CN105737784B - Displacement of testing machine deformation measuring device - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device, it includes two fixing pieces, a measuring staff and a displacement or deformation-sensor, described two fixing pieces, is installed in the both ends of test specimen respectively, at least part exposing of fixing piece is integrally formed on surface of test piece, and with test specimen；The measuring staff, one end are connected with a fixing piece, and the other end is movably coupled to another fixing piece；The displacement or deformation-sensor, be arranged on the measuring staff with the fixing piece can be dynamic one end for connecting, the displacement or deformation-sensor include can relative displacement two parts, a portion is solidified as a whole with the measuring staff, and another part is solidified as a whole with the fixing piece.This measuring device uses in testing machine, can carry out high-acruracy survey in the displacement of 1 meter or more of test specimen or deformation for length.

Description

Displacement of testing machine deformation measuring device

Technical field

The present invention relates to the displacement of test specimen or deformation measurement technical fields, are provided in particular in a kind of displacement of testing machine or deformation Measuring device.

Background technology

At present, in the prior art for there are many deficiencies on test specimen displacement or deformation measurement part：

1. most measuring devices measure test piece deformation using indirect measure or foil gauge, precision is difficult to make us full Meaning.

2. for many testing machines, test specimen is tested in various simulated environment, various environment for displacement, The measurement accuracy of deformation brings very big influence so that measurement accuracy is not high.

It 3., can not at present mostly using temperature stress testing equipment in the prior art, in terms of to concrete material cracking research Accurately measure the cracking trend of the deflection of early concrete cracking, analysis and evaluation concrete, the ideal not up to studied Effect.

4. existing test specimen displacement or deformation measuring device are limited to the gauge length of various displacement deformation sensors mostly in 200mm Hereinafter, for test specimen of the length at 1 meter or more, it is difficult to which deformation or displacement to test specimen provide accurate rational measurement.

Invention content

It is an object of the invention to improve the deficiencies in the prior art, one kind is provided and is used in testing machine, it can be for length The displacement or deformation spent in 1 meter or more of test specimen carry out the displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device of high-acruracy survey.

The present invention technical solution be：

A kind of displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device are passed including two fixing pieces, a measuring staff and a displacement or deformation Sensor,

Described two fixing pieces, are installed in the both ends of test specimen respectively, and at least part of fixing piece is exposed in surface of test piece On, and be integrally formed with test specimen；

The measuring staff, one end are connected with a fixing piece, and the other end and another fixing piece are movably Connection；

The displacement or deformation-sensor, be arranged on the measuring staff with the fixing piece can be dynamic one end for connecting, The displacement or deformation-sensor include can relative displacement two parts, a portion is solidified as a whole with the measuring staff, another portion Divide and be solidified as a whole with the fixing piece.

On testing machine, one end fixed part clamping of the test specimen, the other end is clamped by movable part, the measuring staff The fixing piece with clamping one end positioned at movable part forms the removable connection structure.

The test specimen can be solid test specimen, such as reinforcing bar, stone material etc., and correspondingly, the fixing piece is clamping piece, The side of the clamping piece be with the fixed collet of test specimen, opposite side is the supporting rod being connect with the measuring staff.

The collet is folded on the circumferential surface of the test specimen, collet can be on test specimen circumferential surface setting symmetrical above and below or Person is to be symmetrical set.

The test specimen can also be from fluid become solid can variant test specimen, such as concrete sample, correspondingly, The fixing piece includes embedded part and supporting rod, and the embedded part includes the inlet part being arranged in test specimen concrete, exposes mixed The disk body and deck of solidifying soil surface of test piece, the supporting rod are fastened on the deck, and the supporting rod is connect with the measuring staff.

The inlet part is preferably a plate body, the plate face of the plate body perpendicular to the concrete sample axis, with burying The disk for entering the connected disk body in part is vertical with the plate body plate face of the inlet part.

The measuring staff is preferably quartz material.

The displacement or deformation-sensor can be extensometer, LVDT sensors or grating sensor.

When the displacement or deformation-sensor are extensometer, the extensometer and the measuring staff and the corresponding fixation The connection structure of part can be：In the respective end of the measuring staff, two contact adapters are set on measuring staff along measuring staff is axial, It is slidingly disposed on measuring staff, but be connected with corresponding fixing piece by a contact adapter of measuring staff end, by inner One contact adapter and measuring staff are affixed；The extensometer can relative displacement two parts, set on each part Two groups of collets are connect respectively with two contact adapters on the measuring staff.

When the displacement or deformation-sensor are LVDT sensors, the LVDT sensors and the measuring staff and corresponding The connection structure of the fixing piece can be：The LVDT sensors can relative displacement two parts, one is coil part Point, the second is being plugged in the core portion in the coil, coiler part and core portion, one of them is fixed on the measuring staff End end face on, another is fixed on the fixing piece.

This measuring device can also include at least a pair of of extension bar, and one end connection one of the every extension bar is described solid Determine part, wherein the other end of an extension bar is connected with the measuring staff, another extension bar passes through with the measuring staff The displacement or deformation-sensor form removable connection structure.

Above-mentioned displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device are on testing machine, with the data collecting system and data in computer Processing system connects, it is possible to calculate including restraint stress, free variable, elasticity modulus, deformation separation, creeping for test specimen At least one result simultaneously exports.

A kind of testing machine that can simulate true environment is provided with an environmental cabinet, test specimen is placed in the environmental cabinet, In environmental cabinet by heating, cooling down and humidify, one true environment of unit simulations such as dehumidification, test specimen is in the simulated environment It is middle exerted a force or do not exerted a force, by this measuring device, it is possible to measure in true environment or even changed with certain rule The situation of displacement or deformation in environment.

The measurement of longer test piece deformation can be well solved using measuring staff, and uses quartzy measuring staff, can more be obtained very High measurement accuracy.

On testing machine, the experiment of concrete sample is carried out, a test specimen accommodating space is may be constructed, concrete is poured into a mould Wherein, the overall process for solidification being poured into from concrete sample can be carried out the measurement of displacement or deformation.As described in test specimen The cross-sectional shape of accommodating space is preferably：Both ends are the shorter heads of width greater depth, centre be width smaller length compared with Long interlude, the head connect transition with interlude by boring section；Fixed component, that is, the fixed chuck and the activity Splicing seams in the middle part of component, that is, active chuck and test specimen between fixed two side templates are located at the interlude model of the accommodating space In enclosing.

Two built-in fittings are preferably disposed in the test specimen relative to the head.

Be connected the extension bar on the supporting rod plugged on each built-in fitting or on built-in fitting, can be laterally from environment It is stretched out in the two opposite side walls of case, it is corresponding to the corresponding displacement being arranged on outside environmental cabinet or deformation-sensor.With this, Ke Yigeng The deformation of test specimen is accurately detected, eliminates the measurement error generated due to environmental change.

Further, the test specimen, which houses fixing device, can also include a cope plate, close the concrete examination The upper end of part accommodating space is open.

For seam between the side template and the active chuck and/or fixed chuck there are gap, which includes side Gap between the end of template and the active chuck, to ensure test specimen side template and active chuck non-contravention in compression, Further include the gap between the side of side template and fixed chuck and active chuck.

The side template can be arranged on to transverse shifting in the environmental cabinet.

In use, concrete can be directly poured into the concrete sample accommodating space and forms test specimen, also may be used To be placed in manufactured in the concrete sample accommodating space with the matched test specimen of test specimen accommodating space shape.

The computer control system that testing machine provides is substantially the prior art, is implemented function such as wherein：When due to When test specimen deforms in the true environment of simulation and pushes against the active chuck, strain gauge collects stress, passes through data The signal output end of processing system and data output system connect with power plant and starts power plant driving active chuck and move It moves until the stress sensed on strain gauge is reduced to zero, the power plant stops.

Such structure can cause this testing machine to realize the experiments such as free variable.

Also it is exactly after free variable, starts power plant driving active chuck movement and reduce deflection, by institute Displacement sensors obtain displacement, and corresponding stress value is obtained by the strain gauge.

It can also include an ancillary test machine in the testing machine that the present invention refers to, which includes a test specimen and hold Put chamber for place the test specimen identical with the test specimen tested in the master trip machine, the temperature tune is set in the test specimen accommodating cavity Regulating device or setting at least one of the temperature-adjusting device and following regulating device：Humidity control apparatus, the sun Radiate regulating device, rainfall regulating device and wind-speed adjusting device；Set temperature sensor in the test specimen accommodating cavity, also set up as At least one of lower sensor：Humidity sensor, solar radiation sensor, rainfall sensor and air velocity transducer, Ge Gesuo It states sensor to connect with the computer, which connects the regulating device and adjust environment in the test specimen accommodating cavity Parameter is identical with the master trip environmental cabinet；The change for also setting up displacement/deformation-sensor in the test specimen accommodating cavity to perceive test specimen Shape.

