CN105248246A - Optimization method for protective coast-forest belt canopy structure - Google Patents
Optimization method for protective coast-forest belt canopy structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105248246A CN105248246A CN201510749474.0A CN201510749474A CN105248246A CN 105248246 A CN105248246 A CN 105248246A CN 201510749474 A CN201510749474 A CN 201510749474A CN 105248246 A CN105248246 A CN 105248246A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- canopy
- forest belt
- optimization method
- index
- forest
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/40—Afforestation or reforestation
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides an optimization method for a protective coast-forest belt canopy structure. The method comprises the steps of clearing average trees and lodging wood of a target protective forest belt and replenishing and planting trees in canopy gaps or forest gaps to realize the optimization of a protective forest belt canopy index and the canopy structure. By adopting the optimization method provided by the invention, reforestation survival rate can be remarkably improved, the protective forest belt canopy index can be effectively reduced, and efficient protection distance can be improved. For instance, in one embodiment of the invention, the reforestation survival rate reaches up to more than 90 percent; five years later, the protective forest belt canopy index is optimized to 1.96 from 3.35, big tree proportion is adjusted to 59.66 percent from 80.12 percent, the efficient protection distance is increased to 10.5H (H is the mean height of trees of the protective forest belt) from 8.6H. Thus, the optimization method for a canopy provided by the invention can effectively improve the protection distance by more than 20 percent in medium or short terms.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to forest field of planting, be specifically related to a kind of canopy structure optimization method for coast protection forest belt.
Background technology
In the 70-80 age in last century, China starts large area and builds the coastal shelter-forest system, and these man-made windbreak forests reach the stage of ripeness at present, the overdone phenomenon of even appearance had, and cause that shelter belt is aging, death even broken belt; Meanwhile, because coastal area is saline and alkaline, the natural environment such as typhoon and waterlogging is severe, occur in the shelter belt in a large amount of tilt, lodge, the forest of trunk snap.By the impact of above-mentioned internal cause and external cause, forest belt group canopy vertical structure is simple, horizontal structure is seriously impaired, causes forest belt safeguard function low.
The single phenomenon ubiquity causing safeguard function low of shelter belt canopy structure, also becomes the key technical problem that forest department at different levels needs solution badly.But at present both at home and abroad about the research of this aspect is relatively less, ripe technological achievement is deficient especially.
Therefore, based on this present situation, need badly at present and a kind ofly effectively can to recover, promote Coastal forest belts safeguard function and the method for easy popularization simple to operate.
Summary of the invention
For the problems referred to above, Inst. of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, under the subsidy of the projects such as the State Administration of Forestry 948 project, state natural sciences fund, has carried out the research of canopy structure optimisation technique for coast protection forest belt.Further, coast protection forest belt of the present invention canopy structure optimization method is obtained.And applicant has carried out theory and practice inspection to method of the present invention, have received good Expected Results.
Specifically, the invention provides a kind of coast protection forest belt canopy structure optimization method, it is characterized in that, described method comprises the steps:
1) determine the original canopy structure in Target Protection forest belt, and carry out clearing up in forest belt, reduce original stand density, canopy index is controlled below 3;
2) in the woods window or woods gap in cleaning forest belt, plant salt tolerant windproof woody plant, control about 2.5 by canopy index, plantation process comprises the steps:
E, in First Year winter, in the woods window or woods gap in cleared up forest belt, dig cave;
F, carry out planting of plants in spring next year;
After G, end of planting, carry out the pruning of nursery stock side shoot;
H, periodic maintenance is carried out to planted trees.
Further, in described step 1) forest belt cleaning in, the trees of clearing up comprise: part average tree and all lodging wood, stand density is controlled below 1000 strains/hectare.
Further, the canopy Index Definition of described Shelterbelts structure is: CI=(MC/MC+MC/BMC+MC/OT)/3, wherein CI, MC, BMC, OT represent canopy index respectively, main canopy tree crown area, sub-canopy crown surface sum pressed layer (shrub layer) tree crown area, canopy index is in the distribution condition of different vertical position canopy area for describing in standing forest, be the index weighing Forest Vertical Structure feature.
