CN1052355A - 内燃机特别是两冲程内燃机的废气催化净化装置 - Google Patents

内燃机特别是两冲程内燃机的废气催化净化装置 Download PDF

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CN1052355A
CN1052355A CN90109622A CN90109622A CN1052355A CN 1052355 A CN1052355 A CN 1052355A CN 90109622 A CN90109622 A CN 90109622A CN 90109622 A CN90109622 A CN 90109622A CN 1052355 A CN1052355 A CN 1052355A
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润内尔·多米斯尔
博恩德·英格拉尔
阿尔瑞池·波劳泽克
英德格·考伯尔斯坦
荷波尔特·沃尔克尔
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2803Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
    • F01N3/2807Metal other than sintered metal
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/089Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using two or more expansion chambers in series
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/02Tubes being perforated
    • F01N2470/04Tubes being perforated characterised by shape, disposition or dimensions of apertures
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2490/00Structure, disposition or shape of gas-chambers
    • F01N2490/02Two or more expansion chambers in series connected by means of tubes
    • F01N2490/04Two or more expansion chambers in series connected by means of tubes the gases flowing longitudinally from inlet to outlet only in one direction
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2510/00Surface coverings
    • F01N2510/06Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00Other engines
    • F02B75/02Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
    • F02B2075/022Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
    • F02B2075/025Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle two
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00Other engines
    • F02B75/02Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
    • F02B2075/022Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
    • F02B2075/027Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle four

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  • Toxicology (AREA)
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  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及内燃机,特别是两冲程内燃机的废气 催化净化装置,它包括安置在排气通道的外套管,外 套管内有带孔的内管,在外套管和内管之间形成一窄 的环形室。内管镶衬着催化剂。

