velocity transducer, each sensor are connect with the computer, the control system D1 connection tune Regulating device and to adjust test specimen accommodating the cavity environment parameter identical as the master trip environmental cabinet；It is also set in the test specimen accommodating cavity Set shifting/deformation-sensor is to perceive the deformation of test specimen.
Environmental parameter in ancillary test case is identical as master trip case, is provided with the bottom surface of a placement test specimen, so that Test specimen can Free Transform, be provided with true environment simulation system, the simulation system include at least a temperature regulating system, be Heating or cooling device in the environmental cabinet and/or on test specimen is set；It further include temperature sensor and displacement/deformation sensing Device, the temperature sensor setting is on the test specimen and/or in environmental cabinet；The displacement/deformation-sensor is arranged in test specimen On, it is identical as master trip case；The signal output end of each sensor is associated with computer.
Ancillary test machine and test specimen and machine bed plate coefficient of friction it is sufficiently small under the conditions of, measure it is synthermal with master trip machine Under the conditions of auxiliary test specimen Free Transform, synthermal condition parallel test machine makes test data have integrality.
Parameter and control signal are transferred to measurement TT&C system by the computer control and processing system, measure observing and controlling system System controls loading device according to above-mentioned parameter and control signal, and the loading device is according to given pulling force, displacement control signal pair Test specimen is heated or is freezed to one according to the parameter request of computer control and processing system by test specimen load, heating refrigeration system Determine temperature, test specimen under tension is simultaneously deformed value, acquires relevant parameter by pulling force, displacement sensor and feeds back to the measurement Collected parameter is transferred to computer control by the closed loop measurement and control instrument in control system, the closed loop measurement and control instrument after enhanced processing System and processing system 5, and shown by display and print final result with printer.
Testing machine provided by the invention, concrete cracking overall process testing machine and method based on true environment be by with What under type was realized:
(1) under the conditions of concrete test test specimen completes and is ready to complete with relevant device, starting computer control system System is computer, carries out relative parameters setting；Open true environment simulation system, fill in engineering location monthly mean temperature, The parameters such as water temperature, cloud amount, fine day solar radiant heat, cloud amount, latitude and concrete surface exothermic coefficient, need to start according to test The simulation of Related Environmental Factors, environment temperature/humidity/rainfall/wind speed/solar radiation；
(2) computer measures temperature, displacement and the deformation of concrete according to each sensor, obtains true environment simulated conditions Under concrete free variable, the concrete operations for measuring Free Transform may is that test specimen is fixed on fixed chuck and active chuck Between, since temperature etc. changes, when expansion or shrinkage occurs in test specimen, the strain gauge of setting shows stress value, controls System processed starts power device, so that straight-line motion mechanism is in the identical direction movement of deformation direction until strain gauge is aobvious Show that stress value is zero, obtains Free Transform amount at this time from displacement/deformation-sensor, survey free variable is concrete various deformation (temperature deformation, autogenous volumetric deformation and creep) carries out separation and makes preparation；
(3) by computer, control system such as temperature control unit, displacement/deformation control unit, load control unit and Respective sensor controls the Free Transform of test specimen movable terminal, according to Free Transform and controls reduced deformation, can survey The concrete temperature stress under true environment simulated conditions in the case of each moment difference degree of restraint is obtained, including is reduced to displacement Stress when zero, i.e. temperature stress under the conditions of staff cultivation；
(4) by computer, control system such as temperature control unit, displacement/deformation control unit, load control unit and Respective sensor carries out a secondary control to the Free Transform of test specimen movable terminal, every certain time interval, to displacement/change Shape makes primary change, while acquiring corresponding stress variation, obtains the elasticity modulus at the moment, repeatedly, can be obtained true Elasticity modulus of the environmental simulation Under Concrete in entire development process；
(5) the change in temperature Δ T (t) obtained according to thermal expansion coefficient of concrete α and data collection system, it can be deduced that true The pure temperature deformation of concrete under real environment simulated conditions, in conjunction with the Free Transform measured, other deformations that you can get it are main to wrap Include autogenous volumetric deformation and dry-shrinkage deformed；
(6) according to the modulus of elasticity of concrete and Free Transform that measure, can calculate under true environment simulated conditions not by Concrete stress when Creep Effect, starting computer control system, displacement/deformation control unit, load control unit and corresponding Sensor, concrete deformation is controlled, is morphed into zero, at this moment measures stress and stress when not by Creep Effect Difference be then caused stress of creeping under true environment simulated conditions；
(7) log-on data processing system, in conjunction with all test datas and data and curves, when occurring on stress and displacement curve When being mutated, indicate that concrete cracking, associated temperature, stress, displacement and the deformation parameter of the concrete at this moment can be made For the cracking index under the conditions of real-world temperature, test reference is provided for crack-resistant performance of concrete evaluation.
