CN105008919B - 分子成像和相关方法 - Google Patents
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- CN105008919B CN105008919B CN201480012502.4A CN201480012502A CN105008919B CN 105008919 B CN105008919 B CN 105008919B CN 201480012502 A CN201480012502 A CN 201480012502A CN 105008919 B CN105008919 B CN 105008919B
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Abstract
本发明涉及单个分子成像,或单个分子的一个或多个集合,以及与成像相关的方法。在方法方面,本发明提供了单分子成像的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:a)将测试样品暴露给探针,其中所述探针包含特异结合至靶分子的第一部分,以及因与以一个或多个波长的光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团而可检测的第二部分,其中所述探针与靶分子结合,形成复合物;b)将复合物暴露给与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光的一个或多个波长,及;c)与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光,检测与其一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,生成一个或多个单分子的影像。该影像在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上具有高于450纳米的分辨率,且其中影像通过一个单一检测步骤便可得到,而无需改变任何检测设置。
Description
本申请要求享有以下提交于2013年3月6日、编号61/851,276的美国临时专利申请的权利,通过引用的方式包括在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及单个分子成像,或单个分子的一个或多个集合,以及与成像相关的方法。
背景技术
曾有报道介绍过以约300纳米的分辨率在极小的区域(即,小于10nmx100nm的区域)检测单个分子的方法。例如荧光原位杂交(FISH)是一种测量基因表达的方法,这种方法足够敏感,可以检测单个mRNA分子。正如辛格最初的描述,该方法涉及五支寡核苷酸探针对每个mRNA目标同时杂交。费米诺AM、费伊FS、福格蒂K、辛格RH。单个RNA原位转录之可视化。《科学》。1998;280:585-590。所述寡核苷酸各长约50个核苷酸,且各标有多达五个荧光团。于是在荧光显微镜下,mRNA目标在杂交时变为可见的衍射极限荧光斑点。
拉吉已经研制出了改良的FISH方法。见拉吉A、范登包革P、里夫金SA、范奥德纳尔德A、特亚吉S。使用多个单标记探针使单个mRNA分子成像。《自然方法学》,2008;5;877-879。该方法使用了大量单独标记探针代替数量有限但多重标记的探针,用于克服辛格的原始FISH步骤所造成的若干问题:大量标记的寡核苷酸难以合成及纯化;当某些荧光团以多份拷贝存在于同一寡核苷酸中时,发生自淬灭;信号易于变性。见费米诺AM、福格蒂K、利弗席兹LM、卡林顿W、辛格RH。原位mRNA单个分子可视化。《酶学方法》。2003:361;245-394。另见兰多夫JB、瓦格纳AS。多重标记的荧光DNA探针之稳定性、特异性和荧光亮度。《核酸研究》。1997;25;2923-2929.拉吉改良后的方法能生成可被识别的均匀信号,提供极小的视场中mRNA准确计数,而探针的产生和纯化比较简单。
尽管有辛格和拉吉等科学家开展的研究工作,在本领域仍存在改进分子成像和相关方法的需要。
发明内容
在方法方面,本发明提供了单分子成像的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:a)将测试样品暴露给探针,其中所述探针包含特异结合至靶分子的第一部分,以及因与以一个或多个波长的光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团而可检测的第二部分,其中所述探针与靶分子结合,形成复合物;b)将复合物暴露给与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光的一个或多个波长,及;c)与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光,检测与其一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,生成一个或多个单分子的影像。该影像在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上具有高于450纳米的分辨率,且其中影像通过一个单一检测步骤便可得到,而无需改变任何检测设置。