Further, the trees planted comprise tree and shrubs, and wherein, arbor height >0.1H, shrub height >0.05H, H are shelter belt average height.
Further, in described steps A, adopt quincuncial pile formula to arrange and dig cave, cave diameter, the degree of depth are respectively 50cm.Here mentioned quincuncial pile formula is dug cave and is referred to: when having many row's plant pits, and arbitrary neighborhood two arranges the two plant pit centre positions of any one plant pit another row corresponding of the first row in plant pit, or the position outside another row plant pit end corresponding.
Further, in described step B, the detailed process of planting comprises: mix with mud to the root system of nursery stock before planting, and puts into dug plant pit, layered backfill compresses, and impose adequate water to nursery stock.
Further, in described step C, when nursery stock side shoot is pruned, remove the side shoot of 1/3.
At present, suppressed tree and lodging wood in some woodss are just cleared up in the maintenance in coast protection forest belt, easily form single canopy forest belt; Situation relatively preferably, also only understands at broken belt place again after-culture some original seeds.
But present inventor finds after deliberation, the protection effect of single canopy Coastal forest belts that cleaning suppressed tree and lodging wood are formed is also bad, even if the original seeds of original position after-culture, the protection effect of shelter forest is also difficult to reach perfect condition.Specifically, present inventor finds, wants the protection effect increasing forest belt, is not the neat forest belt needing high canopy index, but will reduces the main canopy in forest belt, increase sub-canopy and shrub layer simultaneously, reduce canopy index, effectively could increase safeguard function.
In addition, present inventor also finds after deliberation, according to the seeding row spacing after-culture of original forest belt, can not change the forest belt canopy structure of horizontal direction, therefore little for the effect promoting forest belt safeguard function.And according to the after-culture of quincuncial pile formula, the horizontal and vertical structure in forest belt can be changed well, effectively promote safeguard function.
Technique effect
Adopt optimization method of the present invention, regeneration survival rate can reach more than 90%; After 5 years, shelter belt canopy index is optimized for 1.96 by 3.35, and large tree ratio is adjusted to 59.66% by 80.12%, and effective protection distance has 8.6H to increase to 10.5H (H is shelter belt mean stand height).
Accompanying drawing explanation
What Fig. 1 showed that quincuncial pile formula of the present invention digs cave digs cave arrangement.
Embodiment
Embodiments of the present invention is described in detail below.
Embodiment 1
In the present embodiment, applicant selects the metasequoia shelter belt of the people pool, Shanghai Pudong New Area life in 37 years to be object, original seeding row spacing is 2m × 3m or 3m × 3m, single canopy forest belt, the porosity of trunk layer is comparatively large, and underground is less, is mainly herbaceous plant, canopy index >3, protection effect is poor.
For this shelter belt, the optimization method that inventor works out based on it is optimized, and concrete Optimizing Flow is as follows.
Forest belt is cleared up, and the part average tree of main cleaning forest belt main planting and the wood that all lodges, reduce the density of original single canopy, original stand density controlled within 1000 strains/hectare.It should be noted that, the present invention not only will clear up lodging wood, and also will clear up average tree, average tree mentioned here refers in forest belt the individuality with mean stand height and the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground.
Choice of tree species, select 2 years raw Salt And Alkali Tolerances, wind resistance, the magaphanerophytes of one's native land of resistance to shade in seedling stage is optimized transformation, selected woody plant comprises: the arbor species such as paper mulberry, Chinese wax, leaflet Nuzhen, an ancient nationality in China, ancestors of the Manchus, who founded the Jin Dynasty, the shrub speciess such as barberry, mahonia bealei, recklessly baldhead, seedling height requires arbor more than 0.1H, shrub more than 0.05H, well developed root system, protection is logical straight, without damage by disease and insect, has no mechanical damage.These seeds canopy areas are large, and growth phase, to comparatively fast, can improve Forest Vertical Structure and horizontal structure at short notice, reduce canopy index.