The concrete operations freely constrained are as follows: testing machine clamps the both ends of concrete sample, and one end is fixed, and one end can Control is moved, and under true environment simulated conditions, load is not added in the controllable end of concrete, passes through the meter at setting time interval (t) Machine control system, displacement/Deformation control system and loading system are calculated, make its free displacement μ (t), as t moment concrete Free variable ε (t).
The concrete operations of the restraint stress are: testing machine clamps the both ends of concrete sample, and one end is fixed, and one end can Control is moved, and under true environment simulated conditions, the free displacement of concrete sample movable terminal is μ (t), according to actual needs, By computer control system, displacement/deformation control unit and loading system, the displacement of test specimen movable terminal is reduced, At this moment it is that the concrete temperature in the case of constraint factor f (t) is answered that the strain gauge, which measures each moment difference degree of restraint, Power σ (t)；
The displacement that movable terminal reduces are as follows:
f(t)×μ(t) (6)
In formula, t is the time, and concrete constraint factor when f (t) is t, μ (t) is the freedom of concrete sample movable terminal Displacement.
The elasticity modulus concrete operations are as follows: specifically, set interval in computer control system, every the time Interval, does a change in displacement to test specimen movable terminal by displacement control system, measures this displacement according to strain gauge Stress variation caused by changing carries out elasticity modulus test to the test specimen.
Every the △ t time, primary displacement is done to movable terminal to test specimen and loading system by displacement/Deformation control system Changes delta mu (t) obtains deformation Δ ε (t), is Δ σ (t) according to the stress variation that strain gauge is measured, then t moment is mixed Solidifying soil elasticity modulus are as follows:
According to the time interval of design, computer control system automatically measures the modulus of elasticity of concrete of different moments, Concrete can be obtained in the elasticity modulus of entire development process.
The separation concrete operations of the deformation are as follows: do free constraint first: testing machine fixes concrete sample one end, separately One end retractable, provides the true environment of setting by true environment simulation system, carries out free variable examination to the test specimen It tests, in the time zone (t) of setting, setting period acquisition deflection ε (t).
After 1 day age of concrete, thermal expansion coefficient would not change again substantially, it is considered that and it is a constant, The parameter can also be measured by dedicated thermal expansion coefficient tester, here it is considered that being constant α.According to thermal expansion coefficient of concrete The change in temperature Δ T (t) that α and temperature control system measure, it can be deduced that the temperature of concrete becomes under true environment simulated conditions Shape:
ΔεT(t)=α Δ T (t) (8)
It in conjunction with the Free Transform ε (t) measured, is separated, you can get it, and other deform Δ εaIt (t), mainly include spontaneous Cubic deformation and dry-shrinkage deformed:
Δεa(t)=ε (t)-Δ εT(t) (9)
The concrete creep concrete operations are as follows: according to the modulus of elasticity of concrete E (t) that measures and Free Transform ε (t), It can calculate under true environment simulated conditions not by concrete stress σ (t) when Creep Effect:
σ (t)=ε (t) E (t) (10)
Start concrete displacement control system, concrete deformation is controlled, zero is morphed into, at this moment measures stress For σ0(t), then stress caused by creeping under true environment simulated conditions reduces are as follows:
σc(t)=σ (t)-σ0(t) (11)
Pass through σc(t) size it can be concluded that concrete creep influence degree, wherein t is the time.
The concrete operations of the concrete cracking overall process are: concrete temperature changes to set temperature from initial temperature, Pulling force is fixed or applied to test specimen two ends, when tensile stress data reduce suddenly, be displaced increase suddenly, be corresponding when m- stress, when it is m- When being mutated on deformation/displacement curve, concrete cracking obtains the relevant parameter of at this moment concrete, including temperature, tension Intensity, limit stretch value.