在方法的另一方面,本发明提供了单分子成像的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:a)将测试样品暴露给探针,其中所述探针包含特异结合至目标分子的第一部分,以及经过改性而包含与一个或多个波长的光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团的第二部分,其中所述探针与目标分子结合,形成复合物;b)将探针第二部分改性,使之包含与光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团;c)将复合物暴露给与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光的一个或多个波长,及d)与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光,检测与其一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,生成一个或多个单分子的影像。该影像在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上具有高于450纳米的分辨率,且其中影像通过一个单一检测步骤便可得到,而无需改变任何检测设置。
附图说明
图1示出了SAO成像装置的一种实施例。
图2A示出了SAO成像装置的另一种实施例。
图2B示出了根据一个实施例的SAO成像装置光照模式产生模块的内部结构。
图2C示出了根据另一种实施例的SAO成像装置光照模式产生模块的内部结构。
图3示出了SAO一般方法。
图4示出了视场直径26mm光学显微镜的视场直径和面积表。
图5示出了光波长对固定数值孔径(0.95)分辨率的影响表。
图6示出了使用标准荧光显微镜为一个mRNA或若干mRNA成像的一种方法以及本发明介绍的使用包含有SAO成像装置为一个mRNA或若干mRNA成像的相反方法。
图7显示了TOP1 mRNA(亮/白/绿点)SAO图像的一部分,图像区域含有大约100个细胞。
图8显示了TOP1 mRNA之SAO图像感兴趣区之选择,包括有基于斑点强度和质量的选择过程。
图9显示了MCF7人乳腺癌细胞系HER2mRNA(亮/白点)相关的SAO图像。图中显示了含有超过100个细胞的图像区域,并伴有成像细胞截面图像,含有约20个细胞。就所述20个细胞之图像,根据所示情况,平均每个细胞包括约72份HER2mRNA。
图10显示了标准荧光显微镜(60倍/1.41NAO.1油)下来自A549细胞的FKBP5mRNA两份相关图像(亮/白点)。标有“减地塞米松”的图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松(大约13个细胞)进行上调之前的细胞;标有“加地塞米松”图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松8小时(约14细胞)后的细胞。
图11显示了使用由SAO成像设备(20倍)组成的系统而获取的来自A549细胞的FKBP5mRNA(亮/白点)两份有关图像(完整图像的1/10)。标有“减地塞米松”的图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松(50个细胞以上)进行上调之前的细胞;标有“加地塞米松”图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松8小时(50细胞以上)后的细胞。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及单个分子成像,或单个分子的一个或多个集合,以及与成像相关的方法。
单分子成像的方法通常包括以下步骤:1)将测试样品(即生物体、外来体、组织或细胞)暴露给探针-其中探针包括一个特异结合至目标分子(即RNA、蛋白质、小分子)的一个部分以及因与以一个或多个波长的光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团而可检测的一个部分或改性后可包含与一个或多个波长的光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团的一个部分-探针与目标分子结合,形成复合物;2)将复合物暴露给与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光的一个或多个波长;3)与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光,检测与其一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,生成一个或多个单分子的影像,其中该成像系统只需单个检测步骤便可在至少为1×105平方微米的成像区域上提供的检测分辨率高于450纳米(即,采集的单组数据,而无需变更任何检测设置(即,光学器件和摄像机都不动)),从而使单个分子或单个分子集合成像。所述成像系统通常为一个具有合成孔径光学作用(SAO成像)或荧光偏振功能的装置而组成的系统。