The displacement set in ancillary test machine or deformation measuring device can be identical with master trip machine.

The control system further includes the various execution machines of true environment simulation system in the control ancillary test machine The control unit of structure action.

It is put into test specimen accommodating cavity with the test specimen in master trip machine so that test specimen can Free Transform.Ancillary test machine In test specimen in similary environment, for being compared with the test specimen in master trip machine.Ancillary test machine is in test specimen and machine bottom Under the conditions of plate friction coefficient is sufficiently small, the Free Transform with master trip machine auxiliary test specimen under the conditions of synthermal is measured.Synthermal condition Parallel test machine, makes test data have integrality.

The testing machine that the present invention refers to is mainly used for distress in concrete mechanism and temperature stress experiment.It can carry out a variety of Under the conditions of temperature control measures, concrete hardens the experiment of the evolution of its own temperature stress in overall process, the mistake from being poured into Journey may include the process that adiabatic temperature rise, coefficient of thermal expansion, elasticity modulus and the parameters such as creep develop at any time；It can also simulate imitative Real weather environment really, emulates the temperature stress under the influence of natural cause and Cracking Mechanism.The testing machine can be according to need Different temperature and constraint degree condition are set, process dropped including thermal insulation, constant temperature, setting temperature heating etc..It is opened by concrete Whole process simulation experiment is split, evaluates the cracking resistance of concrete.

The Measurement and Control System includes deformation under load Measurement and Control System and Temperature Measure Control System, includes industry control Machine, digital multichannel closed loop controller, data collecting card, load sensor, displacement sensor, deformation-sensor, temperature pass Sensor and humidity sensor etc..Real time data is fed back to controller or data collecting card, computer control and display by sensor As a result.System is mainly measured and is controlled to restraining force, deformation, temperature, humidity etc. suffered by test specimen.

The electrical dragging system is grasped by the breaker of various specifications, relay, DC power supply, servo-driver and button Workpiece etc. forms execution unit, and the instruction that execution controller and control system are sent out carries out process control.

The heating refrigeration system includes heating unit, refrigeration compressor set, water pump, incubator and pipe valve.

The computer control and processing system include industrial personal computer, laser printer, control and data processing software, to surveying The control instruction that amount control system is sent out receives the pressure of Measurement and Control System acquisition, displacement, deforms numerical value, aobvious according to instruction Show or export the control instruction that various charts send out Measurement and Control System with curve.

The present invention provides the deformation measurement and passes through stretching using LVDT sensors or grating sensor (0.1 μm of resolution ratio) Bar is mounted on outside test specimen environmental cabinet, is coupled with test specimen built-in fitting, is not influenced by internal temperature and humidity.In order to cause Test piece deformation measures accurately and reliably, measures strain-type rock deformation sensor (rock extensometer) mode of using, during experiment, Test piece deformation is moved by the built-in fitting being embedded in inside test specimen or the clamping piece being clamped on test specimen, the quartzy measuring staff of drive, Measuring staff one end is fixed with built-in fitting, and the other end slides axially with respect to built-in fitting along test specimen, and by rock deformation sensor, (rock draws Stretch meter) measure quartzy measuring staff displacement, directly measurement test specimen deflection.It certainly, in such cases, also can be simultaneously in built-in fitting Upper installation extension bar measures the relative displacement of the extension bar on built-in fitting using the grating sensor outside environmental cabinet, Measure test piece deformation amount.Such measuring device deformation-sensor precision is up to precision 0.1%FS (0.1 μ ε), temperature in use model Enclose -70 DEG C~180 DEG C.Because of the deformation-sensor (extensometer) and digital control that extensometer output is analog quantity, and range is 2.5mm 24 A/D (effective code 180,000) of device processed are used cooperatively, and minimum resolution is 0.014 μm, and control accuracy can be 0.125 μm.Displacement Measuring staff with deformation measuring staff using quartz material, the quartzy average linear coefficient of expansion be only α 1 (- 20~200 DEG C)≤0.55 × 10^-6/ DEG C, very little is influenced on measuring, can also be deducted during experiment by the mode of demarcating.It is of course also possible to individually make Displacement or deformation data are obtained with LVDT sensors or grating sensor.

In this measuring device, built-in fitting is synchronous with test piece deformation, built-in fitting make it is flat, in an axial direction with cements face Greatly, vertical direction has a disk, ensures that built-in fitting does not have sinking before test specimen solidification.

As a kind of optimization of above technical scheme, test piece deformation is pre-buried inside test specimen by being embedded in during experiment Part drives one end supporting rod to be moved with quartzy measuring staff, and quartzy measuring staff one end is opposite to be fixed with supporting rod, and the other end can opposite branch Strut slides axially along test specimen, and the relative displacement of two supporting rods is measured by deformation-sensor.Deformation-sensor,.Because deformation passes Sensor output is analog quantity, and range is that the deformation-sensor of 2.5mm is used cooperatively with controller.

As a kind of optimization of above technical scheme, displacement measuring staff uses quartz material with deformation measuring staff, to measuring shadow Very little is rung, is calculated by the linear expansion coefficient of quartz, quartz measuring staff is acted upon by temperature changes as 0.000495mm/ during deformation measurement DEG C, this influence value is basically unchanged, and can be deducted during experiment by this value influences, can also be by the mode of demarcating in experiment process Middle deduction.

Therefore, this measuring device is to be widely used in mine, mining industry, underground engineering, metallurgical construction, national defence people's air defense, junior college The displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device of the ideal high performance-price ratio of the industries such as universities and colleges, communications and transportation.

The present invention is described in further detail below by drawings and examples.

Description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of a kind of testing machine that the present invention refers to.

Fig. 2 is the structure diagram of the external structure of the master trip machine in the testing machine that the present invention refers to.

Fig. 3 is the structure diagram of the internal structure of master trip machine that the present invention refers to.

Fig. 4 is the A portions partial enlargement structural representation of Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 is the plan structure signal after the removal case lid 22 of environmental cabinet of master trip machine shown in Fig. 3 and cope plate 314 Figure.

Fig. 6 is the A portions partial enlargement structural representation of Fig. 5.

Fig. 7 is displacement sensor setting structure schematic diagram.

Fig. 8 is medium recycle circuit structure diagram in side template.

Fig. 9 is medium heating procedure schematic diagram.

Figure 10 is the structure diagram of one embodiment of heating unit.

Figure 11 is the control principle drawing of the concrete cracking overall process experiment based on true environment.

Figure 12 is another control principle drawing.

Figure 13 is the functional schematic of testing machine.

Figure 14 is temperature and concrete stress graph based on true environment.

Figure 15 is that the ball hinge of bulb constraint axis is the structure diagram of two-half structure.

The institute's rheme of Figure 16 displacement of testing machine provided by the invention or deformation measuring device to perceive concrete sample deformation Shifting/deformation-sensor forms the structure diagram of another embodiment of displacement/deformation detection system.

Figure 17 is that quartzy measuring staff and extensometer combine the decomposition texture schematic diagram on test specimen.

Figure 18 is that quartzy measuring staff and extensometer combine the structure diagram on test specimen.

Figure 19 is the structure diagram of connection support bar on the built-in fitting and built-in fitting set in test specimen.

Figure 20 is that tooling is set in test specimen accommodating space to ensure the position of built-in fitting accurately schematic diagram.

Figure 21 is the structure diagram for being arranged on displacement/deformation-sensor outside environmental cabinet.

Figure 22 is displacement deformation test device structure diagram front view.

Figure 23 is displacement deformation test device detent mechanism schematic diagram front view.

Figure 24 is deformation-sensor location and installation mechanism schematic diagram front view.

Specific embodiment

It is the concrete cracking overall process testing machine based on true environment as shown in Figure 1, including a master trip machine A and one A ancillary test machine B.Computer D is additionally provided with, computer D is connect by data line L with a control system D1, control system D1 Including：

1. the control unit of the various executing agencies of true environment simulation system is controlled in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B；

2. the power in control unit, that is, loading system of the executing agency of concrete sample loading is controlled in master trip machine A The control unit of device.

The data line L of computer D is also connected with：

1. the signal output end of the temperature sensor of monitoring of environmental parameter in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B；

2. displacement/deformation-sensor of displacement/deformation of concrete sample is monitored in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B Signal output end；

3. the signal output end of the strain gauge of test specimen stress is monitored in master trip machine A.

The major function of computer D is：

1. the parameters of the true environment to be simulated and the changing rule of parameters are set by computer D, according to The action of each execution unit of this control simulation true environment will also receive the ring of each sensor feedback of monitoring of environmental parameter Border parameter and the operation that executing agency is controlled accordingly by control unit；

2. by the various test parameters in computer D setting experiments, such as：Displacement/deformation-sensor and stress sensing The monitoring time interval of device；

3. control unit is set to instruct the power plant action and the displacement/deformation-sensor and the stress sensing The incidence relation of device；

4. it exports various experiments in each experiment by the data processing system in computer D and data output system to tie Fruit.