Description

本发明涉及内燃机,特别是两冲程内燃机的废气催化净化装置。
内燃机,特别是按两冲程原理工作的内燃机,要求一定的废气排放装置结构来保证有效的换气过程(充入汽化燃料,换气和排除废气)。这些工作过程的有效性不仅取决于消音器适当的调整,还取决于在发动机废气出口和消音器之间区域的结构措施。例如,反射面和/或膨胀室(也叫排气管壳)安置在排气管中或紧接在排气管后,从而对气体动力学施加积极的影响。
常规的废气催化净化系统(例如松散催化剂系统或整体催化剂系统,在多种情况下可安置于靠近发动机的排气系统的某个部分中),由于会产生排气的反压力以及对气体动力振动的干拢,已经证明会使二冲程发动机的效率降低。
此外,由于焦油物等使装置易于阻塞。例如,当发动机在某些工况下运转,这种阻塞有时会发生在整体式催化剂系统中。不论在什么状态下,使用常规整体式催化剂系统总是不利的。这是由于它们对于较小容积具有十分高的转换潜力,使它们暴露于发动机高排放的具有十分高的放热产物之中,从而使它们面临热损伤的危险,甚至有被熔化的危险。本发明的目的是提供一种废气净化系统,该系统更适合于这种类型的发动机。
本发明的目的是这样达到的,可选择形成排气管或膨胀室一部分的外套管被安置在排气管,带孔的内管安置在外套管内,并与外套管有间隔,内管的形状与外套管的形状相配,在内管的一面或两面涂有废气净化催化剂,由至少一个连接板来形成外套管和内管之间的间隔,该连接板连接内外管,从而形成环形室,该室可被内管中的突出物或珠形物所阻断,上述外套管和内管之间的间隔在1.02到1.20mm的范围内,这取决于外套管内径和内管外径之比。
本发明同样适用于四冲程发动机,因为这类发动机也要求废气系统的良好的调整。
在本发明的废气净化装置中,外套管(1)可以是任何形状,内管则与外套管相配成形,因此得到几乎为等横截面的环形室(5),圆锥形的环形室同样构成本发明的一部分。
由于所选择的尺寸,使环形室(5)仅占据外套管(1)的容积的一小部分。环形室(5)以及孔眼增加了催化剂区域的扰动,从而增加了气体交换。在本发明装置的基本结构中,通过环形间隙使上述作用得到加强。该间隙在两端都是开口,并保证气体回流过催化剂涂敷的内管。对于某些发动机的结构,可以将环形室至少在一端的任何位置封闭,最好是通过加宽内管端部的方法或利用焊接或焊料实现该封闭。
当孔眼为圆形孔时,这些在内管上的圆孔的直径范围是0.75mm到10mm,孔与孔之间的间隔范围是1.0mm到15mm。孔的直径最好是从1.5mm到6mm,孔之间的间隔最好是2.0mm到7.5mm。内管上可以有不同直径,有规律地排列在整个管上的孔。
孔眼不一定是圆形,也可以是矩形,缝口形或任何其它形状,或这些不同形状的组合。因此,除了圆孔之外,也可以采用矩形孔或缝口形式的孔或任何其它形式的孔,或这些不同形式孔的组合。此外,在内管长度范围,孔的大小和数量可以变化,内管管体可由金属网或硬钢丝所组成。
对于不同的实施例,孔的相对自由表面积(孔眼的总面积)为5%到80%,最好是20%到60%。
内管上的孔可以通过深冲向上和/或向下指向的凸起来成形,从而使在内管上作为扰流器的孔的作用得到加强。
内管可由两个半壳结合在一起而形成,特别是考虑制造上的技术原因而这样做的。这也导致环形室剖分为两半。
内管由同样涂覆着催化剂的金属丝网、拉伸的金属或其它带孔的管所环绕和嵌贴,通过用这种环绕和嵌贴,使管的几何表面积得到增加,从而达到提高有害物质转化率的目的。
按照本发明的装置,即可作为主催化剂系统,又可以作为与任何结构的主催化剂系统串连安置的预催化剂系统。该装置可以作为预催化剂系统置放于整体主催化剂系统(6)之前。当本装置作为预催化剂系统时,有害物质的部分转化会导致温度上升,从而促使(甚至是必要的)使安置在排气系统冷却器部分的主催化剂系统开始工作。当污染物浓度很高,同时废气又在高温状态,部分转换的优点在于减小了高温损害的影响,这是由于在预催化剂系统和主催化剂系统之间的废气受到冷却,从而防止由热造成主催化剂系统过早的破坏和钝化作用。从下面给出的实际应用的例子可以看出,当本发明的装置作为主催化剂系统应用时,该装置的转换效率惊人的高。另外,当本发明的装置在两轮车辆上作为主催化剂系统应用时,它可以满足目前的和将来的排放限制值。
所使用的催化剂可以是用于奥托(otto)发动机的废气净化的含有贵重金属和/或非贵重金属的任何常规配方。
含有铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)和/或铑(Rh),装载在耐热氧化载体材料(AL2O3,SiO2,硅酸铝)上的贵重金属催化剂是特别合适的催化剂,为活化和改善热稳定性,载体材料可带有氧化添加剂,比如CeO2,ZrO2,碱金属氧化物和/或稀土金属氧化物。
为了改善带孔的管形体的耐热性以及涂敷层的粘着性,在氧化载体材料应用之前可通过喷沙,火焰喷涂或铝化作为初步处理。
例1.
由耐高温钢1.4841制作的带有小孔的圆锥形弯曲的管的直径为30mm和55mm,展开长度为345mm,小孔的直径为2mm,小孔之间的间距为3.15mm,该圆锥形管在900℃的空气中回火处理3个小时。
然后,弯曲的管体由弥散度约为40%的r-AL2O3(150m2/g),铈乙酸盐和氧锆基乙酸盐所镶衬,在120℃下烘干,并在600℃下煅烧两个小时。涂敷层的量AL2O3为7.5g,CeO2为2g,ZrO2为0.5g。然后,管状体浸渍在Pt(NH34(OH)2和Rh(NO33的溶液中(重量比为Pt∶Rh=5∶1),在400℃的成形气体(N2∶H2=95∶5)下烘干和还原。
贵重金属的添加量为每部分0.24g。
例2.
利用图1所示的试验装置对例1中提出的催化剂做了试验。在内管的外径和外套管的内径之间的环形间隙为1mm。
试验用车辆为二轮摩托车,装有风冷两冲程的单缸发动机,冲程容积为148Cm3。该两轮摩托车在每分钟8100转的额定转速下的功率为14Kw。使用的燃料为机油和汽油1∶50的混合燃料。
按照ECE  R40的试验规则,该车辆是在柱型试验台上进行试验的。在催化剂入口的废气温度,在试验循环中是在250℃到650℃之间变化。废气分析采用恒体积进样(CVS)原理。
下面是得到的排放结果
CO HC+NOx
g/Km  g/Km
没有催化剂  3.25  5.86
有催化剂  1.13  2.56
对于CO的转换率为68%,对于(HC+NOx)的转换率为56%。
通过使用这种特殊结构的催化剂,可以在不对气体动力过程产生大的影响的情况下,使排放值达到1990年10月1日生效的瑞士排放限制值(CO=8.0g/Km,HC+NOx=3.1g/Km),如果对气体的动力过程干扰太大,将导致二冲程发动机输出功率的损失。
例3.
由耐热钢1.4828制成的锥形管的壁厚为1mm,直径为39mm和61mm,长度为150mm,并带有槽孔(长×宽=6mm×1.5mm,连接板宽为1.3mm)。由火焰喷涂的以AL2O3为基体的粗氧化物层,通过贴附面牢牢附衬在锥形管上。然后,因此而预热了的金属管浸入到由稳定的La2O3,r-Al2O3(130m2/g)和氧化铈的42%的悬浮体中,将多余的涂层材料吹掉,管进行烘干并在500℃下回火处理两小时。在管被涂敷处理后,它带有的Al2O3为3.9g,La2O3为0.2g,CeO2为1.0g。预催化剂段是浸入在Pt(NH32(NO22和Pd(NO32的硝酸溶液中(重量比为Pt∶Pd=2∶1),烘干处理并在300℃空气中煅烧。每部分贵重金属的量为125mg。
例4.
用图2所示的试验装置对例3中的催化剂进行试验。内管的外径和外套管的内径之间的环形间隙平均为1.5mm。试验用车辆为风冷两冲程单缸发动机(冲程容量为134CC)的二轮摩托车。在每分钟8100转的额定转速下,发动机功率为12Kw。使用机油和汽油比为1∶30的混合燃料。
按照ECE  R40试验规则,在滚柱型试验台上对车辆进行试验。在催化剂入口的废气温度为150~420℃。废气分析采用CVS原理。
下面是得到的排放数据:
CO HC NOx
g/Km  g/Km  g/Km
没有催化剂  6.86  10.15  0.016
有催化剂  3.16  5.96  0.014
因此,对CO的转换率为53%,对HC为41%,对NOx为13%。
通过使用这种特殊结构的催化剂,可以适合奥地利1991年9月3日开始实施的二冲程摩托车的排放限制标准(CO=8g/Km,HC=7.5g/Km,NOx=0.1g/km)。
例5.
直径为60mm,长度为75mm,晶粒密度为31晶粒/平方厘米的整体式金属载体,通过浸入r-Al2O3,铈乙酸盐和氧锆基乙酸盐的含水悬浮体中,吹掉多余的涂敷材料,并得到涂敷嵌衬。在120℃下烘干,在700℃下煅烧1小时,载体中有25g的Al2O3,5g的CeO2和1g的ZrO2。然后,浸放在Pt(NH34(OH)2和Rh(NO33的溶液中作为预催化剂段,并在300℃下烘干。当载体已被涂覆后,催化剂含有按重量比Pt∶Rh=5∶1的贵重金属0.36g。
例6.
例3和例5的催化剂被组合在如图3所示的二冲程二轮摩托车的排气装置中。如例4那样进行试验。
下面是得到的排放值:
CO HC NOx
g/km  g/km  g/km
没有催化剂  6.86  10.15  0.016
有催化剂  1.10  1.45  0.014
相比例4所得的结果,本例中的转换率明显的高。对于CO的转换率为84%,在几乎同样的NOx排量的情况下,对于HC为86%。因此,这种设计尤其适于将来更为严格的排放限制的情况。
如果在图3的装置中只用例5中的催化剂,则不能得到高的转换率,这是因为没有锥形预催化剂系统,使温度水平太低的缘故。
如果例5的催化剂在预催化剂(图3)的区域中更靠近发动机,气体动力过程将受到干扰,发动机的输出功率会降低,因此,这种安置是不可行的。

