CN1051657C - 带有磁通密度控制的开关式电源装置 - Google Patents

带有磁通密度控制的开关式电源装置 Download PDF

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CN1051657C
CN1051657C CN96195354A CN96195354A CN1051657C CN 1051657 C CN1051657 C CN 1051657C CN 96195354 A CN96195354 A CN 96195354A CN 96195354 A CN96195354 A CN 96195354A CN 1051657 C CN1051657 C CN 1051657C
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voltage
transformer
power supply
flux density
magnetic flux
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CN1190501A (zh
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彼得·沃尔夫
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/40—Means for preventing magnetic saturation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33538—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only of the forward type
    • H02M3/33546—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only of the forward type with automatic control of the output voltage or current

Abstract

本发明建议使用一种带有变压器的开关式电源装置，在这一电源装置中输出电流或输出电压的控制或调节取决于变压器磁通量密度。由此有利地避免了特别在大的脉冲宽度时变压器进入饱和。通过将磁通量密度限制在一预定值上将由于出现的热负荷受到限制而使功率组件优化。

Description

带有磁通密度控制的开关式电源装置
现有技术是，在一开关式电源装置中以电流形式或以电压形式调节输出电流或输出电压，如WO-A-86/03902公开了一种带有一用于控制输出电压的变压器的开关式电源装置。
在电流形式中，开关调节器按下述原理工作：预先规定在变压器中应达到的峰值电流额定值，然后根据额定值调节变压器上的特定脉冲宽度，如图1所示。图1还显示了变压器中的电流i、峰值电流的额定值Is和由此产生的脉冲宽度p。
此外，还很容易看出，在瞬时过程中脉冲宽度p可以很快地具有较大的值，因为变压器在大的脉冲宽度时不现完全去磁，因此变压在几个脉冲后即进行饱和。当然，人们可以将脉冲宽度p限制为一固定值，这也有其不足，即几乎无法实现宽范围的电源装置。
在电压形式中，预先规定的值不是峰值电流，而直接是脉冲宽度p(图2)，如果通过将三角形或锯齿形电压与额定值进行比较得到这一宽度，但是这里也存在同样的问题，即在瞬时过程中，脉冲宽度p可以达到很大，变压器不再去磁。图2显示了电压形式的三种信号：三角形电压UD，额定值US和脉冲宽度。
本发明的目的是找到一种可能的途径，即根据单端通量转换器原理，在开关式电源装置中这样限制脉冲宽度：避免变压器中的饱和现象和与此相关的过电压。
本发明的核心及优点：
通过预先规定或限制变压器中的最大磁通量密度替代限制峰值电流或直接的脉冲宽度，(即电流或电压形式)不仅可以最佳地充分利用变压器，而且还可最佳地充分利用功率功能块，即在最小的热强度状态下充分使用(条件是产生过电压)。
因此在开关式电源装置启动时发明有其优点，因为脉冲宽度决不超过不允许的值，并且通过所需部件的合理布置自动给出“均调启动”。
对于输出调节器是一个有利的副作用。当系统特别是在电流形式中趋于不稳定时(至少在极限范围内：断电的额定负载，空转和输出短路)，发明的开关调节器原理显示了高的稳定性。
最后，用对于电流型已有的开关电路(IC)可以很简单地组装起一个开关调节器。此外，还省去了初级分流电阻，这对电源装置的效率有利。
在以下的描述中将详细地介绍本发明的实施例。图1表示在电流型中公知调节器的电流波形图和电压波形图；图2表示在电压型中公知开关调节器的电压波形；图3表示一个实施例的电路框图；及图4表示图3中开关调节器的两个电压波形图。
实施例描述