One computer control system including the acquisition at least temperature, the displacement/deformation that are made of aforementioned each sensor and is answered Data collecting system and data including power handle and export system；The signal output end of each sensor and computer control The data processing system of system processed is connected with the corresponding signal input terminal of data output system, the data processing system and data The signal output end of output system is connect with the signal input part of an executing agency, which includes dynamic in loading system Device is heated and/or cooled in power apparatus and weather adjustment device, with adjusting ambient case and/or concrete sample accommodating space Environment and the true environment set it is consistent and/or start or stop the power plant；The data processing system and data Output system connect and calculate concrete sample in the true environment of the simulation include restraint stress, free variable, Elasticity modulus, deformation separation, result of at least one of creeping simultaneously export.

The true ring of simulation set by computer D and control system D1 and in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B The executing agency in border simulates the true environment of a setting in the environment on test specimen and residing for test specimen, in this context, lead to It crosses computer D and control system D1 and deformation of the test specimen in the environment such as different temperatures is obtained by displacement/deformation-sensor, then lead to It crosses the loading system that computer D and control system D1 are set and controlled and pulling force or pressure is applied to test specimen in master trip machine A, complete Such as freely constrain, restraint stress, elasticity modulus, the separation of deformation, the experiment of concrete creep and concrete cracking overall process, Obtain the various performance parameters of the concrete in various simulated environments, the identical test block in ancillary test machine B is in freely without about The state of beam, the deformation of the test block etc. can be as a comparison.

The testing machine of the invention referred to and test method are described in detail below.

Fig. 2 shows a kind of master trip machines, including pedestal 1, environmental cabinet 2 are set on pedestal 1, is additionally provided on pedestal 1 One reaction frame 4 is additionally provided with test specimen in environmental cabinet 2 and houses fixing device 3 (see Fig. 3, Fig. 5).

As shown in figure 3, environmental cabinet 2 includes the babinet 21 of a upper end opening and the case lid 22 for closing the upper end opening, One enclosure space separated with ambient enviroment is formed with this, to build up experiment needs by true environment simulation system wherein Setting true environment.

Thermal environment case is used to completely cut off internal heat to reaction frame and pedestal transmission, while also completely cuts off external heat It internally transmits, ensure that temperature controlled easily-controllable property, while avoid the shadow to expand with heat and contract with cold to measurement result of plant bottom case It rings.

Environmental cabinet 2 completely cuts off internal heat and is transmitted to reaction frame 4 and pedestal 1, while it is inside also to completely cut off external heat Portion transmits, and ensure that temperature controlled easily-controllable property, while avoid the influence expanded with heat and contract with cold to measurement result of plant bottom case 1.

As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 5, the test specimen houses fixing device 3, is arranged in the environmental cabinet 2, including fixed chuck 311st, active chuck 312, test specimen middle part fixed bolster plate 313, three's split forms a upper end opening or upper and lower side is spacious The concrete sample accommodating space 31 of mouth, the cross-sectional shape of the accommodating space 31 are：Both ends are that width greater depth is shorter Head, centre are the longer interludes of width smaller length, and the head connects transition with interlude by boring section；The fixation Splicing seams in the middle part of collet 311 and active chuck 312 and test specimen between fixed bolster plate 313 are located at the centre of the accommodating space 31 In segment limit, there are sideshake a1, the end face of side template 31 and active chucks with active chuck 312 for the side of side template 313 There are end clearance a2 (as shown in Figure 6) between 312.It is test specimen C that the shape of concrete sample accommodating space 31, which is substantially equal to, Shape.

The structure that a kind of test specimen houses fixing device 3 is：Fixed chuck 311 is fixed on pedestal 1, active chuck 312 can be movably disposed at pedestal 1 along the axis of the length direction of the concrete sample accommodating space relative to pedestal 1 On；Test specimen houses fixing device 3 and further includes a cope plate 314, closes the described of the concrete sample accommodating space 31 Upper end is open.The example of fixing device is housed for the open test specimen of upper and lower side, is set on bottom surface in the accommodating space 31 One bottom plate, that is, lower template (not shown).Bolster and two side templates are 304 Stainless Molding Boards that thickness is 70mm totally 4 Block.

In use, it is formed on the bottom plate that can be directly poured into concrete in the concrete sample accommodating space 31 Test specimen C can also be placed in manufactured with the matched test specimen C of the test specimen accommodating space shape on the bottom plate in accommodating space 31. Support base 31-1 is provided below in bottom plate (see Fig. 5).

As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, in order to ensure the repetitive positioning accuracy of side template 313, installation fixed form is using T-shaped Slot guidance mode, in the fixed side form sliding block 313-1 of 313 lateral surface of side template, the fixed T-slot in corresponding position is consolidated in environmental cabinet 2 Determine block 313-2, side form sliding block 313-1 is slidably fixed in the T-slot on T-slot fixed block 313-2 so that side template 313 can install a screw rod 313-3, spiral shell in the lateral movement of the longitudinal axis perpendicular to accommodating space 31, environmental cabinet side wall Bar 313-3 is screwed onto on side form sliding block 313-1, fixed adjusting handle 313-4 on screw rod 313-3.Rotate adjusting handle 313- 4, side template 313 is driven to horizontally slip in environmental cabinet 2 along T-slot by side form sliding block.

As shown in fig. 6, maximal regulated distance a1 between 313 side of side template and active chuck 312 is 10mm, when demoulding, can It is maximum that side template 313 is transferred to distance outward.Gap a2 between 313 end of side template and active chuck is 5mm, ensures test specimen Side template 313 and 312 non-contravention of active chuck in compression.Cope plate 314 and lower template i.e. bottom plate and side template 313 it Between gapless, ensure that test specimen C cement when making does not squeeze out, the gap a2 of 313 end of side template and active chuck is tried making It is lived during part C with one section very thin of copper sheet pad.

As shown in figure 3, further including a stripper apparatus, a lifting gear is connected on the bottom surface of the bottom plate, the lifting gear Bottom plate can be ejected accommodating space 31 to be easily removed by one ejection decelerating motor 32 of connection by the ejection decelerating motor 32 Concrete sample C.

Specifically, demoulding is using screw ejecting structure, mounted on the both ends of test specimen bottom, by ejecting decelerating motor 32 drive sprocket wheel chains are transferred to feed screw nut, and the lifting of nut rotary screw drives mandril lifting, for test specimen C to be ejected, most Big ejection distance 150mm.Dust seal is installed at mandril and end template, that is, bottom plate, prevents dust and sundries from falling to gap It is interior.Mandril via at bottom plate or lower template ensures that liquid will not leak using stainless steel tube and bed die welding form.Test specimen top Need rotation side template adjusting handle 313-4 that side template 313 is removed some gaps before going out.

The both ends that mould emptier is mounted on test specimen bottom drive sprocket wheel chain to be transferred to feed screw nut, spiral shell by decelerating motor Female rotary screw lifting drives mandril lifting, for test specimen to be ejected.

The shape of test specimen accommodating space 31 cause test specimen collet segment shape be bone-shaped, have Rouno Cormer Pregrinding Wheel transition, protect Card test specimen is broken in effective length.

The reaction frame 4 being arranged on the pedestal 1, as shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, reaction frame 4 includes two Column 41, a fixed cross beam 42 and a fine motion crossbeam 43 form the longitudinal direction of a rectangle frame, column 41 and accommodating space, that is, The axis direction of concrete sample is parallel, and two crossbeams are separately fixed at the both ends of two columns.Fixed cross beam 42 is fixed on pedestal 1 On, fine motion crossbeam is set on the base, but does not have fixed structure between pedestal.

The material and sectional dimension of column 41 be：Ensure 5-20 times that its rigidity is the strength stress for bearing concrete maximum Power and indeformable or stiffness K be more than or equal to 2MN/mm；Further more, the material and sectional dimension of column also ensure that its temperature is steady Qualitative is that its temperature deformation is less than 10 microns when temperature is -20-80 DEG C.

One straight-line motion mechanism is arranged on the fine motion crossbeam 43, specifically, as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, straight-line motion mechanism For the screw mechanism 44 that a ball screw nut component is formed, the nut 441 in screw mechanism is passed through by nut set 442 to float Crossbeam 43 is fixed on constraint axis 443, and constraint axis 443 passes through the side wall of environmental cabinet 2 to be connected on the end face of active chuck 312, So that 312 position of active chuck is fixed or is moved in the axis direction；The screw rod 444 being spirally connected with nut 441 is rotationally It is fixed on fine motion crossbeam 43.