“SAO成像”是指利用一组模式化或结构化的光照模式来照亮成像目标,以实现超过成像装置(即镜头和相机)物理限制的分辨率的一种光学成像方法。在SAO成像方法中,成像目标有选择性地激发,以检测目标的空间信息。由于在频率(或傅立叶)域和目标域之间存在一对一的关系,SAO可以通过获取其空间频率信息而重构原始成像目标。
参见2010年3月19日提交的12/728110美国专利申请,其名称为“使用最低选择性激发模式的合成孔径光学成像方法”,在此通过引用而并入本文。
“荧光偏振”指的是荧光团发射出的光具在不同偏振轴上强度不相等的现象。对于本文所讨论的显微镜应用情况,荧光偏振在照明光的路径中及在装置的成像/相机部分之前采用偏振器。例如参见洛阔威克兹J.R.,2006。《荧光光谱原理》(第3版,施普林格,第10-12章)。另见,瓦勒、伯纳德。2001。《分子荧光原理与应用》威利-VCH,第29页。
图1示出了SAO成像装置的一种实施例。该装置是一种多光束对光学扫描器。扫描仪优点突出,因为它能实现并行数据采集,大大提高了扫描的采集速度。对于以n个光束为结构的扫描仪,并行数据的采集程度以及较已知光学扫描器的采集速度提高程度按n的平方提高。其假设为,已知光学扫描仪的采集速度受样品或的单个光束对的机械旋转的速度所限制。
在一个实施例中,所述多个光束对光学扫描器10包括对准样品16的n个源光束(一般编号为14)的圆弧12,其中n等于十时圆弧12为一个圆。上述n个源光束14可会相序不同或光频不同。每对n个源光束14之间的相序或频率差14′,应选为与其它n个源光束14对相序或频率差中不同。n个源光束14在空间20中重叠。检测器18检测以对应于该光束对的相序或频率差的唯一相序或载波频率而编码的圆弧12内各多光束对信息的信号。
n个源光束14在空间20中重叠,与样本16相互作用,而利用通过空间20的n个源光束14的所述多个光束对光学扫描器10的检测器信号可利用本领域中已知方法计算。参见美国专利6016196,在此通过引用而并入本文。
图2A示出了根据一个实施例用于选择性地激发分子的SAO成像装置(结构化照明装置)。图2A中所示的照明装置仅仅是示范性的,并且可以根据本发明对SAO照明装置的结构进行各种修改。为了便于说明,图2A中的照明装置示例仅显示了两个干涉模式生成模块(IPGM)112和113,但对于某些应用,IPGM的数目不止两个。每个IPGM采用的是模块化形式,并且配置成以给定的间距和方位生成选择性的激发模式,与k空间采样点一个共轭对相对应。因此,IPGM和给定间距和方位的2-D正弦选择性激发模式存在一对一的关系,与k空间采样点一个共轭对亦对应。若干(N)选择性激发模式则需要SAO照明装置中若干IPGM。
结构化照明装置100产生多个相互相干的激光束,激光束的干扰产生干涉模式。这种干涉模式投射到固定细胞基底104,选择性地激发观测102下的细胞和分子。出于多种原因,使用多个激光束的干涉产生的干涉模式具有优点。例如这样能实现高分辨率激发模式,同时具有极大的FOV(视场)和DOF(景深)。虽然在本文中以为成像分子产生激发模式为例描述了图2的结构化照明装置,但是应该指出的是,图2的结构化照明设备A可用于任何其它类型的应用,为任何其他类型的目标成像产生激发模式。
参照图2A,结构化照明装置100包括一个激光器102、一个分束器104、快门105/107,光纤耦合器108、109,一对光纤110、111(也可以使用自由光束架构,提供激光束或任何其它合适的方法)和一对干涉模式生成模块(IPGMs)112、113。如上所述,IPGM 112、113各自生成一个与k-空间采样点共轭对相对应的干涉模式(选择性的激发模式)。激光器102的光束103被分束器104分成两道光束140和142。一对高速快门105和107是用来分别“启动”或“关闭”光束140和142的,或分别调节光束140和142的振幅。所述开关启闭激光束通过光纤耦合器109和108耦合接入保偏光纤111和110。光纤111和110分别连接对应的干涉模式生成模块113和112。所述干涉模式生成模块113包括一个准直透镜114′、一个分束器116′、和一块平移镜118′,同样地,所述干涉模式生成模块112包括一个准直透镜114,一个分束器116,和一块平移镜118。