Method of forestation
Dig cave: winter, in the woods window or woods gap in cleaning forest belt, dig cave afforestation; Cave diameter, the degree of depth are respectively 50cm, and in planting hole, low outer height, puts appropriate fertilizer before planting.In the present embodiment, adopt quincuncial pile formula to arrange and dig cave.Fig. 1 shows quincuncial pile formula and digs the concrete structure arranged in cave, as shown in the figure, arbitrary neighborhood two each plant pit arranged in plant pit is not all directly align to another corresponding plant pit arranging plant pit, but be positioned at the centre position of two plant pits, the protection effect of this distribution mode is better, and trees more easily survive.
Afforestation Time: the rainy day in spring afforests.
Method of forestation: before planting, seedling root mixes mud; If nursery stock is evergreen species, then need to remove most of blade.Layered backfill tracks tramping; Water sufficient normal root water.After planting, nursery stock side shoot is pruned 1/3.
Planting density: control the 10-20% in original forest belt density.
Tending management: ridging was fostered, watered in time dry season.
For this shelter belt on the people pool, Shanghai Pudong New Area that the present invention implements, adopt after optimization method of the present invention is optimized, forest belt canopy index is optimized for 1.96 by 3.35, and effective protection distance has 8.6H to increase to 10.5H (H is shelter belt mean stand height).
Embodiment 2
In the present embodiment, in black pine shelter belt, adopt ground similar to Example 1 mode, and reseeded seeds are adjusted, specifically, the arbor species planted mainly select Quercus acutissima and Chinese wax, ratio is 4:1, and shrub species mainly selects shrubby flase indigo and Vitex rotundifolia, and ratio is 3:1.After optimization, shelter belt canopy index is optimized for 1.27 by 4.22, and effective protection distance increases to 10.3H by 7.1H.Effective protection distance improves 45%, and this lifting amplitude surpasss the expectation, and exceeds the maintenance target that attendant is initial, also more much bigger than the lifting ratio in embodiment 1.Illustrate that the selection proportioning of seeds is extremely successful, given full play to the effect of optimization method of the present invention.
Although be described in detail principle of the present invention in conjunction with the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that above-described embodiment is only the explanation to exemplary implementation of the present invention above, not the present invention is comprised to the restriction of scope.Details in embodiment does not form limitation of the scope of the invention; when not deviating from the spirit and scope of the present invention; the apparent changes such as any equivalent transformation based on technical solution of the present invention, simple replacement, all drop within scope.
Claims (7)
1. a coast protection forest belt canopy structure optimization method, is characterized in that, described method comprises the steps:
1) determine the original canopy structure in Target Protection forest belt, and carry out clearing up in forest belt, reduce original stand density, the canopy index of Shelterbelts structure is controlled below 3;
2) in the woods window or woods gap in cleaning forest belt, plant salt tolerant windproof woody plant, control about 2.5 by canopy index, plantation process comprises the steps:
A, in First Year winter, in the woods window or woods gap in cleared up forest belt, dig cave;
B, carry out planting of plants in spring next year;
After C, end of planting, carry out the pruning of nursery stock side shoot;
D, periodic maintenance is carried out to planted trees.
2. coast protection forest belt according to claim 1 canopy structure optimization method, is characterized in that,
In described step 1) forest belt cleaning in, the trees of clearing up comprise: part average tree and all lodging wood, stand density is controlled below 1000 strains/hectare.
3. coast protection forest belt according to claim 1 canopy structure optimization method, is characterized in that,
The canopy Index Definition of described Shelterbelts structure is: CI=(MC/MC+MC/BMC+MC/OT)/3, wherein CI, MC, BMC, OT represent canopy index respectively, main canopy tree crown area, sub-canopy crown surface sum pressed layer (shrub layer) tree crown area, canopy index is in the distribution condition of different vertical position canopy area for describing in standing forest, be the index weighing Forest Vertical Structure feature.