Using centralized positioning plug by the axis hole center of support base and the axis hole center pair of fixed cross beam when constraining axis installation Just, support base is fixed later, removes plug, installation constraint axis, location mandril is processed using high precision digital control lathe, ensured Concentricity is within 0.01mm.It constrains axis and pulling force or pressure loading is applied to test specimen under servo loading system driving, it can basis It needs to adjust degree of restraint, 0-100% constraints are adjustable.It is ball head structure to constrain axis front end, and connection ball hinge can be in a certain range It is inside freely rotated, avoids generating torsional load to test specimen during loading, there is fine adjustment function to bias.The connection of ball hinge and bulb For two-half structure, when installation, by adjusting screw bolt pretightening force, can ensure that the connection of bulb and ball seat is very close to each other, avoids Generating idle running when drawing, pressing loading switching influences.

Two halves formula ball hinge connection structure between constraint axis 443A and active chuck 312 as shown in figure 15.Ball hinge Including preceding ball seat 312-10 and rear ball seat 312-11, preceding ball seat 312-10 is fixed on active chuck by pretension bolt 312-10a On 312 end face, before rear ball seat 312-11 is fixed on by pretension bolt 312-12 on ball seat 312-10, preceding ball seat 312-10 and Ball seat 312-11 forms the spherical space for accommodating constraint axis 443A end bulb 443a, and forward and backward ball seat cooperation plane 312- afterwards Certain interval is reserved at 13, for when mounted can by adjusting the pretightning force size of pretension bolt 312-12, ensure bulb with The connection spherical surface of ball seat is very close to each other, avoids drawing, loading is pressed to generate idle running influence when switching.

Fixed chuck, active chuck and the constraint at both ends axis are manufactured using invar steel 4J36, constrain the diameter of axis 150mm, the elasticity modulus of invar steel is big, linear expansion coefficient very little, mainly for the manufacture of becoming in precision instrumentation with temperature Change the element of size approximately constant, the average linear coefficient of expansion in the range of 20~100 DEG C only has 1.4x10^-6/ DEG C, to surveying Influential part length is measured as 660mm, therefore it is 0.000924mm/ DEG C that the result of experiment, which is influenced, and at -80~100 DEG C When be basically unchanged, the influence very little to control system at the trial, convenient for improving control accuracy.

Displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3 is set between constraint axis 443 and environmental cabinet 2, specifically, on constraint axis 443 Setting measure top plate 443-1, on 2 lateral wall of environmental cabinet set support base 443-2, on support base 443-2 set displacement/ The sensing part of deformation-sensor 443-3, the displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3, which are against, to be measured on top plate 443-1.In nut 441 Upper connection strain gauge 441-1, sensing part thereon are against on support base or constraint axis 443 and sense stress.

This setup of displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3 can be so as not to load test specimen by power plant Influence and reduce accuracy of detection.This is because the fine motion crossbeam 43 and pedestal 1 in reaction frame 4 are no connected, power plant The counter-force of compression test specimen will not be passed on pedestal 1, and displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3, which is fixed on to be equal on environmental cabinet, to be fixed on On pedestal 1, so being unaffected.

As shown in figs. 4 and 7, displacement/deformation-sensor 443-3 is mounted on the both ends of test specimen, is arranged symmetrically, respectively in 2 Road precision ± 1 μm, it is as the same in similary ancillary test B machines.Master trip seat in the plane shifting/deformation-sensor range：± 100 μm, auxiliary examination Test seat in the plane shifting/deformation-sensor range：±2000μm.

Support base 443-2 be mounted on pedestal 1 on, when laboratory ambient temperature is constant, displacement/deformation-sensor measurement end with The relative position of test specimen fixing end will not change, theoretically error free.

Specific to a specific embodiment, the constraint axis 443, active chuck 312 and fixed chuck 311 use Gao Gang The invar steel of degree, the minimum material linear expansion coefficient is only (- 20-100 DEG C) 1.4x10^-6/ DEG C, the influence to whole device is only It is 0.000924mm/ DEG C, this error can be deducted in experimental result, it is as a result more accurate；Active chuck 312 below and pedestal 1 it Between using high-precision railroad, ensured measuring accuracy.

One loading system, including a power plant, which is arranged on the reaction frame 4, specifically, power Device is as shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, is arranged on fine motion crossbeam 43.Power plant includes helical gear-worm and gear, reduction ratio reaches The servo motor 446 that 650 speed reducer 445 and speed reducer is connected, the power plant are controlled by the loading control of computer connection Unit processed makes it start and stop and limit its steering.And Loading Control unit is according to set displacement/deformation-sensor The signal sent out with strain gauge, according to parameters such as the startup for the requirement control servo motor 446 specifically tested and stoppings.

The screw pitch of screw rod 444 being spirally connected with nut 441 is 12mm.Straight-line motion mechanism so, single pulse displacement Only 0.007 μm, servo motor band closed loop feedback substantially increases plus unloading precision, can be light even if threshold value is arranged on 1 μm Reply.

The preferred servo motor of power plant connects worm reduction gear transmission mechanism.Such power plant makes control The big raising of precision, feedback speed, efficiency.

Because doing long term creep strain experiment (loading force is constant) with this testing machine, subtracted using full servo motor Hardened gear face worm gear Fast machine type of drive, the accuracy than the control of stepper motor loading stress greatly improve.During the experiment, concrete deformation is very Small, servo motor 446 matches with speed reducer 445 to be used, and 446 speed of servo motor is stepless adjustable, and loading step-length can be selected arbitrarily It selects, therefore Bit andits control accuracy is higher than stepper motor；Kind of drive ball-screw, transmission efficiency higher than common leading screw precision Also much higher (95%), transmission use rolling friction, and service life is long.

Tension and compression loading device is by servo motor, helical gear-worm gear speed reducer and high-accuracy ball screw nut component It forming, load driver device is driven using servo motor, and high-accuracy helical gear-worm gear speed reducer reduction ratio reaches 650, with After the ball screw cooperation that screw pitch is 12mm, single pulse displacement is only 0.007 μm, servo motor band closed loop feedback, significantly Precision is improved plus unloaded, can easily be coped with threshold value is arranged on 1 μm.

Displacement sensor is mounted on the end of test specimen active chuck with force snesor, is measured convenient for SERVO CONTROL.During loading because Reaction frame floating end moves, and fixing end and test specimen fixed reference end are motionless, displacement sensor top plate and test specimen fixing end Relative position is motionless, so measurement error will not be introduced.

The reaction frame 4 uses 45 steel makings, is designed to the connection for the fine motion crossbeam that one end fixed cross beam one end is floated Structure, in stress, it, which is deformed, to generate interference to displacement measurement, will not introduce measurement error.

Because of reaction frame, that is, frame floating end, that is, fine motion cross beam movement during loading, and fixing end, that is, fixed cross beam and test specimen Fixed reference end is motionless, and displacement/deformation-sensor measures top plate and test specimen fixing end relative position is motionless, so survey will not be introduced Measure error.

Frame structure uses upright post cross-beam type, and about 4 tons of weight is adapted to long term creep strain test requirements document testing machine in itself Rigidity requirement, (stiffness K >=2MN/mm).

Specifically, when loading frame bears 200KN load, maximum stress point is about 60MPa, far smaller than material yield Intensity and tensile strength.When loading frame bears 200KN load, fixed cross beam and the outside lateral bend of fine motion crossbeam in frame, Two heel posts elongate and since the effect of moment of flexure curve inwardly, and axial total deformation is 0.04655+0.04670= 0.09325mm, rigidity 200000/0.09325=2144772N/mm=2.14MN/mm.It is carried when loading frame bears 200KN During lotus, frame minimum safety factor is 6.49.

The frame in testing machine, using upright post cross-beam type, stable structure, column therein is with enough firm in addition Degree and temperature deformation stability, can guarantee test well precision.

The constraint axis 443 of fixed chuck 311, active chuck 312 and both ends is manufactured using invar steel 4J36, constrains axis 443 diameter 150mm, the elasticity modulus of invar steel is big, linear expansion coefficient very little, the average linear in the range of 20-100 DEG C The coefficient of expansion only has 1.4x10^-6/ DEG C, is 660mm on the influential part length of measurement, therefore is on the result influence of experiment 0.000924mm/ DEG C, and be basically unchanged at -80-100 DEG C, experimental result influence can be calculated or be measured, measurement result is more Precisely.

Form is set on the case lid of the environmental cabinet so that experiment process visualization.

The concrete based on true environment that Figure 11 is given in one embodiment in the testing machine that the present invention refers to is opened Split the control principle drawing of overall process experiment.

As shown in figure 11, the testing machine that the present invention refers to further includes a computer D and control system D1, control system D1 packets It includes：The control unit of the various executing agency's actions of true environment simulation system is controlled in master trip machine A and ancillary test machine B；With And the power dress in master trip machine A in control unit, that is, loading system of executing agency's action of control concrete sample loading The control unit put.

The computer D is connected by data line L with control system D1, meanwhile, computer D also passes through data line L and prison Survey the signal output end of the temperature sensor of environmental parameter, the displacement/deformation-sensor of monitoring concrete sample displacement/deformation Signal output end, the signal output end of strain gauge for monitoring test specimen stress are connected；

The control signal output of the control system D1 is connected with the control terminal of each executing agency.