出自光纤110的光束144经准直透镜114校准,被分束器116分成两道光束124和126。平移镜118通过致动器120平移,改变光束126的光路长度。因此,在两道激光束124和126的重叠区域之间,在衬底204上生成干涉模式122,而该模式的相位通过改变光束之一的光路长度126而改变(即,通过使用平移反射镜118调制光束126的光相位)。
类似地,出自光纤111的光束146经准直透镜114′校准,被分束器116′分成两道光束128和130。平移镜118′通过致动器120′平移,改变光束128的光路长度。因此,在两道激光束128和130的重叠区域之间,在衬底104上生成干涉模式122,而该模式的相位通过改变光束之一的光路长度128而改变(即,通过使用平移反射镜118’调制光束128的光相位)。
如图2A所示,IPGM 112和113根据本文的实施例以模块形式实施,而IPGM产生对应于k空间点共轭对的干涉模式。根据本文的实施例,这种IPGM和k空间点之间模块化一对一关系极大地为SAO简化了硬件设计过程。随着为SAO所采用的选择性激发模式的数量发生增减,所述SAO硬件通过模块化增减IPGM的数目便可改变。相反,传统的SAO装置未设有离散干涉模式生成模块,但设有一系列分裂光束,产生尽可能多的多的干扰。所述设计SAO装置的传统方法会产生未经优化的或冗余的模式,拖慢并弄乱SAO系统运行。
虽然图2A所示的这种实施方式因其简易而采用,但可在本发明的范围内采用各种其它方法。例如对于光束124、126、128、130之一或若干,可以调制其振幅、偏振、方向、和波长,以及(或除开)光振幅和相位,以改变激发模式122。此外,结构化照明可以相对于所述固定细胞进行简单平移,以改变激发模式。类似地,所述固定细胞也可以相对于结构化照明进行简单平移,以改变激发模式此外,可以使用不同类型的光学调制器作为平移反射镜118和118′的补充或替代,如声光调制器、电光调制器、由检流计和微电子机械系统(MEMS)调制的旋转窗口。此外,虽然在本文中,将图2A的结构化照明装置描述为使用激光器102作为相干电磁辐射照明源,SLD(超辐射发光二极管)等其它类型的相干电磁辐射源也可以用来代替激光器102。
另外,虽然图2A示出了利用四道光束124、126、128和130产生干涉模式122,但可以将源激光束分成两道以上的光束,采用数量更多的激光束。例如可以使用64道光束产生干涉模式122。此外,波束组合不受配对组合的限制。例如,三道光束124、126、128,或三道光束124、126、130,或三道光束124、128、130,或三道光束126、129、130,或所有四道光束124、126、128、130,都可以用来产生干涉模式122。典型情况是,采用基本光束组合(两束),是速度最大化的必然选择。另外,光束可以校准、辐合、或发散。虽然与图2A的具体实施方式不同,出于不同应用情况,使用多光束对产生干涉模式其它一般背景资料可参见(i)2000年1月18日向默梅尔斯坦签发的美国专利6016196,标题为“多波束对光学成像”,(ii)于2000年10月31日向默梅尔斯坦签发的美国专利6140660,标题为“光合成孔径阵列”,以及(iii)2003年4月15日向默梅尔斯坦签发的美国专利6548820,标题为“光合成孔径阵列”,所述美国专利均通过引用并入本文。
图2B示出了根据一个实施例的光照模式产生模块的内部结构。图2B的实施例在IPGM 150中设有旋转窗口160,位于反射镜162后方。出从光纤110的光束170经准直透镜154校准,平行光束144被分束器156分成两道光束173和174(或者,可以用自由光束架构将光束传给反射镜)。光束173被反射镜158反射,经反射的光束178被投影到成像目标,产生干涉模式180。光束174被反射镜162反射,经反射的光束176的光路长度经使用检流计而旋转的光学窗口160调制,从而调制对应光束176的光相位,并产生一道经调制的光束177。在两道激光束177和178的重叠区域之间生成干涉模式180,而该模式通过改变光束之一的光路长度177而改变。较之下面示出的图2A和图2C的实施例,将旋转窗口160置于反射镜162之后,宽度Wipgm和IPGM 150的尺寸可以缩减。因此,承托IPGM的半环形结构162可以采用比较紧凑的形制,因为IPGM的宽度Wipgm直接影响半环的半径。