The concrete operations of evaluation are: in conjunction with front A, B, C, D, E test data and as a result, concrete temperature changes to sets Determine degree, when tensile stress data reduce suddenly, are displaced increase suddenly, be mutated on homologous thread when, concrete cracking, at this moment Relevant parameter temperature, stress, displacement and the deformation of concrete, which can be used as, carries out concrete cracking overall process evaluation to the test specimen.
True environment can be set with the following method:
1. environment temperature
Depending on local situation, i.e. simulation true environment is local, and the above monthly mean temperature data is fitted to one Cosine curve, following formula (1) are the calculation formula after fitting:
In formula, TaFor temperature, TamFor average temperature of the whole year, AaFor temperature year luffing, τ is time (moon), τ0For maximum temperature Time (moon).
Consider temperature diurnal variation, calculated using following formula:
In formula,For daily temperature, TaFor monthly mean temperature, A is temperature diurnal variation amplitude, at the time of t is in 1 day (when) root Depending on the Various Seasonal of different regions.
2. solar radiant heat
Concrete structure is often an exposure under solar radiation, is had a major impact to concrete temperature.Unit The heat that solar radiation comes on unit area in time is S, wherein set the part absorbed by concrete as R, remainder quilt It reflects away, then:
R=αs·S (3)
In formula, αsFor absorption coefficient, also referred to as coefficient of blackness, concrete surface generally takes 0.65.
S=S0(1-kn) (4)
In formula, S0For fine day solar radiant heat, n is cloud amount, and k is coefficient, these three numerical value are provided by local weather station；
The temperature that the influence of sunshine is equivalent to surrounding air increases Δ Ta,
ΔTa=R/ β (5)
In formula, β is concrete surface exothermic coefficient, is calculated according to surface roughness and wind speed.
3. rainfall
The rainfall for inquiring engineering location meteorological department, by rainfall equipment and rainfall amount controller come simulated rainfall.
4. wind speed
Inquire the wind speed of the meteorological department in engineering location, threshold wind velocity simulator, to obtain concrete according to wind speed Surface coefficient of heat transfer.
One specific test example is as follows:
Concrete test block is tested using above-mentioned test method and testing machine, verifies the coagulation based on true environment The validity and reasonability of soil cracking overall process testing machine and method.Test ambient temperature value is nearly 1 year of certain Practical Project Temperature measured value, input computer, enable testing machine so that experimental enviroment fully according to this survey temperature change, test Under the conditions of this ambient air temperature, it is complete to study the concrete cracking based on true environment for the stress variation situation of concrete test block Process.
The test data obtained from test can be seen that ambient air temperature and meet the actual sinusoidal variations rule of engineering, can be true Real reaction Practical Project environment；It can reflect true stress variation rule based on the test temperature stress under the conditions of this ambient air temperature Rule, with Temperature cycling fluctuation, based on the effect expanded with heat and contract with cold, environment temperature is increased, coagulation soil compressive stress increases；Environment temperature It reduces, the reduction tensile stress increase of coagulation soil compressive stress, sees Figure 14.
As shown in Figure 22 to Figure 24, temperature stress test provided by the invention deforms another implementation of direct measuring device Example, including sensor base (one) Y1, interior hexagonal flush end holding screw Y2, centering guide sleeve Y3, sleeve Y4, LVDT displacement pass Sensor Y5, adjustment screw Y6, M6 nut Y7, sensor base (two) Y8, quartz ampoule sleeve Y9, quartz ampoule pedestal Y10, support Bar Y11, built-in fitting Y12, quartzy measuring staff Y13, deformation-sensor Y14.