The control unit of each executing agency includes：Temperature control unit, displacement/deformation control unit and Loading Control Unit, computer D provide instruction, and each executing agency's action of control system D1 controls is：Be heated or cooled, load maintainer action with Direction initialization load or unload allows test specimen C Free Transforms or controllably deforming, and starting, the direction of action of executing agency's action With stop being controlled by computer D receive the signal of displacement/deformation-sensor and the instruction that is sent out to Loading Control System.Computer Data processing system in D calculates examination for carrying out data processing from the information that each sensor obtains according to specific experiment It tests structure and/or draws out parameter curve output.

Have in the environmental cabinet 2 of temperature control unit control and test specimen houses the heating or cooling device in fixing device 3 Can be that cavity is set inside the fixed chuck 311, active chuck 312 and side template 313 of the accommodating fixing device of composition, is led to It crosses the cavity and heat medium or cooling medium is passed through into cavity with extraneous connecting line.By taking a side template 313 as an example, such as scheme Shown in 8, water conservancy diversion grid in the internal cavities of side template 313 is set, forms tortuous flow path, internal diversion grid plays simultaneously to be added Strengthening tendons act on, indeformable after guarantee long-time plus unloading test.For another example cope plate 314 is also such structure, as shown in figure 3, The cavity sets medium inlet 313-5 at one end, in other end setting media outlet 313-6.Medium inlet and outlet connection are situated between Matter heating or cooling device, as shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10.Take over 313-5 connections one on the medium inlet of side template 313 pump 313- 7 outlet, the inlet connection for pumping 313-7 connect the outlet of an insulating box 313-8, are provided with refrigerator pipes 313-9, connection refrigeration Device, the compressor refrigerant in refrigerating plant is nontoxic using R502, environmentally safe.It is set in insulating box 313-8 Heated cooling medium uses 40% glycol water, -25 DEG C of freezing point temperature.The entrance connection side template 313 of insulating box 313-8 Medium outlet.The setting heating coil 313-10 on the inlet tube of pump 313-7.

Heating/cooling device as shown in Figure 9 is needed according to experiment to side template, cope plate so that fixed chuck, work Conveying heat medium or cooling medium in the cavity of tank wall in dynamic collet or even environmental cabinet 2 etc..The heating or cooling device In pump 313-7, connection refrigerator pipes 313-9 refrigerating plant and heating coil 313-10 be executing agency, be controlled by meter The temperature parameter set in calculation machine D.It, can also be by temperature control unit all or part in order to simplify the structure of computer Ground is separated from computer D, and flow chart can become Figure 12 from Figure 11.

The heating system of heating coil 313-10 is as shown in Figure 10, and heating tube namely pumps the inlet tube 313- on 313-7 The signal input output end of the signal output end connection temperature controller b of jointing temp sensor a on 12, temperature sensor a, the temperature control The corresponding signal IO ends of the temperature data transmission end connection heating controller c of instrument b, according to the temperature data that temperature controller b is transmitted, Voltage, the electric current that heating controller c is suitble to heating coil 313-10 outputs so that heating coil 313-10 generates heat, to ectosome Existing set temperature, provides the simulation of the true environment of setting.

If providing low temperature, heater stop work, cooling device starts, circularly cooling agent in refrigerator pipes 313-9, Cool down the medium d glycol waters in insulating box, pump 313-7 work, to the cavity of fixed chuck, active chuck and side template Interior conveying cools down medium, is conveyed in the heat exchanger that can also be set simultaneously into environmental cabinet.313-7 is pumped as executing agency, Startup and stopping and rotating speed are temperature controlled the control of unit, provide required temperature.

313 inside setting cavity of fixed chuck 311, active chuck 312 and side template, the test specimen temperature mould that test specimen is wrapped up In plate.

In order to measure the temperature of test specimen, temperature sensor can be plugged in test specimen, the general temperature that will monitor test specimen Degree sensor is plugged in the axis line location of test specimen.For this purpose, in each template such as side template 313 and fixed chuck and active chuck On can have a template thermometer hole 1, in embodiment as shown in Figure 1, a thermometer hole 313-11 is set on side template.Cope plate Separately arrangement is there are three test specimen thermometer hole 314-2 by 314-1, for by temperature sensor inserting to test specimen C inside or surface, temperature to pass Sensor is distributed at piece lengths 1/4,1/2 and 3/4.

In another embodiment, the Measurement and Control System includes load sensor, displacement sensor (LVDT or light Displacement transducer), rock deformation sensor (rock extensometer), digital multichannel closed loop controller, for test specimen sheet Body deformation is tested with stress, and drives servo that uninstalling system is added to add unloading (push-and-pull) to test specimen, and with the online use of microcomputer.

The displacement of perception concrete sample deformation/deformation-sensor composition displacement/deformation detection system, the displacement/ Deformation detection system is：

As shown in Figure 16, Figure 17 to Figure 19, displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device provided by the invention include being arranged on Rock deformation sensor in environmental cabinet 2 and two built-in fitting C-1 being arranged in test specimen, fixed supporting rod on two built-in fittings C-0。

The built-in fitting C-1 set in test specimen for fixed displacement/deformation-sensor, including being arranged on test specimen coagulation Inlet part in soil exposes disk body and deck on concrete sample surface, and the inlet part is a plate body, the plate body Plate face perpendicular to the axis of the concrete sample accommodating space, with described bury by the disk for the disk body being connected with inlet part The plate body plate face for entering part is vertical, and the supporting rod of quartzy measuring staff of the deck with connecting the temperature sensor is set on the disk body C-0 forms matching clamping structure (see Figure 19)

Supporting rod C-0 is pierced by the slot hole on cope plate 314, and quartzy measuring staff C-2, the stone are set on two supporting rod C-0 English measuring staff C-2 one end is fixed with the C-0 close to fixed chuck side, and the other end is positioned close to the branch of 312 side of active chuck It can slide axially on strut C-0 and along test specimen with respect to supporting rod C-0, the quartz measuring staff C-2 and rock deformation sensor pair Should, by the displacement of rock deformation sensor measurement quartz measuring staff, directly to measure the deflection of test specimen；

The rock deformation sensor includes strain-type rock extensometer C-3, extensometer C-3 and quartzy measuring staff C-2's Counter structure is：It is axial in quartzy measuring staff along quartzy measuring staff in the end of the quartzy measuring staff C-2 close to 312 side of active chuck Two contacts connectors of upper setting, are slidingly disposed at by a contact adapter C-2-1 of measuring staff end on quartzy measuring staff, but with Supporting rod C-0 is connected, slightly affixed by more inner contact adapter C-2-2 and quartzy measuring staff.Two groups of folders of extensometer C-3 Head, one of which collet C-3-1 are contacted with contact adapter C-2-1, and another group of collet C-3-2 connects with contact adapter C-2-2 It touches.With the force of constraint axis 443, test specimen deforms, you can measures corresponding electricity by extending, is then adopted by data This electricity conversion is become dimensional values by collecting system.The conversion method is the prior art.

Because extensometer output is analog quantity, range is the extensometer of 2.5mm and 24 A/D (effective code 180,000) of controller It is used cooperatively, minimum resolution is 0.014 μm, and control accuracy can be 0.125 μm.

Therefore, test piece deformation test device provided by the invention can reach micron-sized measurement accuracy.

Displacement measuring staff with deformation measuring staff using quartz material, the quartzy average linear coefficient of expansion be only α 1 (- 20~ 200 DEG C)≤0.55 × 10^-6/ DEG C, very little is influenced on measuring, the centre distance of test piece deformation measurement point is 900mm, by quartz Linear expansion coefficient calculate, it is 0.000495mm/ DEG C that measuring staff, which is acted upon by temperature changes, during deformation measurement, this influence value is substantially not Become, can be deducted during experiment by this value influences, and can also be deducted during experiment by the mode of demarcating.

Noted earlier is setting displacement/deformation-sensor in environmental cabinet 2, in addition, as shown in figure 21, it can also be by position Shifting/deformation-sensor is located at the outside of environmental cabinet 2, for example, using LVDT sensors (differential transformer sensor), test specimen C In one leading-off rods C-4 of lateral connection on the supporting rod C-0 that connects on two built-in fittings, environmental cabinet 2 is stretched out, in two leading-off rods Quartzy measuring staff C-2 is connected between C-4.One end of quartzy measuring staff C-2 and the leading-off rods of 311 side of fixed chuck are fixed, with activity The leading-off rods of 312 side of collet movably connects.Specifically connection structure is：LVDT is fixed in the end of quartzy measuring staff C-2 to become The iron core C-5 of depressor after the end fixed coil C-6 of leading-off rods C-4, test specimen C stress, has between iron core C-5 and coil C-6 Relative motion reacts the deflection of test specimen so as to cause the variation of voltage.Certainly, it is arranged on the sensor of 2 outside of environmental cabinet It can also be extensometer.It can also be other deformation-sensors.The sensor for being arranged on 2 outside of environmental cabinet is more intuitive, easily In observation.When measurement accuracy be not required it is very high in the case of, this external sensor can be used.In order to avoid because drawing Rod is longer and leads to the sinking of quartzy measuring staff, can set measuring staff support base C-7.