图2C示出了根据另一实施例的光照模式产生模块的内部结构。图2A和2B的实施例中的IPGM可能产生在成像目标干扰点在和分束点(即,分束器)路径长度不等的两道光束。路径长度不相等(如果采用了相对较短的相干长度激光)会显著降低正弦对比度,还会将SAO系统的适用性限制在特定的波长(例如532纳米的绿色激光),因为具有特定波长的激光器只有少数有足够长的相干长度可以用于所述非相等路径IPGM得到较好的正弦对比度。较之图2A的实施例,图2C的实施例增设了折叠式反射镜来实现两道分割光束之间路径相等。激光束144由分束器156分成光束181和180。光束181被反射镜182反射,其光路长度由旋转窗口160进行调制,产生光束188。另一方面,光束180由两面反射镜184和187反射两次,产生反射光束189。光束188和189最终在成像目标形成干扰,产生选择性的激发模式。通过使用两面反射镜184和186,光路144-180-185-189配置出的长度与光路181-183-188的长度基本相等。该相等路径方案使得具有较短相干长度激光器能用于产生具有高对比度的干涉模式。此外,该相等路径方案使得SAO系统能与532纳米之外的波长配合使用,从而使得多色SAO可行。
图3示出了SAO一般方法。对成像目标102施加选择性激发(或照明)104,从成像目标102散射的交线或发出的荧光被光学成像106捕获。将一台照明装置配置为引起两道光束对成像目标102干涉,用该装置对成像目标102施加选择性激发104。激发目标102发射信号(或光子),而发射出的信号被由一个物镜和一个成像传感器(或成像器)组成的光学成像系统106所捕获。步骤408判定是否获取了对应2D正弦曲线激发模式所有M相位的图像。
如果在步骤408中没有获取对应2D正弦曲线激发模式所有M相位的图像,采取步骤402改变激发相位,对改变后的激发相位重复步骤104、106、408。如果在步骤408中获取了对应2D正弦曲线激发模式所有M相位的图像,则步骤410判定是否获取了对应于所有二维正弦励磁模式的图像。如果在步骤410中没有获取对应2D正弦曲线激发模式的所有图像,通过施加不同的空间频率(例如改变二维正弦波图案的间距和方位φ)改变激发模式,对下一个选择性激发模式重复步骤104、106、408、402、410、404。如果在步骤410中获取了对应2D正弦曲线激发模式的所有图像,则所捕获的图像发送给计算机实施步骤412(即SAO后处理)及可视化,从捕获的较低分辨率原始图像获取成像目标102的高分辨率图像114。如上所述,通过光学成像106捕获的原始图像的分辨率不足以解析成像目标102中的物体,而SAO后处理步骤412重构的高分辨率图像114具有足够的分辨率解板成像目标102中的物体。
“分辨率”是指测试样品/试样中可以由观察者或成像系统区分为两个独立实体的两个点之间的最短距离。就光学显微镜的分辨率推导出了若干方程式表达数值孔径、波长、和分辨率之间的关系:
分辨率(r)=λ7(2NA) (1)
分辨率(r)=0.61λ/NA (2)
分辨率(r)=1.22λ/(NA(obj)+NA(cond)) (3)
其中“r”是分辨率(两个物体之间的最小可分辨的距离),“NA”是显微镜数值孔径通用术语,“T”是成像波长,“NA(obj)”等于物镜数值孔径,而“NA(cond)”是冷凝器数值孔径。
显微镜物镜“数值孔径”是在固定物体距离下其采集光线并解析试样细节能力的衡量指标。
“视场”是光学显微镜中间平面上测量的视场直径,单位为毫米。“视场编号”,或“场号”,以毫米为单位,除以放大率得到实际视场。
图4示出了视场直径26mm光学显微镜的视场直径和面积表。
图5示出了光波长对固定数值孔径(0.95)分辨率的影响表。
使用本发明的方法成像的分子,其非限制性实例包括:信使核糖核酸(mRNA);长链非编码核糖核酸(lnc RNA);微核核糖核酸(snRNA);亚基因组核糖核酸(sgRNA);病毒核糖核酸;小干扰核糖核酸(siRNA);非编码核糖核酸(例如,tRNA和rRNA);转移信使RNA(tmRNA);微核糖核酸(miRNA);PIWI相互作用RNA(piRNA);小核仁核糖核酸(snoRNA);反义核糖核酸;双链核糖核酸(dsRNA)的;异构核核糖核酸(hnRNA);染色体(例如,通过染色体涂染);双链和单链脱氧核糖核苷酸(DNA);并入增殖细胞复制DNA链的BrdU或EdU;蛋白质;聚糖;小生物分子和非生物分子。
探针特异性结合目标分子的部分通常是:DNA或RNA分子(例如反义低聚物或聚合物);DNA或RNA类似物(例如非天然核苷酸包括物);抗体;或适体。探针的可检测部分通常是荧光基团。所述荧光基团的非限制性实例包括:氧杂蒽等荧光有机染料,(例如荧光素、罗丹明等)、花青、发光基团(例如镧系元素、螯合物、钌等)、香豆素、芘、氟化硼络合二吡咯甲川类染料和荧光素衍生物;半导体纳米晶体(量子点)、硅、金、和金属纳米颗粒等非有机发色团;DAPI,DRAQ-5和赫斯特33342等嵌入染料;绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)、黄色的FP,红色FP等可表达的荧光蛋白。
DNA或RNA类似物的非限制性实例包括能处理以下物质的类似物:精胺尾链;MGB;LNA;PNA;RNA 2′改性糖;酰胺化主链;吗啉代主链;硫代酸酯主链;以及TSQ染料调制器。