In order to guarantee the consistent of sample dimensions specification, 0 and Figure 23 referring to fig. 2, concrete fill mounted in accommodating space it Before need to position 4 by positioning pin Y16, fixed chuck and active chuck and lower template are consolidated by the dowel hole of two sides It is scheduled on together.After built-in fitting Y12 in deformation measuring device is placed in filler, before vibrating inside cuttage to test specimen, and branch is installed Built-in fitting Y12 is fixed on test specimen Y15 by strut Y11 by positioning tooling fixture Y15.Positioning tool can guarantee that test specimen exists It will not be subjected to displacement in vibration processes, and guarantee to measure the consistency of distance.After the completion of vibration, then remove positioning tool Y15, Positioning pin Y16 installs quartzy measuring staff Y13, deformation-sensor Y14 is installed respectively (to guarantee locating effect, it is proposed that after 3 hours Remove tooling).Built-in fitting Y12 determines that direct measuring device is mounted on the central axes of test specimen by positioning tool Y15, and upper end connects Support rod Y11 is met, support rod is inserted in sensor holder (one) Y1, and sensor holder (one) right end connects centering guide sleeve Y3, leads in It is inserted in sensor holder (two) Y8 to the set Y3 other end, sleeve Y4 is inserted in inside centering guide sleeve Y3 and is inserted in LVDT in sleeve Mono- insertion LVDT displacement sensor Y5 of displacement sensor Y5, adjustment screw Y6.The other end adjustment screw Y6 passes through sensor holder (2) Y8 and quartz measuring staff Y13 is connected and fixed；Fixed deformation senses among sensor holder (one) Y1 and sensor holder (two) Y8 Device Y14.Quartzy measuring staff Y13 is inserted in other end that quartzy tube socket Y10 is relatively movable, and quartzy tube socket Y10 is inserted in the movement of other end Support rod Y11.Under the influence of by stress and temperature change, test specimen deforms opposite movable with quartz measuring staff Y13 test specimen A support rod Y11 displacement also with test specimen generate change in displacement.The built-in fitting Y12 of other end and the above position support rod Y11 It immobilizes.Support rod Y11 is directly connected to use quartzy measuring staff Y13, very little is influenced on measurement, by the linear expansion coefficient of quartz It calculates, it is 0.000495mm/ DEG C that quartz measuring staff Y13, which is acted upon by temperature changes, when deformation measurement, this influence value is basically unchanged, can Deducting during the test by this value influences, and can also be deducted during the test by calibration mode.Measuring cell is using change The electronic component of the sensor internal measurement of shape sensor Y14 the type is identical as load sensor, therefore temperature stress is tested Deformation direct measuring method and device can provide accurately well in test measurement, accurate result.

Claims (19)

1. a kind of concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine, it is characterised in that: including a master trip machine comprising a pedestal, It is provided on the base
One environmental cabinet at least has four walls and upper cover, forms a closed space, separates with ambient enviroment；
One concrete sample accommodating device is arranged in the environmental cabinet, including in the middle part of fixed chuck, active chuck, test specimen admittedly Determine side template, three's split constitutes the concrete sample accommodating space that a upper end is open or upper and lower side is open, described solid Clamp head is fixed in the environmental cabinet, and the active chuck can be along the length direction of the concrete sample accommodating space Axis is movably arranged, and the side template is placed between fixed chuck and active chuck；
In the environmental cabinet or the environmental cabinet and concrete sample accommodating space setting temperature sensor and humidity sensor；
One true environment simulation system comprising at least one executing agency: a temperature-adjusting device, for the dress that heats and cool down It sets, is arranged in the environmental cabinet and concrete sample accommodating device to propose fixed true environment in temperature upper mold；
One loading system has the servo motor of speed reducer, the reaction frame including a reaction frame, a transmission device and one On the base, which includes a ball-screw loading device, and connection lead screw makees straight line on the loading device for setting The driven member connection constraints axis of movement, which enters environmental cabinet by the side wall of the environmental cabinet and the active chuck connects It connects and the active chuck position is made to fix or move in the axis direction, the driving link lead screw in the loading device is fixed on On the reaction frame；The servo motor is arranged on the reaction frame, connects the lead screw；The servo motor constitutes load Executing agency, the speed reducer are worm reduction gear, and the constraint axis uses invar steel making；
Displacement/deformation-sensor perception concrete sample is set on the active chuck or the component connecting with active chuck Deformation；
Strain gauge is set on the ballscrew loading device and perceives the load that test specimen is born；
One computer, the computer are connect by data line with a control system, which includes: in control master trip machine The control unit of the various executing agency's movements of true environment simulation system；With control concrete sample loading system in master trip machine Described in servo motor control unit；
The computer is also connected by data line:
Monitor the signal output end of the temperature sensor of environmental parameter；
Monitor displacement/deformation-sensor signal output end of the displacement/deformation of concrete sample；
The signal output end for monitoring the strain gauge of test specimen stress is connected；
The control signal output of the control system is connected with the control terminal of each executing agency；
The displacement/the deformation-sensor for perceiving concrete sample deformation constitutes displacement/deformation detection system, the displacement/deformation Detection system is that two kinds of situations of following A and B are alternatively or shared:
It A. include the rock deformation sensor being arranged in environmental cabinet and two built-in fittings being arranged in test specimen, on built-in fitting Quartzy measuring staff is set, which fixes with the built-in fitting close to fixed chuck side, and the other end is positioned close to movable folder It can slide axially on the built-in fitting of first side and with respect to the built-in fitting along test specimen, the quartz measuring staff and rock deformation sensor pair It answers, to pass through the displacement of rock deformation sensor measurement quartz measuring staff, directly measures the deflection of test specimen；
It B. include that the extension bar installed on the sensor outside the environmental cabinet and the built-in fitting being arranged in test specimen is set, Aperture on the environment tank wall, it is corresponding with the sensor being mounted on outside environmental cabinet which stretches out the environmental cabinet, to survey The relative displacement of the extension bar on built-in fitting is measured, test piece deformation amount is measured.