4. coast protection forest belt according to claim 1 canopy structure optimization method, is characterized in that,
The trees planted comprise tree and shrubs, and wherein, arbor height >0.1H, shrub height >0.05H, H are shelter belt average height.
5. coast protection forest belt according to claim 1 canopy structure optimization method, is characterized in that,
In described steps A, adopt quincuncial pile formula to arrange and dig cave, cave diameter, the degree of depth are respectively 50cm.
6. coast protection forest belt according to claim 1 canopy structure optimization method, is characterized in that,
In described step B, the detailed process of planting comprises: mix with mud to the root system of nursery stock before planting, and puts into dug plant pit, layered backfill compresses, and impose adequate water to nursery stock.
7. coast protection forest belt according to claim 1 canopy structure optimization method, is characterized in that,
In described step C, when nursery stock side shoot is pruned, remove the side shoot of 1/3.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510749474.0A CN105248246B (en) | 2015-11-05 | 2015-11-05 | A kind of coast protection forest belt canopy structure optimization method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510749474.0A CN105248246B (en) | 2015-11-05 | 2015-11-05 | A kind of coast protection forest belt canopy structure optimization method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105248246A true CN105248246A (en) | 2016-01-20 |
| CN105248246B CN105248246B (en) | 2017-12-15 |
Family
ID=55088466
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510749474.0A Active CN105248246B (en) | 2015-11-05 | 2015-11-05 | A kind of coast protection forest belt canopy structure optimization method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105248246B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105724181A (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2016-07-06 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Scale operation farmland forest network for improving agricultural machinery efficiency |
| CN105746297A (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2016-07-13 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Farmland forest network capable of improving large-scale management benefits |
| CN106613734A (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-05-10 | 天津大学前沿技术研究院有限公司 | Multi-row windbreak for wind prevention of buildings |
| CN110915518A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-03-27 | 北部湾大学 | Method for constructing and constructing mangrove protection forest on mudflat which is not suitable for forest |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101731116A (en) * | 2009-11-27 | 2010-06-16 | 辽宁省林业科学研究院 | Repairing method of ecotome sandy coast coastal protection forest afforestation |
| CN101946670A (en) * | 2010-08-25 | 2011-01-19 | 河北农业大学 | Method for reforming low-yield turf pine forest |
| CN102318536A (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2012-01-18 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 | Renewing and transforming method for oasis protection forest in drought regions |
| CN102524016A (en) * | 2011-12-08 | 2012-07-04 | 山东省林业科学研究院 | High-standard agroforestry construction method suitable for plain area |
| CN102805021A (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2012-12-05 | 穆哈西 | Mode of arranging and building main, auxiliary and intercropping host forests for herba cistanches, namely shelter forests against wind and for fixing sand |
| CN102812843A (en) * | 2012-09-20 | 2012-12-12 | 滨州学院 | Comprehensive matching technology for constructing road shelter forests in heavy saline-alkali soil sections of coastal areas |
| CN103106684A (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2013-05-15 | 北京农业信息技术研究中心 | Method and system of three-dimensional reconstruction of shape structure of trees in leaved state |
| CN104509411A (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2015-04-15 | 北京林业大学 | Method for planting plant at terrestrial-aquatic transverse zone of river bank |
-
2015
- 2015-11-05 CN CN201510749474.0A patent/CN105248246B/en active Active
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101731116A (en) * | 2009-11-27 | 2010-06-16 | 辽宁省林业科学研究院 | Repairing method of ecotome sandy coast coastal protection forest afforestation |
| CN101946670A (en) * | 2010-08-25 | 2011-01-19 | 河北农业大学 | Method for reforming low-yield turf pine forest |
| CN102318536A (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2012-01-18 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 | Renewing and transforming method for oasis protection forest in drought regions |
