CN105492486A - 聚氨酯泡沫体及其用途 - Google Patents

聚氨酯泡沫体及其用途 Download PDF

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CN105492486A
CN105492486A CN201480044281.9A CN201480044281A CN105492486A CN 105492486 A CN105492486 A CN 105492486A CN 201480044281 A CN201480044281 A CN 201480044281A CN 105492486 A CN105492486 A CN 105492486A
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N.艾森
S.施莱希特
P.奥里沃尔
G.甘森
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Abstract

本发明涉及聚氨酯泡沫体,及其在型材,特别是铝型材的泡沫填充中用于改进这些型材的隔热性能的用途。

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聚氨酯泡沫体及其用途
本发明涉及聚氨酯泡沫体,及其在型材,特别是铝型材的泡沫填充(Ausschaeumung)中用于改进这些型材的隔热性能的用途。
在专利EP 1347141 A1和EP 1760244 A1中描述了,为了改进铝型材的隔热性主要使用聚氨酯泡沫体。通常将这些泡沫填充的铝型材随后涂覆。为此通常在180-210℃的温度下实施粉末涂覆工艺。为了达到铝型材的低UF值,使用通过物理发泡剂氟代烃 (例如HFC365mfc (1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷)或HFC 227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷)发泡的聚氨酯泡沫体。其中的UF值是常规U值的变型,其涉及框架型材(其中的指数F表示框架)。所述的U值定义为传热系数。其是部件/物质的特定的特征值且主要用于建筑工业。通常地,传热系数U越高,该物质的隔热性能越差。因此,为了优化部件的隔热性,需要有针对性地尽可能减小U或UF值。上述的使用氟代烃作为发泡剂的聚氨酯泡沫体具有非常精细的泡孔结构和非常好的隔热性能。该发泡剂的缺点在于,其对地球变暖具有非常不利的影响 (“全球增温潜势”)。
替代地,可以使用通过在水与异氰酸酯反应中产生的二氧化碳发泡的聚氨酯泡沫体。由此可以避免对地球变暖的负面影响的缺点。然而已知的是,通过CO2发泡的聚氨酯泡沫体相比于含有氟代烃或烃(例如戊烷)作为发泡剂的泡沫具有明显更差的导热值。这意味着,对于具有相同的UF值的铝型材,CO2-发泡的聚氨酯泡沫相比于例如使用戊烷发泡的聚氨酯泡沫一定明显地更厚。因为例如用于窗户的铝型材的厚度受限,CO2-发泡的聚氨酯泡沫总是得到较差的UF值。
因为烃类(例如己烷、戊烷、丁烷)具有低的全球增温潜势和突出的导热性能(非常好的隔热性能),使用烃-发泡的聚氨酯泡沫用于铝型材的泡沫填充看似最佳的解决方案。然而在实践中,这类的聚氨酯泡沫在涂覆工艺中在温度大于180℃时完全损坏、裂解或剧烈膨胀,从而导致他们与铝型材分离。这意味着,现有的通过烃发泡的聚氨酯泡沫不能用于粉末涂覆工艺中 (温度>180℃)。
因此,本发明的目的是提供CO2或CO2/烃 (特别是戊烷)发泡的粗密度为60-150 g/dm³的聚氨酯泡沫体,其可以用于例如铝型材的泡沫填充,其在180-210℃的温度下是温度稳定的并且可以在180-210℃下最多40分钟用于粉末涂覆工艺,同时所述泡沫没有损坏、裂解或剧烈膨胀。
该目的可以通过下面进一步描述的CO2或CO2/烃发泡的具有高比例的蓖麻油的聚氨酯泡沫体而实现。