Claims (8)

1、用于内燃机,特别是两冲程发动机废气的催化净化装置,其特征在于,可选择形成排气管或膨胀室一部分的外套管被安置在排气管中,带孔的内管(3)安置在外套管内,并与外套管有间隔,内管的形状与外套管的形状相配,在内管的一面或两面涂有废气净化催化剂(2),由至少一个连接板来形成外套管和内管之间的间隔,该连接板连接内外管从而形成环形室(5),该室可被内管中的突出物或珠形物所阻断,上述外套管和内管之间的间隔是在1.01到1.20mm范围内,这取决于外套管内径和内管外径之比。
2、按照权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,环形室(5)至少在一端的任一位置被封闭,最好是通过加宽内管端部的方法或利用焊接或焊料接来实现该封闭。
3、按照权利要求1或2所述的装置,其特征在于,内管上的孔可以通过深冲向上和/或向下指向的凸起来成形。
4、按照权利要求1到3所述的装置,其特征在于,内管(3)是由可结合在一起的两个半壳所组成的。
5、按照权利要求1到4所述的装置,其特征在于,内管由同样涂覆着催化剂的金属丝网,拉伸的金属或其它带孔的管所环绕和嵌衬。
6、按照权利要求1到5所述的装置,其特征在于,该装置作为预催化剂系统置放于整体主催化剂系统(6)之前。
7、按照权利要求1到6所述的装置,其特征在于,所述孔为具有内径为0.75mm到10mm,最好是1.5mm到6mm的圆形孔。
8、按照权利要求1到7所述的装置,其特征在于,孔所占的面积为5%到80%,最好是20%到60%。
CN90109622A 1989-12-02 1990-12-01 内燃机特别是两冲程内燃机的废气催化净化装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1027004C (zh)

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CN1118619C (zh) * 1994-09-05 2003-08-20 本田技研工业株式会社 发动机的排气净化装置
CN101994562A (zh) * 2009-08-21 2011-03-30 霓佳斯株式会社 机动车排气管

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CN1118619C (zh) * 1994-09-05 2003-08-20 本田技研工业株式会社 发动机的排气净化装置
CN101994562A (zh) * 2009-08-21 2011-03-30 霓佳斯株式会社 机动车排气管

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JP3140044B2 (ja) 2001-03-05
KR910012501A (ko) 1991-08-08
KR0171890B1 (en) 1999-03-20
CN1027004C (zh) 1994-12-14
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EP0431405A1 (de) 1991-06-12
JPH03229913A (ja) 1991-10-11
ATE106112T1 (de) 1994-06-15

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