2. testing machine according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The cross-sectional shape of the accommodating space are as follows: both ends are the shorter heads of width greater depth, and centre is the smaller length of width It spends longer interlude, the head and interlude and connects transition by boring section；The fixed chuck and active chuck and test specimen Splicing seams between the fixed bolster plate of middle part are located in the intermediate segment limit of the accommodating space.
3. testing machine according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that: the test specimen accommodating device further includes a upper mold Plate, a lower template, the upper end opening and the lower end for closing the concrete sample accommodating space are open.
4. testing machine according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that: the side template and the active chuck and/or solid For seam between clamp head there are gap, which includes the gap between the end of side template and the active chuck, to protect Test specimen side template and active chuck non-contravention in compression are demonstrate,proved, and/or the side including side template and fixed chuck and activity are pressed from both sides Gap between head.
5. testing machine according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that: can this be arranged in transverse shifting in the side template In environmental cabinet.
6. testing machine according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the cross-sectional shape of the accommodating space are as follows: both ends are The shorter head of width greater depth, centre are the longer interludes of width smaller length, and the head and interlude pass through cone Section connection transition；Splicing seams in the middle part of the fixed chuck and active chuck and test specimen between fixed bolster plate are located at accommodating sky Between intermediate segment limit in；
The test specimen accommodating device further includes a cope plate, a lower template, closes the concrete sample accommodating space The upper end opening and lower end it is open；
For seam between the side template and the active chuck and/or fixed chuck there are gap, which includes side template End and the active chuck between gap, to guarantee test specimen side template and active chuck non-contravention in compression, and/or Gap between side and fixed chuck and active chuck including side template；
The side template can be arranged in transverse shifting in the environmental cabinet.
7. testing machine according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The rock deformation sensor being arranged in the environmental cabinet includes strain-type rock extensometer, with setting at two The connection structure of built-in fitting is: support rod is arranged on each built-in fitting, is positioned close to the support rod of active chuck side Measuring staff end is leaned on along axial two contacts connectors of setting on quartzy measuring staff of quartzy measuring staff in the end of the quartzy measuring staff of upper connection A contact adapter be slidingly disposed on quartzy measuring staff, referred to as sliding contact adapter, but the sliding contact adapter It is connected with support rod, slightly by another more inner contact adapter and the affixed referred to as fixed contact adapter of quartzy measuring staff； Two groups of collets of the extensometer, wherein one group of collet is contacted with sliding contact adapter, another group of collet and fixed contact turn Junction contacts.
8. testing machine according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the structure of the sensor outside the environmental cabinet is arranged in Be: one leading-off rods of lateral connection on the support rod connected on two built-in fittings in test specimen stretches out environmental cabinet, draws at two Quartzy measuring staff is connected between rod；One end of quartzy measuring staff and the leading-off rods of fixed chuck side are fixed, with active chuck side Leading-off rods movably connect；Setting perception displacement/deformation between the leading-off rods and quartzy measuring staff of active chuck side Sensor, the sensor are rock extensometer or differential transformer.
9. testing machine according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: for fixed displacement/deformation-sensor in test specimen The built-in fitting of setting comprising be arranged in inlet part in test specimen concrete, expose concrete sample surface disk body and Deck, the inlet part are a plate body, the plate face of the plate body perpendicular to the concrete sample accommodating space the axis, The disk of the disk body connected with inlet part is vertical with the plate body plate face of the inlet part, and deck and company are arranged on the disk body The support rod for connecing the quartzy measuring staff of the temperature sensor constitutes matching clamping structure.