本发明提供了聚氨酯泡沫体,其具有根据DIN EN 845的60 g/dm³至150 g/dm³ 的密度和根据DIN 53505的>70的肖氏A硬度和在180-210℃下最多40分钟的热稳定性,其特征在于,其由下列组分的反应获得:
a) 异氰酸酯组分,其由下列组成:
i) 在室温下为液体的二苯甲烷系列的二-和/或多异氰酸酯,其具有28-33.6重量%的NCO含量
b) 多元醇组分,其由下列组成:
i) ≥ 60至80重量%,优选≥ 65至80重量%的蓖麻油和/或蓖麻油衍生物,基于所述多元醇组分计
ii) 起始于二胺和/或多胺的环氧烷,分子量为170至4800 g/mol,优选200至2000 g/mol,官能度为3至8,优选4至6
iii) 任选选自醇和聚醚多元醇的一种或多种交联剂,各自的分子量为92至3500 g/mol,优选300至2000 g/mol,官能度为2至8,优选3至6
iv) 水
v) 任选的烃类作为物理发泡剂,特别是戊烷
vi) 催化剂
vii) 泡沫稳定剂
viii) 任选的辅助剂和/或添加剂,
其中组分a)和b)的使用量使得指数为90至150,优选100至140,特别优选120至130。
所述蓖麻油b)i)的使用量优选≥ 65至80重量%,特别优选≥ 70至80重量%,基于所述多元醇组分b)计。
所述组分b)ii)的使用量优选 10至25重量%,基于所述多元醇组分b)计。
如果存在,所述交联剂b)iii)的使用量优选 10至20重量%,基于所述多元醇组分b)计。
所述发泡剂 b)iv)和b)v)的使用量共计优选 1至10重量%,基于所述多元醇组分b)计。
所述催化剂 b)vi)的使用量优选 0.1至3.0重量%,基于所述多元醇组分b)计。
所述泡沫稳定剂 b)vii)的使用量优选1至3重量%,基于所述多元醇组分b)计。
所述辅助剂和/或添加剂 b)viii)的使用量优选 0.5至5重量%,基于所述多元醇组分b)计。
本发明的聚氨酯泡沫体具有良好的隔热性能和适用于铝型材的泡沫填充。它们是温度稳定的(在180-210℃下最多40分钟),从而可以用于型材的粉末涂覆工艺。
本发明的聚氨酯泡沫体因此优选用于型材,特别是铝型材的泡沫填充,以改进所述型材的隔热性能。
令人惊奇地发现,含有高含量的蓖麻油的聚氨酯泡沫体在温度稳定性方面具有特别好的性能。特别优选的戊烷发泡的聚氨酯泡沫体显示了格外高的温度稳定性和因此适用于粉末涂覆工艺。环戊烷是特别优选的。
本发明的聚氨酯泡沫体特别适用于窗口型材、门型材和门面型材,特别其后进行粉末涂覆工艺的型材的泡沫填充。
使用的异氰酸酯组分a)是在室温下所谓液态的二苯甲烷系列的二-和/或多异氰酸酯。其中主要包括在室温下为液态的和任选相应改性的4,4'-二异氰酸根合二苯甲烷与2,4'-和任选的2,2'-二异氰酸根合二苯甲烷的混合物。很合适的也是在室温下为液态的二苯甲烷系列的多异氰酸酯混合物,其除了所述异构体外还含有其高级同系物和以本身已知的方式通过苯胺/甲醛-缩合物的光气化而获得。这些二-和/或多异氰酸酯的具有氨基甲酸酯-和/或碳二亚胺基团的改性产物也是合适的。所述二-和/或多异氰酸酯的具有脲基甲酸酯-和/或缩二脲基团的改性产物也是合适的。所述异氰酸酯组分a)具有2.1-5.0,优选2.5-3.1的平均NCO官能度。
蓖麻油是指一种天然的植物油,其由热带蓖麻油植物(Wunderbaum)的种子获得。其是丙三醇和各种脂肪酸(主要是蓖麻油酸)的甘油三酯。本发明的衍生物是指现有技术中已知的物质,其通过改性所述油而获得。改性的实例是双键的改变,例如通过热聚合、异构化、脱水以及双键的加成或取代,或者甘油酯体系的改变,例如通过转酯化。