| CN102524016A (en) * | 2011-12-08 | 2012-07-04 | 山东省林业科学研究院 | High-standard agroforestry construction method suitable for plain area |
| CN102805021A (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2012-12-05 | 穆哈西 | Mode of arranging and building main, auxiliary and intercropping host forests for herba cistanches, namely shelter forests against wind and for fixing sand |
| CN102812843A (en) * | 2012-09-20 | 2012-12-12 | 滨州学院 | Comprehensive matching technology for constructing road shelter forests in heavy saline-alkali soil sections of coastal areas |
| CN103106684A (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2013-05-15 | 北京农业信息技术研究中心 | Method and system of three-dimensional reconstruction of shape structure of trees in leaved state |
| CN104509411A (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2015-04-15 | 北京林业大学 | Method for planting plant at terrestrial-aquatic transverse zone of river bank |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
| Title |
|---|
| 刘德良等编著: "《园林树木栽培学》", 31 October 2014, 中国林业出版社 * |
| 彭志林: "岛东林场沿海防护林更新改造调查初报", 《热带林业》 * |
| 苏上真: "福建省沿海防护林体系工程建设营造林技术措施研究", 《林业勘察设计》 * |
| 许景伟: "山东沙质海岸防护林体系建设关键技术研究", 《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库（博士）农业科技辑》 * |
| 黄志伟等: "我国沿海防护林植被生态恢复技术研究进展", 《浙江林业科技》 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105724181A (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2016-07-06 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Scale operation farmland forest network for improving agricultural machinery efficiency |
| CN105746297A (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2016-07-13 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Farmland forest network capable of improving large-scale management benefits |
| CN106613734A (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-05-10 | 天津大学前沿技术研究院有限公司 | Multi-row windbreak for wind prevention of buildings |
| CN110915518A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-03-27 | 北部湾大学 | Method for constructing and constructing mangrove protection forest on mudflat which is not suitable for forest |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105248246B (en) | 2017-12-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN110100631B (en) | Transformation method for changing degenerated Pinus thunbergii into high-quality Pinus parviflora protection forest | |
| CN105613205A (en) | Tending method for promoting western sichuan subalpine natural secondary forest to restore by utilizing reserved trees | |
| Wozniak | Prehistoric horticultural practices on Easter Island: Lithic mulched gardens and field systems | |
| CN105248246B (en) | A kind of coast protection forest belt canopy structure optimization method | |
| McDonald et al. | Pinus radiata D. Don, Monterey pine | |
| CN102960166A (en) | Tea garden planting method | |
| CN106386320A (en) | Early-wood-promoting cultivation method for schima superba forest | |
| Mason et al. | Silvicultural possibilities for increasing structural diversity in British spruce forests: the case of Kielder Forest | |
| Weatherspoon | Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz giant sequoia | |
| CN105557413A (en) | High-yield cultivation method for grosvenor momordica | |
| CN104737826A (en) | Juicy peach grafting method | |
| CN107409939A (en) | A kind of difficult mountain region spinney in south exempts from after-culture remodeling method | |
| CN104350848A (en) | Method for quickly recovering degraded wetland by using transplanting cattail seedlings | |
| Navratil | Silvicultural systems for managing deciduous and mixedwood stands with white spruce understory | |
| CN103053380A (en) | Method for improving transplanting survival rate and grow effect of large and medium diameter trees | |
| CN105178269A (en) | Low-maintenance durable landscape ecology ditch | |
| CN103782773B (en) | Lycoris aurea cultivation method under poplar and lycoris aurea composite cultivation pattern | |
| CN103125223B (en) | Shrub type tree form pruning method of Chinese ash | |
| Ewel | Fire in cypress swamps in the southeastern United States | |
| CN114402939A (en) | Method for cultivating high-quality large-diameter timber of cyclobalanopsis glauca natural forest by using sun-shading wood | |
| Mylecraine et al. | Atlantic white-cedar: Ecology and best management practices manual | |
| CN107114195A (en) | A kind of Altay Prefecture's big fruit sea-buckthorn breed breeding method | |
| CN108575496B (en) | Method for recovering and preserving wild small population of Zingiber zerumbet Hance | |
| Laacke et al. | Sierra Nevada mixed conifers | |
| CN103782772B (en) | Lycoris cultivation method under a kind of willow, Lycoris composite cultivation mode |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |