CN105112159A - Preparation method for sugar beet concrete for tobacco - Google Patents
Preparation method for sugar beet concrete for tobacco Download PDFInfo
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- CN105112159A CN105112159A CN201510462599.5A CN201510462599A CN105112159A CN 105112159 A CN105112159 A CN 105112159A CN 201510462599 A CN201510462599 A CN 201510462599A CN 105112159 A CN105112159 A CN 105112159A
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- 241000219310 Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 235000021536 Sugar beet Nutrition 0.000 title abstract 6
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000002137 ultrasound extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 77
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 235000021537 Beetroot Nutrition 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 abstract 4
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000722824 Ardisia crenata Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001579180 Matthiola longipetala Species 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000000259 anti-tumor effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021552 granulated sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000411851 herbal medicine Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Seasonings (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method for sugar beet concrete for tobacco. The preparation method disclosed by the invention comprises: firstly slicing cleaned sugar beet roots and then carrying out roasting pre-treatment; adding the roasted sugar beet roots into ethanol and carrying out reflux extraction by adopting an ultrasonic extraction technology; carrying out centrifugal separation on a sugar beet root mixed liquid to obtain a supernatant liquid; filtering the supernatant liquid which is refrigerated by a filter membrane; and concentrating the filtrate, wherein the obtained clear and transparent concentrated solution is the sugar beet concrete for tobacco. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, the roasting pre-treatment and ultrasonic extraction technology are jointly used to remove earthy smell of the sugar beet roots, and sugar and aroma components are enriched at a low temperature by virtue of ultrasonic waves, so that the loss of aroma components is avoided; finally, the aroma of the sugar beet concrete is purified, and the effect of the sugar beet concrete for tobacco is enhanced. The sugar beet concrete applied to cigarettes plays the roles of reducing irritation, tendering smoke and improving the taste. Moreover, the processed used is simple and feasible in operation, good in safety and convenient to maintain.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to tobacco spice preparing technical field, be specifically related to a kind of preparation method of cigarette garden beet medicinal extract, pre-treatment is cured in the present invention's employing and beet medicinal extract is prepared in the coupling of ultrasonic extraction technology.
Background technology
Beet, biennial herb plant.The block root moisture of beet accounts for 75%, and solid substance accounts for 25%.In solid substance, sucrose accounts for 16% ~ 18%, and nonsugar accounts for 7% ~ 9%.Nonsugar is divided into again solubility and insoluble two kinds: insoluble non-saccharide is Mierocrystalline cellulose, hemicellulose, protopectin and protein mainly; Solubility non-saccharide is divided into again inorganic non-saccharide and organic non-saccharide.Beet tails is the main source of edible granulated sugar, and sugar is the indispensable nutritive substances of people's lives, is also the important source material of foodstuffs industry, drink industry and medicine industry.Beet has antitumor, that guarantor's stomach controls liver, fat-reducing liver-protecting, step-down health-care effect.The glucide that the block root of beet is rich in because of it, is with a wide range of applications in essence and flavoring agent industry.
Be that cigarette perfume material prepared by raw material with beet, there is the effect of soft fine and smooth flue gas in cigarette.But existing beet medicinal extract mostly is and directly extracts from beet tails, all with certain bilgy odour.Such beet medicinal extract can bring the counter productive of assorted gas to cigarette.Therefore, the bilgy odour removed in beet effectively can improve the quality of cigarette garden beet spices.
For solving the problem, the present invention will cure pre-treatment and the coupling of ultrasonic extraction technology first, remove the bilgy odour of beet tails, and adopt ultrasonic low temperature enrichment sugar and flavor matter, avoid the loss of aroma component, the final purifying fragrance of beet medicinal extract, improves the cigarette effect of beet medicinal extract.Be applied in the middle of cigarette, have and reduce stimulation, soft flue gas, improve the effect of mouthfeel.And it is simple to invent technological operation used, security is good, and maintaining is convenient.
Natural perfume plant is after pre-treatment, its physico-chemical property can produce change in various degree, fractions is dissolved, part is decomposed or changes into new composition, the leaching content of fractions increases and decreases to some extent, everything all can extract gas and the taste generation impact in various degree of rear product on spice berry, thus changes quality.Cure pre-treating technology just to have in the application in Chinese medicinal materials field, as required or little fire cures or naked light cures, the degree of curing is divided into one one-tenth, twenty percent etc. from ancient times.From the pre-treating technology of Chinese medicinal materials, extract experience from the exploitation being applied to tobacco aromatics using, be a kind of in the mode of old innovation.