所使用的交联剂b)iii)特别可以是醇(例如丙三醇)和/或聚醚多元醇。在此优选以本身已知的方式通过在催化剂的存在下环氧烷在多官能的起始剂化合物上的加聚反应而制得的多羟基聚醚。优选地,本发明使用的多(氧基亚烷基)多元醇由具有平均2-8个活性氢原子的起始剂化合物和一个或多个环氧烷制备。特别优选的起始剂化合物是每分子具有3-6个羟基的分子。实例是三乙醇胺、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、山梨醇和蔗糖。所述起始剂化合物可以单独地或以混合物的形式使用,尤其与二官能的起始剂化合物如二乙二醇、二丙二醇、三乙二醇、三丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇。本发明使用的聚醚多元醇由一种或多种环氧烷制备。优选使用的环氧烷是环氧乙烷、甲基环氧乙烷和乙基环氧乙烷。这些可以单独地或以混合物的形式使用。在使用混合物时,可以无规地或嵌段地或两者交替地转化所述环氧烷。
此外,使用的交联剂b)ii)是二胺和/或多胺起始的聚醚。这些是具有伯和/或仲氨基的脂族或芳族的二胺或多胺与环氧烷的加成产物。这些起始分子的实例是甲亚苯基二胺、异佛尔酮二胺和乙二胺。
使用的发泡剂是水和任选的烃类,例如环戊烷、异戊烷、正戊烷、己烷、丁烷或其混合物。优选单独地或以混合物的形式使用环戊烷、异戊烷和正戊烷。
根据本发明,使用在聚氨酯化学中本身常见的催化剂,例如叔胺或金属盐,使用量为基于多元醇组分b)的总和计0.1-3重量%。
除了泡沫稳定剂b)vii),还可以使用其它辅助剂和/或添加剂b)viii),使用量为基于多元醇组分b)计1-3重量%。
使用的其它辅助剂和/或添加剂b)viii)任选地可以是石蜡、脂肪醇、颜料和/或染料、阻燃物质,以及针对老化和风化影响的稳定剂、增塑剂和抑制真菌和细菌的物质,以及填料如硫酸钡、硅藻土、炭黑或白垩粉、细胞调节剂、反应延迟剂和其它稳定剂,如聚硅氧烷。这些辅助剂和添加剂的应用方式和作用方式的具体内容描述在Kunststoff-Handbuch[Plastics handbook], 卷VII, 编者Vieweg and Höchtlen, Carl Hanser出版社,Munich, 1966, 例如121至 205页。
为了制备聚氨酯,将所述异氰酸酯组分a)和所述多元醇组分b)以如下量反应,从而使异氰酸酯组分a)的NCO基团数与多元醇组分b)中的反应性氢原子数的比例为1:0.9至1:1.5 (对应于90-150的指数 (Kennzahl) (乘以100的比例) ),优选1:1至1:1.4,特别优选 1:1.2至1:1.3。
通常将所述起始组分在15-60℃的温度下混合并使其反应。该混合可以使用常见的聚氨酯加工机器进行。在一个优选的实施方案中,该混合通过低压机器或高压机器进行。在制备泡沫时,可以在开口的模具和填充方式进行发泡。当然,这也可以在封闭的模具中进行。其中,将所述反应混合物引入例如由铝或塑料制成的模具中。所述能够发泡的反应混合物在该模具中发泡并且形成模塑体。当然,也可以通过模块发泡或通过本身已知的双传输带方法制备聚氨酯泡沫体。
下面借助实施例进一步说明本发明。
实施例:
所述聚氨酯泡沫体以实验室规模进行制备,首先将异氰酸酯组分a)与多元醇组分b)和任选的物理发泡剂一起预先加入到由纸板制成的搅拌烧杯中。借助实验室搅拌器将所述组分在2000 rpm下混合。之后,将该混合物置于开口的模具(底面为20 x 1 cm²)中用于泡沫填充。在发泡之后获得了细孔的聚氨酯泡沫体。
在表1中可以获得准确的组成和测量的性质。各组分的称重是指重量份(Tl)。
为了测定本发明的聚氨酯泡沫体的温度稳定性,将由聚酰胺或铝制成的U-型材(尺寸 (宽度 x 长度 x 高度): 20 mm x 300 mm x 48 mm) 在末端封闭,使用制备好的泡沫以开口的填充方式填充并且使其在加热箱中经受特定的温度。优选由聚酰胺制成的U-型材,因为其能毫无变化地经受住粉末涂覆过程的温度。为了达到更好的隔热性,将这些由聚酰胺制成的U-型材使用聚氨酯泡沫体泡沫填充。具体的操作方式如下:在相应的聚酰胺U-型材中填充33 g的聚氨酯混合物(任选具有物理发泡剂)。这些混合物然后自由地发泡,从而使泡沫体的上面部分通过U-型材的侧面限制而垂直向上凸起(泡沫体高度约80 mm)。其中重要的是,所述泡沫体没有由于侧面的限制而倾斜或下降。在至少24小时之后,根据DIN53505测定所获得的泡沫体的表面硬度(肖氏A硬度)和根据浮力法DIN ISO 1183-A-2004(样品30 mm x 30 mm x 20 mm)测定粗密度。