In order to obtain more accurate data, leading-off rods can be stretched out to the two side walls of environmental cabinet on supporting rod, if Put two sets of displacement/deformation-sensors.

Displacement/deformation-sensor outside displacement/deformation-sensor and environmental cabinet in environmental cabinet can use individually, It can also use simultaneously, be compared proofreading with this.

The grating sensor (0.1 μm of resolution ratio) of displacement measurement can also be used outside test specimen environmental cabinet, with activity Collet 312 is connected with each other, and is not influenced by internal high temperature, and test piece deformation is measured using strain-type rock extensometer mode.

Test piece deformation drives supporting rod to be moved with quartzy measuring staff by the built-in fitting being embedded in inside test specimen during experiment Dynamic, measuring staff one end is opposite to be fixed with supporting rod, and the other end can slide axially with respect to supporting rod along test specimen, be measured by extensometer The relative displacement of two supporting rods can directly measure the deflection of test specimen.Sensor accuracy is up to precision 0.1%FS (0.1 μ ε), - 70 DEG C of use temperature range~180 DEG C.

The built-in fitting set in test specimen for fixed displacement/deformation-sensor, including being arranged on test specimen concrete In inlet part, expose concrete sample surface disk body and deck (see Figure 19), the inlet part be a plate body, should The plate face of plate body perpendicular to the concrete sample accommodating space the axis, the disk for the disk body being connected with inlet part with The plate body plate face of the inlet part is vertical, and quartzy measuring staff of the deck with connecting the temperature sensor is set on the disk body Supporting rod forms matching clamping structure.

In order to ensure that built-in fitting is synchronous with test piece deformation, built-in fitting make it is flat, it is big with cements face in an axial direction, hang down Nogata ensures that built-in fitting does not have sinking before test specimen solidification to there is a disk.Built-in fitting is mounted on test specimen by positioning tool Central axes on, using ensure measure deformation as test specimen homogeneous deformation.

In order to enable the position for the built-in fitting being arranged in test specimen C is accurate, ensures the consistent of sample dimensions specification, can borrow An I-shaped tooling C-8 (as shown in figure 20) is helped, both ends are fixed on fixed chuck 311 and active chuck 312, before filler It needs, by 4 positioning pins, collet and lower template to be fixed together by the dowel hole of collet both sides.Bar among tooling Apertured on part is detachably fixedly connected with the supporting rod of built-in fitting, then pours into a mould concrete, built-in fitting is fixed, then removes the work Word part C-8.

Specifically, deformation measurement built-in fitting is after filler, before vibration inside cuttage to test specimen, and installs supporting rod, leads to Positioning tooling fixture is crossed to be fixed on test specimen.Positioning tool can ensure that test specimen will not be subjected to displacement in vibration processes, And ensure the consistency of measurement distance.

By inside template and test specimen integral hoisting to equipment after the completion of vibration, both ends collet is connected with jail with ball strand Gu then removing positioning tool, positioning pin, cope plate, quartzy measuring staff, extensometer are installed respectively (to protect by Figure 21 sequences Demonstrate,prove locating effect, it is proposed that remove tooling after 3 hours).With the spike of diameter 8mm along cope plate thermometric via, the cuttage on test specimen Aperture, and be put into plastic tube and cut, temperature sensor injects test specimen by cope plate thermometer hole along plastic tube.

Cope plate handle 314-2 is provided on cope plate.

Cope plate placing flat can be removed and installed freely above test specimen, circulation fluid junction medium inlet 313-5 and Media outlet 313-6 is connected using hose, and dismounting hose is not had to when removing and installing, ensures sealed reliable no leakage.

To ensure that temperature is transmitted uniformly, the lattice structure inside template limits nowed forming of the liquid in inside, test specimen It is with journey circulation fluid inside four pieces of hollow templates up and down；PID accurately calculates control heating and refrigerating plant, ensures fine Cold and hot compensation controls the flow of input template circulation fluid, and the temperature of circulation fluid is made to meet the various requirement of experiment.

The temperature of environmental cabinet is made to meet the various requirement of experiment.Environment tank shell uses stainless steel, and inside filling is protected Adiabator is sealed tightly without deformation, thickness 150mm.

Test specimen, template, collet and partially restrained axis are wrapped in inside by thermal environment case.

Other than containing refrigeration unit, heating unit, air humidifying device, that is, humidifier can also be included, rainer is Spray equipment, air flow system, that is, fan assembly, schematic diagram are as shown in figure 12.

True environment simulation system further includes solar radiation device i.e. bulb.

Simulated atmosphere natural environment, above-mentioned each device is arranged in environmental cabinet, for example, apertured on the tank wall of environmental cabinet 2, even Road is taken over, pipeline connection supplies gas, send at least one of vapour, air-supply and water injector.Apertured on the tank wall of the environmental cabinet, The lamps and lanterns that simulated solar irradiates is set to form solar radiation regulating system in hole.Humidity sensor, wind are set in environmental cabinet Fast sensor and solar radiation sensor.

Correspondingly, in order to simulate true environment, other than temperature control unit, it is also provided with humidity controlling unit control The keying of humidifier processed or humidification intensity；Keying and the flow of rainfall control unit control spray equipment are set；Wind speed control is set The keying of unit control fan processed and rotating speed, the keying and brightness of setting solar radiation device control units control bulb.This A little control devices can also be arranged on simultaneously in ancillary test machine B.

The control unit of above-mentioned executing agency can be included in control system D1, flow chart such as Figure 11 and Figure 12 It is shown.

If increasing the simulation of solar radiation, can the trepanning on environmental cabinet, set bulb.

Each control unit and the incidence relation of computer D are described as follows by taking solar radiation as an example：The switch of bulb is For executing agency, correspondingly, solar radiation sensor in environmental cabinet is set, in control system D1 or is separately provided sun spoke Control unit association switch is penetrated, which is controlled by the true environment parameter set in computer D and holds again The operations such as row open and close and strong and weak adjusting.

The comparing that computer D is acquired according to the parameters of the true environment simulation system of setting with related sensor As a result, it is instructed to each control unit or starts or stops each executing agency or adjust its degree.It as a result, can be in environment Various true environments are simulated in case, the various experiments of test specimen is allowed to be carried out in specific environment.

Computer D includes the information of temperature sensor, displacement/deformation-sensor and strain gauge by acquisition, can be with Carry out test function as shown in fig. 13 that：Restraint stress, free variable, elasticity modulus, deformation separation and concrete creep, if Test block is that directly concrete is cast in testing machine, it is possible to which concrete is carried out from the experiment for being solidified to cracking overall process And evaluation.

In testing machine, main climate control system in true environment system is simulated, there can be two parts, a part is It is set on environment babinet, another part is housed in test specimen and set in fixing device.It is set on environmental cabinet, is more simulation Temperature in true environment, and house in test specimen and set in fixing device, it can in a short time simulate in true environment for example The temperature of concrete dam.All without such comprehensive climate control system in testing machine of the prior art.

In testing machine, can concrete be directly cast in the concrete sample accommodating space that test specimen houses fixing device In, become again to the expansion of hardening overall process from lean state to solidification in this manner it is possible to test concrete in the true environment of simulation The variation of shape and stress, it is such test for such as dam from pour, be solidified to hardening overall process stress, strain in difference It can be carried out testing under environmental condition, obtain comprehensive data, the design, construction for dam provide valuable information.It is existing Testing machine in technology does not all expect not accomplishing the test of this overall process yet.Certainly, in the testing machine that the present invention refers to Test specimen houses fixing device and manufactured concrete sample can also be tested.

As shown in Figure 1, the ancillary test machine F in the testing machine that the present invention refers to, including an environmental cabinet, i.e., including one Test specimen accommodating cavity is for placing the test specimen identical with the test specimen tested in the master trip machine, as one embodiment, the test specimen The temperature-adjusting device in accommodating cavity is set, is also provided with humidity control apparatus, solar radiation regulating device, rainfall regulating device And wind-speed adjusting device；Set temperature sensor in the test specimen accommodating cavity, also set up humidity sensor, solar radiation sensor, Rainfall sensor and air velocity transducer, each sensor are connect with the computer, the control system D1 connections tune Regulating device and adjust the test specimen to house the cavity environment parameter identical with the master trip environmental cabinet；It is also set in the test specimen accommodating cavity Set shifting/deformation-sensor is to perceive the deformation of test specimen.

Environmental parameter in ancillary test case is identical with master trip case, is provided with the bottom surface of a placement test specimen so that Test specimen can Free Transform, be provided with true environment simulation system, the simulation system include at least a temperature regulating system, be It is arranged on the heating or cooling device in the environmental cabinet and/or on test specimen；Further include temperature sensor and displacement/deformation sensing Device, the temperature sensor are arranged on the test specimen and/or in environmental cabinet；Displacement/the deformation-sensor is arranged on test specimen On, it is identical with master trip case；The signal output end of each sensor is associated with computer.

Ancillary test machine and test specimen and machine bed plate friction coefficient it is sufficiently small under the conditions of, measure it is synthermal with master trip machine Under the conditions of auxiliary test specimen Free Transform, synthermal condition parallel test machine makes test data have integrality.

The computer control and processing system give parameter and control signal transmission to measurement TT＆C system, measure observing and controlling system System is according to above-mentioned parameter and control signal control loading device, and the loading device is according to given pulling force, displacement control signal pair Test specimen loads, and test specimen is heated or freezed to one according to computer control and the parameter request of processing system by heating refrigeration system Constant temperature degree, test specimen under tension simultaneously are deformed being worth, and acquiring relevant parameter by pulling force, displacement sensor feeds back to the measurement Collected parameter is transferred to computer control by the closed loop measurement and control instrument in control system, the closed loop measurement and control instrument after enhanced processing System and processing system 5, and shown by display and print final result with printer.

Testing machine where measuring device provided by the invention, the concrete cracking overall process testing machine based on true environment It is to be realized in the following manner with method：

(1) under the conditions of concrete test test specimen completes and is ready to complete with relevant device, start computer control system System is computer, carries out relative parameters setting；Open true environment simulation system, fill in engineering location monthly mean temperature, The parameters such as water temperature, cloud amount, fine day solar radiant heat, cloud amount, latitude and concrete surface exothermic coefficient need to start according to experiment The simulation of Related Environmental Factors, environment temperature/humidity/rainfall/wind speed/solar radiation；

(2) computer measures temperature, displacement and the deformation of concrete according to each sensor, obtains true environment simulated conditions Under concrete free variable, measuring the concrete operations of Free Transform can be：Test specimen is fixed on fixed chuck and active chuck Between, due to variations such as temperature, when expansion or shrinkage occurs in test specimen, the strain gauge of setting shows stress value, controls System processed starts power plant so that straight-line motion mechanism is in the identical direction movement of deformation direction until strain gauge is shown It is zero to show stress value, obtains Free Transform amount at this time from displacement/deformation-sensor, survey free variable is concrete various deformation (temperature deformation, autogenous volumetric deformation and creep) carries out separation and makes preparation；

(3) by computer, control system such as temperature control unit, displacement/deformation control unit, Loading Control unit and Respective sensor controls the Free Transform of test specimen movable terminal, according to the deformation that Free Transform and control reduce, can survey The concrete temperature stress in the case of each moment difference degree of restraint under true environment simulated conditions is obtained, including being reduced to displacement Temperature stress under the conditions of stress when zero, i.e. staff cultivation；

(4) by computer, control system such as temperature control unit, displacement/deformation control unit, Loading Control unit and Respective sensor carries out a secondary control, every certain time interval, to displacement/change to the Free Transform of test specimen movable terminal Shape makes primary change, while acquires corresponding stress variation, obtains the elasticity modulus at the moment, so repeatedly, can obtain true Environmental simulation Under Concrete is in the elasticity modulus of entire evolution；

(5) the change in temperature Δ T (t) obtained according to thermal expansion coefficient of concrete α and data collecting system, it can be deduced that true The pure temperature deformation of concrete under real environment simulated conditions, with reference to the Free Transform measured, you can obtain other deformations, it is main to wrap Include autogenous volumetric deformation and dry-shrinkage deformed；

(6) according to the modulus of elasticity of concrete and Free Transform that measure, can calculate under true environment simulated conditions not by Concrete stress during Creep Effect starts computer control system, displacement/deformation control unit, Loading Control unit and corresponding Sensor, concrete deformation is controlled, is morphed into zero, at this moment measures stress and stress during not by Creep Effect Difference be then caused stress of creeping under true environment simulated conditions；

(7) log-on data processing system, with reference to all test datas and data and curves, when occurring on stress and displacement curve When being mutated, concrete cracking is represented, associated temperature, stress, displacement and the deformation parameter of the concrete at this moment can be made For the cracking index under the conditions of real-world temperature, experiment reference is provided for crack-resistant performance of concrete evaluation.

The concrete operations that freely constrain are：Testing machine clamps the both ends of concrete sample, and one end is fixed, and one end can Control is moved, and under true environment simulated conditions, end be can control to be not added with load concrete, is passed through the meter at setting time interval (t) Calculation machine control system, displacement/Deformation control system and loading system make its free displacement for μ (t), as t moment concrete Free variable ε (t).

The concrete operations of the restraint stress are：Testing machine clamps the both ends of concrete sample, and one end is fixed, and one end can Control is moved, and under true environment simulated conditions, the free displacement of concrete sample movable terminal is μ (t), according to actual needs, By computer control system, displacement/deformation control unit and loading system, the displacement of test specimen movable terminal is reduced, At this moment it is that concrete temperature in the case of constraint factor f (t) should that the strain gauge, which measures each moment difference degree of restraint, Power σ (t)；

Movable terminal reduce displacement be：

f(t)×μ(t) (6)

In formula, t is the time, and concrete constraint factor when f (t) is t, μ (t) is the freedom of concrete sample movable terminal Displacement.

The elasticity modulus concrete operations are：Specifically, it sets interval in computer control system, every the time Interval, does test specimen movable terminal change in displacement by displacement control system, this displacement is measured according to strain gauge Stress variation caused by variation carries out elasticity modulus test to the test specimen.

Every the △ t times, a displacement does movable terminal to test specimen and loading system by displacement/Deformation control system Changes delta mu (t) obtains deformation Δ ε (t), is Δ σ (t) according to the stress variation that strain gauge is measured, then t moment is mixed Coagulating soil elasticity modulus is：

According to the time interval of design, computer control system automatically measures the modulus of elasticity of concrete of different moments, It can obtain elasticity modulus of the concrete in entire evolution.

The separation concrete operations of the deformation are：Free constraint is done first：Testing machine fixes concrete sample one end, separately One end retractable provides the true environment of setting by true environment simulation system, and free variable examination is carried out to the test specimen It tests, in the time zone (t) of setting, setting period acquisition deflection ε (t).

After 1 day age of concrete, coefficient of thermal expansion would not change again substantially, it is considered that and it is a constant, The parameter can also be measured by special coefficient of thermal expansion tester, here it is considered that being constant α.According to thermal expansion coefficient of concrete The change in temperature Δ T (t) that α and temperature control system measure, it can be deduced that the temperature of concrete becomes under true environment simulated conditions Shape：

Δε_T(t)=α Δ T (t) (8)

It with reference to the Free Transform ε (t) measured, is detached, you can obtain other deformation Δs ε_a(t), mainly including spontaneous Cubic deformation and dry-shrinkage deformed：

Δε_a(t)=ε (t)-Δ ε_T(t) (9)

The concrete creep concrete operations are：According to the modulus of elasticity of concrete E (t) that measures and Free Transform ε (t), It can calculate under true environment simulated conditions not by concrete stress σ (t) during Creep Effect：

σ (t)=ε (t) E (t) (10)

Start concrete displacement control system, concrete deformation is controlled, zero is morphed into, at this moment measures stress For σ₀(t), then stress caused by creeping under true environment simulated conditions is reduced to：

σ_c(t)=σ (t)-σ₀(t) (11)

Pass through σ_c(t) size can obtain the influence degree of concrete creep, and wherein t is the time.

The concrete operations of the concrete cracking overall process are：Concrete temperature changes to set temperature from initial temperature, Pulling force is fixed or applied to test specimen two ends, when tensile stress data reduce suddenly, displacement increases suddenly, correspond to when m- stress, when it is m- When being mutated on the curve of deformation/displacement, concrete cracking obtains the relevant parameter of at this moment concrete, including temperature, tension Intensity, limit stretch value.

The concrete operations of evaluation are：With reference to front A, B, C, D, E test data and as a result, concrete temperature changes to sets Determine degree, when tensile stress data reduce suddenly, displacement increases suddenly, be mutated on homologous thread when, concrete cracking, at this moment Relevant parameter temperature, stress, displacement and the deformation of concrete can be used as and carry out concrete cracking overall process evaluation to the test specimen.

True environment can be set with the following method：

1. environment temperature

Depending on local situation, that is, true environment locality is simulated, more than monthly mean temperature data is fitted to one Cosine curve, following formula (1) are the calculation formula after fitting：

In formula, T_aFor temperature, T_amFor average temperature of the whole year, A_aFor temperature year luffing, τ is the time (moon), τ₀For maximum temperature Time (moon).