Ultrasonic extraction technology is a kind of up-to-date comparatively ripe means being applied to effective component of Chinese herbal medicine extraction and isolation in recent years.It thoroughly changes the extraction process of traditional refluxing extraction.Compared with Effect of Alcohol Extracting Procedureto Total, ultrasonic extraction has outstanding feature: 1, without the need to high temperature.2, extraction efficiency is high.3, there is broad spectrum etc.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is for the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of preparation method of cigarette garden beet medicinal extract is provided.The beet medicinal extract that this preparation method obtains, can remove the bilgy odour of beet tails, reduces assorted gas, soft fine and smooth flue gas, effectively improves the quality of cigarette garden beet spices.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a kind of preparation method of cigarette garden beet medicinal extract, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
(1) after the beet tails cleaned up being cooked slicing treatment, at 100 ~ 140 DEG C, cure 10 ~ 40min, in the process of curing, constantly stir beet tails, cured rear taking-up beet tails and cooled, go to use plastic bag sealing after chip through sieve, obtain the beet tails after curing;
(2) mass percent that the beet tails after being cured by gained adds beet tails weight 2 ~ 5 times is in the ethanol of 10 ~ 60%, ultrasonic extraction technology is adopted to carry out refluxing extraction, wherein the ultrasonic extraction time is 10 ~ 30min, ultrasonic power is 150 ~ 250W/L, ultrasonic frequency is 20 ~ 25kHz, obtains beet tails mixed solution;
(3) gained beet tails mixed solution is carried out centrifugal treating, wherein centrifuge speed is 500 ~ 2000rpm, and centrifugation time is 10 ~ 30min, is separated and obtains supernatant liquor; After gained supernatant liquor is refrigerated 12 ~ 24 hours at temperature is-4 DEG C ~ 4 DEG C, filter with the filter membrane of 0.2 ~ 0.8 micron, obtain filtrate;
(4) gained filtrate is carried out concentration at 30 ~ 60 DEG C, the concentrated solution of gained clear is cigarette garden beet medicinal extract.
Further, after the beet tails cleaned up being cooked slicing treatment in described step (1), the length of beet tails is 20 ~ 35mm, and wide is 5 ~ 15mm.
Further, the method that curing in described step (1) can be used for reference naked light and be cured, adopts metal pan to cure, and measures cooking bottom temperature with infrared thermometer.
Further, the relative density of the cigarette garden beet medicinal extract in described step (4) is 1.15 ~ 1.35g/mL.
The present invention will cure pre-treatment and the coupling of ultrasonic extraction technology first, remove the bilgy odour of beet tails, and adopt ultrasonic low temperature enrichment sugar and flavor matter, avoid the loss of aroma component, the final purifying fragrance of beet medicinal extract, improves the cigarette effect of beet medicinal extract.This beet medicinal extract is applied in the middle of cigarette, has and reduces stimulation, soft flue gas, improve the effect of mouthfeel.And it is simple to invent technological operation used, security is good, and maintaining is convenient.
Embodiment
Below by way of specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail:
Embodiment 1:
(1) get the beet tails cleaned up of 200g, first do slicing treatment, beet tails is long is 20mm, and wide is 5mm; Relend the method that mirror naked light cures, adopt metal pan to cure, measure cooking bottom temperature, at 100 DEG C, cure 40min, cured rear taking-up beet tails and cooled with infrared thermometer, sieve uses plastic bag sealing after removing chip, obtains the beet tails after curing.
(2) mass percent that the beet tails after being cured by gained adds beet tails weight 2 times is in the ethanol of 10%, ultrasonic extraction technology is adopted to carry out refluxing extraction, wherein the ultrasonic extraction time is 10 ~ 30min, ultrasonic power is 150W/L, ultrasonic frequency is 20kHz, obtains beet tails mixed solution.
(3) gained beet tails mixed solution is carried out centrifugal treating, wherein centrifuge speed is 500rpm, and centrifugation time is 10min, is separated and obtains supernatant liquor; After gained supernatant liquor is refrigerated 12 hours at temperature is-1 DEG C, filter with the filter membrane of 0.2 micron, obtain filtrate.
(4) gained filtrate being carried out being concentrated into relative density at 30 DEG C is 1.18 ± 0.0020g/mL, and wherein relative density is the density of reference material at 20 DEG C, and the concentrated solution of gained clear is cigarette garden beet medicinal extract 1.
Embodiment 2:
(1) get the beet tails cleaned up of 200g, first do slicing treatment, beet tails is long is 30mm, and wide is 10mm; Relend the way that mirror naked light cures, adopt metal pan to cure, measure cooking bottom temperature, at 120 DEG C, cure 20min, cured rear taking-up beet tails and cooled with infrared thermometer, sieve uses plastic bag sealing after removing chip, obtains the beet tails after curing.
(2) mass percent that the beet tails after being cured by gained adds beet tails weight 3 times is in the ethanol of 30%, ultrasonic extraction technology is adopted to carry out refluxing extraction, wherein the ultrasonic extraction time is 20min, ultrasonic power is 200W/L, ultrasonic frequency is 20kHz, obtains beet tails mixed solution.
(3) gained beet tails mixed solution is carried out centrifugal treating, wherein centrifuge speed is 1000rpm, and centrifugation time is 20min, is separated and obtains supernatant liquor; After gained supernatant liquor is refrigerated 20 hours at temperature is-2 DEG C, filter with the filter membrane of 0.8 micron, obtain filtrate.
(4) gained filtrate being carried out being concentrated into relative density at 50 DEG C is 1.27 ± 0.0020g/mL, and wherein relative density is the density of reference material at 20 DEG C, and the concentrated solution of gained clear is cigarette garden beet medicinal extract 2.
Embodiment 3:
(1) get the beet tails cleaned up of 200g, first do slicing treatment, beet tails is long is 35mm, and wide is 15mm; Relend the way that mirror naked light cures, adopt metal pan to cure, measure cooking bottom temperature, at 140 DEG C, cure 10min, cured rear taking-up beet tails and cooled with infrared thermometer, sieve uses plastic bag sealing after removing chip, obtains the beet tails after curing.
(2) mass percent that the beet tails after being cured by gained adds beet tails weight 5 times is in the ethanol of 50%, ultrasonic extraction technology is adopted to carry out refluxing extraction, wherein the ultrasonic extraction time is 30min, ultrasonic power is 250W/L, ultrasonic frequency is 25kHz, obtains beet tails mixed solution.
(3) gained beet tails mixed solution is carried out centrifugal treating, wherein centrifuge speed is 2000rpm, and centrifugation time is 30min, is separated and obtains supernatant liquor; After gained supernatant liquor is refrigerated 24 hours at temperature is 4 DEG C, filter with the filter membrane of 0.8 micron, obtain filtrate.
(4) gained filtrate being carried out being concentrated into relative density at 40 DEG C is 1.32 ± 0.0020g/mL, and wherein relative density is the density of reference material at 20 DEG C, and the concentrated solution of gained clear is cigarette garden beet medicinal extract 3.
The applied research of beet medicinal extract in cigarette
For the beet medicinal extract prepared by embodiment 1, carry out the explanation of applied research in cigarette.
1, the physical index of beet medicinal extract detects:
The physical index of beet medicinal extract prepared by table 1. the present invention
| Title | Beet medicinal extract |
| Outward appearance | Brown half mobility paste |
| Fragrance | Fragrant and sweet |
| Relative density (20/20 DEG C) | 1.1839 |
| Refractive index (20 DEG C) | 1.4146 |
| Miscible degree (25 DEG C) in ethanol | This extract of 1 volume dissolves in the aqueous solution of 1-20 volume |
| Lead content (mg/kg) | ≤5.0 |
| Arsenic content (mg/kg) | ≤1.0 |
2, the different pre-treatments mode of beet tails is compared, specify difference of the present invention.The mode of pre-treatment is that little fire cures and cures with naked light; The degree of curing have one one-tenth, fifty percent, ninety percent 3 kind; Its different test-results is listed in the table below.As can be seen from the table, naked light of the present invention cures, and the degree being baked onto ninety percent is best effect, can obtain not having bilgy odour, the beet heel piece that quality is dry and comfortable.
The beet heel piece contrast of table 2. different pre-treatments technique
The difference of the cigarette garden beet medicinal extract 3, prepared for clear and definite the present invention and common process, specially carries out comparative illustration to both.
(1) beet traditional extraction technique: get 100g beet tails, puts into the flask of 1000ml, and the mass percent adding 5 times of beet tails weight is the ethanol of 50%, and refluxing extraction is after 4 hours, and cryoconcentration, obtains beet circumfluence distillation thing.
The cigarette application experiment of cigarette garden beet medicinal extract prepared by (2) two kinds of methods: the extract getting addition 100ppm (weight ratio to pipe tobacco), joins (solvent is 70% ethanol) in the pipe tobacco of 200 grams.After sealed plastic bag sealing, be 22 ± 1 DEG C in temperature, humidity is balance 2 hours under 60 ± 1% environment, and then roll into cigarette, and ask 7 people to evaluate group to carry out effect applicating evaluating, evaluation result is as follows:
Sensory evaluating smoking's result of beet medicinal extract prepared by table 3 Different Extraction Method
Claims (4)
1. a preparation method for cigarette garden beet medicinal extract, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) after the beet tails cleaned up being cooked slicing treatment, at 100 ~ 140 DEG C, cure 10 ~ 40min, in the process of curing, constantly stir beet tails, cured rear taking-up beet tails and cooled, sieve uses plastic bag sealing after removing chip, obtains the beet tails after curing;
(2) mass percent that the beet tails after being cured by gained adds beet tails weight 2 ~ 5 times is in the ethanol of 10 ~ 60%, ultrasonic extraction technology is adopted to carry out refluxing extraction, wherein the ultrasonic extraction time is 10 ~ 30min, ultrasonic power is 150 ~ 250W/L, ultrasonic frequency is 20 ~ 25kHz, obtains beet tails mixed solution;
(3) gained beet tails mixed solution is carried out centrifugal treating, wherein centrifuge speed is 500 ~ 2000rpm, and centrifugation time is 10 ~ 30min, is separated and obtains supernatant liquor; After gained supernatant liquor is refrigerated 12 ~ 24 hours at temperature is-4 DEG C ~ 4 DEG C, filter with the filter membrane of 0.2 ~ 0.8 micron, obtain filtrate;
(4) gained filtrate is carried out concentration at 30 ~ 60 DEG C, the concentrated solution of gained clear is cigarette garden beet medicinal extract.
2. the preparation method of a kind of cigarette garden beet medicinal extract according to claim 1, is characterized in that: after the beet tails cleaned up being cooked slicing treatment in described step (1), and the length of beet tails is 20 ~ 35mm, and wide is 5 ~ 15mm.
3. the preparation method of a kind of cigarette garden beet medicinal extract according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the method that curing in described step (1) can be used for reference naked light and be cured, and adopts metal pan to cure, and measures cooking bottom temperature with infrared thermometer.
4. the preparation method of a kind of cigarette garden beet medicinal extract according to claim 1, is characterized in that; The relative density of the cigarette garden beet medicinal extract in described step (4) is 1.15 ~ 1.35g/mL.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510462599.5A CN105112159A (en) | 2015-07-31 | 2015-07-31 | Preparation method for sugar beet concrete for tobacco |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201510462599.5A CN105112159A (en) | 2015-07-31 | 2015-07-31 | Preparation method for sugar beet concrete for tobacco |
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| CN105112159A true CN105112159A (en) | 2015-12-02 |
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| CN201510462599.5A Pending CN105112159A (en) | 2015-07-31 | 2015-07-31 | Preparation method for sugar beet concrete for tobacco |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115251454A (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2022-11-01 | 深圳麦克韦尔科技有限公司 | Method for treating tobacco extract, aerosol-generating substrate and atomizer |
Citations (5)
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| CN102423115A (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2012-04-25 | 武汉黄鹤楼香精香料有限公司 | Cigarette-flavoring method |
| CN102952634A (en) * | 2011-08-24 | 2013-03-06 | 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 | Preparation method for cigarette cherry extract and application of cigarette cherry extract in cigarettes |
| CN103666761A (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2014-03-26 | 朱大恒 | Carrot extract and application thereof in tobacco flavoring and charging |
| CN103695178A (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2014-04-02 | 朱大恒 | Carrot extract and its application in tobaccos |
| WO2015099490A1 (en) * | 2013-12-27 | 2015-07-02 | 경희대학교 산학협력단 | Method for pretreating green coffee to improve coffee flavor and taste |
-
2015
- 2015-07-31 CN CN201510462599.5A patent/CN105112159A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102423115A (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2012-04-25 | 武汉黄鹤楼香精香料有限公司 | Cigarette-flavoring method |
| CN102952634A (en) * | 2011-08-24 | 2013-03-06 | 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 | Preparation method for cigarette cherry extract and application of cigarette cherry extract in cigarettes |
| CN103666761A (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2014-03-26 | 朱大恒 | Carrot extract and application thereof in tobacco flavoring and charging |
| CN103695178A (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2014-04-02 | 朱大恒 | Carrot extract and its application in tobaccos |
| WO2015099490A1 (en) * | 2013-12-27 | 2015-07-02 | 경희대학교 산학협력단 | Method for pretreating green coffee to improve coffee flavor and taste |
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| Title |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115251454A (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2022-11-01 | 深圳麦克韦尔科技有限公司 | Method for treating tobacco extract, aerosol-generating substrate and atomizer |
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Application publication date: 20151202 |