然后将泡沫填充的U-型材在加热箱(HeraeusT 5042K, 对流, 200℃, 尺寸(W x H x D): 420 mm x 350 mm x 320 mm)中间放置20分钟。由于温度的作用而改变了聚氨酯泡沫体的颜色,这对于机械性能以及隔热性能没有影响。对于温度稳定性最重要的是,所述聚氨酯泡沫体由于温度的作用而没有完全地损坏,没有裂解(裂解意味着裂痕>2 cm),没有失去稳定性(稳定性意味着表面硬度的变化<10%)或者极度地膨胀或收缩(膨胀或收缩意味着密度变化>10%)。
这些方面是重要的,从而可以使用聚氨酯泡沫体用于使例如制造窗口型材用的铝型材隔热。如果这些聚氨酯泡沫体由于温度影响而损坏或剧烈收缩,则隔热性能变差,从而使所述的聚氨酯泡沫体不能用作隔热泡沫。如果聚氨酯泡沫体相反地由于温度影响而剧烈膨胀,则所述泡沫体会使聚酰胺U-型材或铝型材分离从而失去尺寸稳定性。
表1显示了所述聚氨酯泡沫体在200℃的温度条件下保持20分钟后的变化。
表1:所制备的聚氨酯的组成和性质
蓖麻油:工业质量,羟基数约160 mg KOH/g,供应商:Alberdink Boley, Krefeld。
多元醇A:山梨醇、水、丙三醇起始的聚醚,分子量575 g/mol,通过环氧丙烷的阴离子加聚反应获得。
多元醇B:乙二胺起始的聚醚,分子量275 g/mol,通过环氧丙烷的阴离子加聚反应获得。
Tegostab B8411:聚氨酯-泡沫稳定剂 (聚醚聚硅氧烷),制造商:GoldschmidtAG, Essen。
Dabco 33LV:溶液中的叔胺催化剂 (1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷),制造商:Sigma-Aldrich。
Desmodur® 44V20:基于二苯甲烷系列的异氰酸酯,制造商:BayerMaterialScience AG, Leverkusen。
由实施例1-4可见,当在所述多元醇组分中存在高含量的蓖麻油(≥ 60重量%,特别优选 ≥ 65重量%,基于所述多元醇组分 b)计)时,才能够达到所要求的在200℃下保持20分钟的温度稳定性。纯粹水发泡(实施例1)以及水/环戊烷发泡的聚氨酯泡沫体(实施例3)满足了所希望的温度稳定性。在实施例2和4中,在200℃的温度条件下保持20分钟后,在所述聚氨酯泡沫体中发现了明显降低的肖氏A硬度、剧烈膨胀的聚氨酯泡沫体以及形成大的裂痕。因此,这些聚氨酯泡沫体不能够在经历相应的温度处理的情况下用作框架中的隔热泡沫。

Claims (2)

1.聚氨酯泡沫体,其具有根据DIN EN 845的60 g/dm³至150 g/dm³ 的密度和根据DIN53505的> 70的肖氏A硬度和在180-210℃下最多40分钟的热稳定性,其特征在于,其由下列组分的反应获得:
a) 异氰酸酯组分,其由下列组成:
i) 在室温下为液体的二苯甲烷系列的二-和/或多异氰酸酯,其具有28-33.6重量%的NCO含量
b) 多元醇组分,其由下列组成:
i) ≥ 60至80重量%,优选≥ 65至80重量%的蓖麻油和/或蓖麻油衍生物,基于所述多元醇组分计
ii) 起始于二胺和/或多胺的环氧烷,分子量为170至4800 g/mol,优选200至2000 g/mol,官能度为3至8,优选4至6
iii) 任选选自醇和聚醚多元醇的一种或多种交联剂,各自的分子量为92至3500 g/mol,优选300至2000 g/mol,官能度为2至8,优选3至6
iv) 水
v) 任选的烃类作为物理发泡剂
vi) 催化剂
vii) 泡沫稳定剂
viii) 任选的辅助剂和/或添加剂,
其中组分a)和b)的使用量使得指数为90至150,优选100至140,特别优选120至130。
2.权利要求1的聚氨酯泡沫体的用途,用于窗口型材、门型材和门面型材,特别其后进行粉末涂覆工艺的型材的泡沫填充。
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