Consider temperature diurnal variation, calculated using following formula：

In formula,For daily temperature, Ta is monthly mean temperature, and A is temperature diurnal variation amplitude, at the time of t is in 1 day (when) Depending on the Various Seasonal of different regions.

2. solar radiant heat

Concrete structure is often an exposure under solar radiation, and concrete temperature is had a major impact.Unit The heat that solar radiation comes on unit area in time is S, wherein setting by the part that concrete absorbs as R, remainder quilt It reflects away, then：

R=α_s·S (3)

In formula, α_sFor absorption coefficient, also referred to as coefficient of blackness, concrete surface generally takes 0.65.

S=S₀(1-kn) (4)

In formula, S₀For fine day solar radiant heat, n is cloud amount, and k is coefficient, these three numerical value are provided by local weather station；

The temperature that the influence of sunshine is equivalent to surrounding air increases Δ T_a,

ΔT_a=R/ β (5)

In formula, β is concrete surface exothermic coefficient, is calculated according to surface roughness and wind speed.

3. rainfall

The rainfall of engineering location meteorological department is inquired, by rainfall equipment and rainfall amount controller come simulated rainfall.

4. wind speed

Inquire the wind speed of the meteorological department in engineering location, threshold wind velocity simulator, to obtain concrete according to wind speed Surface coefficient of heat transfer.

One specific experiment example is as follows：

Concrete test block is tested using above-mentioned test method and testing machine, verifies the coagulation based on true environment The validity and reasonability of soil cracking overall process testing machine and method.Test ambient temperature value is nearly 1 year of certain Practical Project Temperature measured value, input computer, enable testing machine so that experimental enviroment fully according to this actual measurement temperature Change, experiment Under the conditions of this ambient air temperature, it is complete to study the concrete cracking based on true environment for the stress variation situation of concrete test block Process.

The test data obtained from experiment can be seen that the sinusoidal variations rule that ambient air temperature meets engineering reality, can be true Real reaction Practical Project environment；True stress variation rule can be reflected based on the test temperature stress under the conditions of this ambient air temperature Rule, with Temperature cycling fluctuation, based on the effect expanded with heat and contract with cold, environment temperature raising, the increase of coagulation soil compressive stress；Environment temperature It reduces, the reduction tensile stress increase of coagulation soil compressive stress, sees Figure 14.

As shown in Figure 22 to Figure 24, temperature stress experiment provided by the invention deforms another implementation of direct measuring device Example, including sensor base (one) Y1, interior hexagonal flush end holding screw Y2, centering guide sleeve Y3, sleeve Y4, LVDT displacement pass Sensor Y5, adjustment screw Y6, M6 nut Y7, sensor base (two) Y8, quartz ampoule sleeve Y9, quartz ampoule pedestal Y10, support Bar Y11, built-in fitting Y12, quartzy measuring staff Y13, deformation-sensor Y14.

In order to ensure the consistent of sample dimensions specification, referring to Figure 20 and Figure 23, concrete fill mounted in accommodating space it Before need to position 4 by positioning pin Y16, fixed chuck and active chuck and lower template are consolidated by the dowel hole of both sides It is scheduled on together.After built-in fitting Y12 in deformation measuring device is placed in filler, before vibration inside cuttage to test specimen, and branch is installed Built-in fitting Y12 is fixed on test specimen Y15 by strut Y11 by positioning tooling fixture Y15.Positioning tool can ensure that test specimen exists It will not be subjected to displacement in vibration processes, and ensure the consistency of measurement distance.After the completion of vibration, then remove positioning tool Y15, Positioning pin Y16 installs quartzy measuring staff Y13, deformation-sensor Y14 is installed respectively (to ensure locating effect, it is proposed that after 3 hours Remove tooling).Built-in fitting Y12 determines that direct measuring device is mounted on the central axes of test specimen by positioning tool Y15, and upper end connects Supporting rod Y11 is met, supporting rod is inserted in sensor holder (one) Y1, and sensor holder (one) right end connection centering guide sleeve Y3 is led in Sensor holder (two) Y8 is inserted in the set Y3 other ends, be inserted in sleeve Y4 inside centering guide sleeve Y3 is inserted in LVDT in sleeve Displacement sensor Y5, adjustment screw Y6 mono- is inserted into LVDT displacement sensors Y5.Adjustment screw Y6 other ends pass through sensor holder (2) Y8 connect fixation with quartz measuring staff Y13；Fixed deformation senses among sensor holder (one) Y1 and sensor holder (two) Y8 Device Y14.Quartzy tube socket Y10 activities relatively are inserted in quartzy measuring staff Y13 other ends, and quartzy tube socket Y10 is inserted in the movement of other end Supporting rod Y11.Under the influence of by stress and temperature change, test specimen deforms opposite movable with quartzy measuring staff Y13 test specimen A supporting rod Y11 displacement also with test specimen generate change in displacement.The built-in fitting Y12 of other end and above supporting rod Y11 positions It immobilizes.Supporting rod Y11 is directly connected to use quartzy measuring staff Y13, very little is influenced on measuring, by the linear expansion coefficient of quartz It calculates, it is 0.000495mm/ DEG C that quartz measuring staff Y13, which is acted upon by temperature changes, during deformation measurement, this influence value is basically unchanged, can Being deducted during experiment by this value influences, and can also be deducted during experiment by the mode of demarcating.Measuring cell is using change The electronic component that the sensor internal of shape sensor Y14 the type measures is identical with load sensor, therefore temperature stress is tested Deformation direct measuring method and device can provide accurately well in test measurement, accurate result.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：Including two fixing pieces, a measuring staff and a displacement or Deformation-sensor,

Described two fixing pieces are installed in the both ends of test specimen respectively, and at least part of fixing piece is exposed on surface of test piece, And it is integrally formed with test specimen；

The measuring staff, one end are connected with a fixing piece, and the other end is movably coupled to another fixing piece；

The displacement or deformation-sensor are arranged on one end being movably coupled to the fixing piece of the measuring staff, the position Move or deformation-sensor include can relative displacement two parts, a portion is solidified as a whole with the measuring staff, another part and The fixing piece is solidified as a whole.

2. displacement of testing machine according to claim 1 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：It is described on testing machine One end fixed part clamping of test specimen, the other end are clamped by movable part, and the measuring staff positioned at movable part with clamping one end The fixing piece form the removable connection structure.

3. displacement of testing machine according to claim 1 or 2 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：The test specimen is solid Body test specimen, correspondingly, the fixing piece is clamping piece, the side of the clamping piece be with the fixed collet of test specimen, it is another Side is the supporting rod being connect with the measuring staff.

4. displacement of testing machine according to claim 3 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：The collet is folded in institute It states on the circumferential surface of test specimen, collet is setting symmetrical above and below on test specimen circumferential surface or is symmetrical set.

5. displacement of testing machine according to claim 1 or 2 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：The test specimen be by Fluid become solid can variant test specimen, correspondingly, the fixing piece include embedded part and supporting rod, the embedded part include set It puts inlet part in test specimen concrete, expose disk body and deck on concrete sample surface, the supporting rod is fastened on On the deck, the supporting rod is connect with the measuring staff.

6. displacement of testing machine according to claim 5 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：The inlet part is one Plate body, the plate face of the plate body perpendicular to the concrete sample axis, the disk for the disk body being connected with inlet part with it is described The plate body plate face of inlet part is vertical.

7. displacement of testing machine according to claim 1 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：The measuring staff is quartzy material Matter.

8. displacement of testing machine according to claim 1 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：The displacement or deformation pass Sensor is extensometer, LVDT sensors or grating sensor.

9. displacement of testing machine according to claim 8 or deformation measuring device, it is characterised in that：When the displacement or deformation When sensor is extensometer, which is with the connection structure of the measuring staff and the corresponding fixing piece：In the survey The respective end of bar sets two contact adapters along measuring staff is axial on measuring staff, turns by a contact of measuring staff end Connector is slidingly disposed on measuring staff, but is connected with corresponding fixing piece, is consolidated by an inner contact adapter with measuring staff It connects；The extensometer can relative displacement two parts, the two groups of collets set on each part, respectively on the measuring staff Two contact adapters connections；Alternatively,

When the displacement or deformation-sensor are LVDT sensors, the LVDT sensors and the measuring staff and it is corresponding described in The connection structure of fixing piece can be：The LVDT sensors can relative displacement two parts, one is coiler part, secondly It is the core portion being plugged in the coil, coiler part and core portion, one of them is fixed on the end of the measuring staff On end face, another is fixed on the fixing piece.

10. displacement of testing machine or deformation measuring device according to one of claim 1 to 9, it is characterised in that：Further include to Few a pair of extension bar, one end of the every extension bar connect a fixing piece, wherein extension bar is another End is connected with the measuring staff, and another extension bar is made up of removable with the measuring staff the displacement or deformation-sensor Connection structure.