10. according to claim 1 or testing machine described in one of 2 or 7 to 9, it is characterised in that: it further include an ancillary test machine, The ancillary test machine includes a test specimen accommodating cavity for placing test specimen identical with the test specimen tested in the master trip machine, should The temperature-adjusting device is set in test specimen accommodating cavity；Temperature sensor and humidity sensor are set in the test specimen accommodating cavity, respectively A sensor is connect with the computer, and the control system connects the temperature-adjusting device and adjusts the test specimen and hold It is identical as the experimental enviroment case of the master trip machine to set the cavity environment parameter；Displacement/deformation is also set up in the test specimen accommodating cavity to pass Sensor is to perceive the deformation of test specimen.
11. according to claim 1 or testing machine described in one of 2 or 7 to 9, it is characterised in that: the control of each executing agency Unit includes: temperature control unit, displacement/deformation control unit and load control unit.
12. testing machine according to claim 10, it is characterised in that: the control system further includes controlling the auxiliary examination Test the control unit of the various executing agency's movements of true environment simulation system in machine.
13. according to claim 1 or testing machine described in one of 2 or 7 to 9, it is characterised in that:
The heating and cooling device being arranged in the temperature-adjusting device in the environmental cabinet are:
It is arranged in the tank wall of the environmental cabinet or in closed space, the tank wall has hollow chamber, and/or, setting examination The fixed chuck, active chuck and the side template at least one that part accommodates in fixed device have hollow chamber.
14. testing machine according to claim 13, it is characterised in that: each hollow chamber's setting inlet and outlet and institute It states heating to be connected to the medium channel of cooling device, the executing agency is set on the medium channel of the heating and cooling device The delivery pump of the media flow of the electric heating coil and/or driving heating or cooling set, the medium channel connect refrigeration compressor Group, for providing in test thermal energy or cold energy as needed.
15. according to claim 1 or testing machine described in one of 2 or 7 to 9, it is characterised in that: the constraint axis and the activity Connection structure between collet and/or fixed chuck is articulated connection, and the end of the constraint axis is bulb, the active chuck And/or the ball hinge being arranged on fixed chuck is two-half structure, the ball hinge includes preceding ball seat and rear ball seat, the forecourt Seat is fixed in the both ends of the surface of the fixed chuck and/or active chuck, before rear ball seat is fixed on by pretension bolt on ball seat, Preceding ball seat and rear ball seat constitute the spherical space for accommodating constraint shaft end portion bulb, and the connection of ball hinge and bulb is two halves formula knot Structure, and a gap is reserved at forward and backward ball seat cooperation plane.
16. according to claim 1 or testing machine described in one of 2 or 7 to 9, it is characterised in that: the reaction frame be include two The frame for the rectangle that a crossbeam and two columns are constituted, a fixed cross beam are fixed on the pedestal of the fixed chuck side On, two columns fixed cross beam that is connected in parallel is located at the environmental cabinet two sides, and a fine motion crossbeam is arranged in institute It states on the pedestal of active chuck side, is connect with the column, power device is arranged on the fine motion crossbeam, is consequently formed Reaction frame, straight-line motion mechanism for linear motion pass through the fine motion crossbeam and connect with active chuck, and the displacement/deformation passes The support section of sensor and the strain gauge is directly or indirectly fixed on the base.
17. testing machine according to claim 16, it is characterised in that: what two crossbeams and two columns were constituted In the reaction frame, the material and sectional dimension of the column are as follows: guarantee that its rigidity is answered to bear the maximum intensity of concrete 5-20 times of power of power and indeformable or stiffness K is more than or equal to 2MN/mm；And/or guarantee that its temperature stability is to test - 20-80 DEG C of temperature range in when its temperature deformation less than 10 microns.
18. according to claim 1 or testing machine described in one of 2 or 7 to 9, it is characterised in that: the upper cover of the environmental cabinet Upper setting form, so that test process visualization.
19. according to claim 1 or testing machine described in one of 2 or 7 to 9, it is characterised in that: also set up one in the pedestal and mention Mechanism is risen, fixed dress is accommodated in the test specimen and centers a bottom plate for placing test specimen or being poured test specimen, the bottom on it Plate connects the hoisting mechanism, by running the hoisting mechanism, can by test specimen into and out concrete sample accommodating space.
CN201610094440.7A 2016-02-19 2016-02-19 Concrete cracking whole process simulation testing machine Expired - Fee Related CN105572027B (en)

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