图3表示带有两个磁耦合线圈19，20的变压器17，这两个线圈由另一耦合线圈18供电。线圈20通过串联的整流器21与分流电阻23和输出电容器24相并联。与输出电容器24并联的是输出端子37，38，其可输出电容电压U。线圈19的一端接地，另一端通过二极管15与电源14相连接。在位于线圈19一端和二极管15之间的节点1上连接有一个积分器11。积分器11的输入端有一个电阻R1和一个电容器C1，另一端与参考电压VRef相连接。在由电容器C1和电阻R1形成的第二节点2上通过另一电阻R2与参考电压VRef相连接。因此，在节点2上连接开关调节器10的第一输入端34。首先考虑开关调节器10为商用集成电路，它有一个比较器28，其反相输入端与第一输入端34相连接。比较器28的非反相输入端构成了节点3，在这一节点上预先给定了调节电压UR。节点3通过限值器27与开关调节器10的第二输入端35相连接。比较电路28的输出端与触发器31的输入端R相连接。在触发器31的设置输入端S上接有一个振荡器30。触发器31的输出端Q与驱动级32相连接，其输出端通过端子33和隔离电阻39与晶体管T1的控制输入端相连接。为完善起见还需指出，开关调节器10具有一具稳压器29，它用于内部元件的供电以及形成参考电压VRef。
晶体管T1(例如MOS晶体管)在其负荷电路中接有一个续流二极管16。晶体管T1一方面接地，另一方面与线圈18的一端相连接。线圈18通过整流器26与电网电压UAC相连接。滤波电容器25与整流器26并联且与地相连接。
在位于分流电阻23和线圈20之间的节点上接有一个电流调节器12，其第二接头通过电位隔离器13与开关调节器10的第二输入端35相连接。
图4表示节点1至3上充电电压随时间变化的两个波形图。上面的波形图表示在变压器17的线圈19(辅助绕组)上测得的节点1上的电压变化。下面的波形图表示了与上图时间相关的节点2和3上相应的电压变化。
下面，来详细说明根据图3的实施例的函数形式。
可以根据感应定律来计算变压器的磁通量密度变化： ΔB = 1 N . A . ∫ u · dt
开关式电源装置中的所有参数者是已知的或可很容易测得的。ΔB是所求的磁通量密度变化，N是与被积分电压u有关的变压器的匝数，A是变压器最小的截面面积。几乎每个变压器的初级都有一个辅助绕组，以给开关调节器供电。这可以被直接积分，以确定瞬时的磁通量密度。
这一用于电压积分的线路很简单，它只由一个RC元件R1，C1组成，其参数选择可很容易导出。
本发明在于，不以电流或电压形式驱动开关调节器，而是将峰值磁通理密度预先规定为额定值，在达到这一额定值时，开关晶体管断开。
图3表示了这样一个调节器的原理线路，图4以处于振荡状态的、带有次级电流调节的单端磁通量转换器为例，显示了随时间的变化过程。
为了便于理解：在图3中，振荡30用来产生开关频率，它试图在一固定的时间段内通过设置触发器31接通晶体管T1。然而，仅当比较电路不输出复位脉冲时，才这样设置。如果这样设置，T1接通，用中间回路电压给变压器17磁化。C1和R1组成了变压器电压的积分器，这样，在节点2生成了正比于电压的磁通量密度。如果这一密度超过了节点3的额定值(它可以被限制为一固定电压)，那么，比较电路复位，由此再次断开T1。现在，变压器17通过晶体管电容由T1反向磁化。这也记录在C1上，并再次给出校正。从反向磁化结束到下一次晶体管接通始终保持负的预磁化。
C1不接地，而是与Vref接通，这样在电源装置起动时产生均调启动。R2只用作节点2电压的偏置匹配，以不使比较电路28的输入端过调节。总称为开关调节器10的所有元件能以低的成本集成在IC电路中。

Claims (1)

1.带有变压器、开关调节器以及用来调节主脉冲变压器输出端的输出电流或输出电压的电流或电压调节器的开关式电源装置，其中设有开关装置(11)，通过这些开关装置可测量相应于变压器(17)磁通密度的磁化电压，及可将该磁化电压与预定的调节电压(UR)相比较，其特征在于：预定的调节电压(UR)可这样地选择，即其与变压器(17)的峰值磁通密度相对应，并在达到调节电压时切断变压器(17)的供电；开关装置(11)具有一积分器，其中该积分器有一个由电阻(R1)和电容器(C1)组成的串联电路；其中电容器(C1)的第一个接头与电阻(R1)相连接，其第二个接头与参考电压(Vref)相连接。
CN96195354A 1995-07-08 1996-06-21 带有磁通密度控制的开关式电源装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1051657C (zh)

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GB2318889B (en) 1999-09-08
MY116540A (en) 2004-02-28
WO1997003492A1 (de) 1997-01-30
GB9800390D0 (en) 1998-03-04
TW315537B (zh) 1997-09-11
US5940281A (en) 1999-08-17
GB2318889A (en) 1998-05-06
HK1015562A1 (en) 1999-10-15
CN1190501A (zh) 1998-08-12

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