标记为荧光染料的核酸探针类型非限制性实例包括:辛格探针(多重标记);斯特拉瑞斯探针(单个标记);DOPE-FISH探针(双标记);MTR1P探针;荧光标记的BAC探针;FRET淬灭探针(如分子信标、线性FQ探针、Hyb探针);ECHO探针;染料标记的树形分子;触发荧光(例如库尔探针、连接活化);笼锁探针(例如照片触发FI);促荧光染料(例如化学活化-氧化、还原、酸、碱等)。
检测探针/目标分子复合物时,吸收来自同一光源发出不同光线波长后,探针通常会生成荧光信号同一光线波长。荧光信号之产生的非限制性实例包括适体淬灭及酶生荧光。所述信号也可也使用各种技术产生或扩增,技术包括但不限于:杂交捕获;滚环扩增;B-DNA;聚合酶链反应;以及酶生荧光。
如果探针改性后包含了与光相互作用的化学化合物,则可以使用化学缀合领域已知的任何合适的方法。这类方法的非限制性实例包括:通过亚磷酰胺、膦酸酯、三酯中间体等;点击化学(铜催化和无铜);Diels-Alder反应;施陶丁格连接;腙连接;肟连接;天然化学连接;四嗪连接;马来酰亚胺硫醇连接;活性酯胺连接;碳二亚胺(EDC)磷酸盐或羧基缀合。
在一方面,该方法被用于单个mRNA或mRNA集合成像。这种方法通常包括以下步骤:1)获取大量寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至一个或多个mRNA目标,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个单荧光标记,以提供一组单标记的寡核苷酸;2)获取样本制剂(例如包括若干活细胞的制剂);3)让该组单标记寡核苷酸与样本制剂相互作用,使得相当数量的单标记寡核苷酸在细胞内杂交至一个或多个mRNA目标,得到一组寡核苷酸-mRNA杂交产物;4)使用成像系统,将该组寡核苷酸-mRNA杂交产物成像而进行检测,所述成像系统包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO成像)或荧光偏振的装置,其通过单个检测步骤在至少为1×105平方微米的成像区域上提供优于450nm的分辨率(即,收集的单组数据,而无需改变任何检测设置(即,光学器件和摄像机都不移动))。
图6示出了使用标准荧光显微镜为一个mRNA或若干mRNA成像的一种方法以及本发明介绍的使用包含有能执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO成像)之装置的一个成像系统为一个mRNA或若干mRNA成像的相反方法。
该方法中为构建探针而使用的大量寡核苷酸通常包括至少30个不同的寡核苷酸。通常情况下使用40~60个寡核苷酸,一般使用48个。寡核苷酸中的核苷数目通常介于15和40之间。通常使用含有15-20、17-22和17-25个核苷的寡核苷酸。
通常使用合适的软件包设计探针的寡核苷酸,诸如Probe Designer。见www.singlemoleculefish.com。所述寡核苷酸可以通过任何适当的方法来合成,包括使用DNA/RNA自动合成器实现的固相合成。将荧光标记贴于寡核苷酸上从而形成探针,通常通过汇集若干寡核苷酸,然后在同一反应中将其分别耦合至一个单一的荧光团而完成。
在另一方面,该方法被用于对单个lnc RNA或lnc RNA集合成像。这种方法通常包括以下步骤:1)获取大量寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至一个或多个lnc RNA目标,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个或多个荧光标记,以提供一个或多个lnc RNA探针;2)获取样本制剂(例如包括若干活细胞的制剂);3)让所述一个或多个lnc RNA探针与样本制剂相互作用,使得相当数量的探针在细胞内杂交至一个或多个lnc RNA目标,得到一组探针-lnc RNA杂交产物;4)使用成像系统,将该组探针-lnc RNA杂交产物成像而进行检测,所述成像系统包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO成像)或荧光偏振的装置,其通过单个检测步骤在至少为1×105平方微米的成像区域上提供优于450nm的分辨率(即,收集的单组数据,而无需改变任何检测设置(即,光学器件和摄像机都不移动))。
在另一方面,该方法用于对单个snRNA或snRNAs集合成像。这种方法通常包括以下步骤:1)获取大量寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至一个或多个snRNA目标,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个或多个荧光标记,以提供一个或多个snRNA探针;2)获取样本制剂(例如包括若干活细胞的制剂);3)让所述一个或多个snRNA探针与样本制剂相互作用,使得相当数量的探针在细胞内杂交至一个或多个snRNA目标,得到一组探针-snRNA杂交产物;4)使用成像系统,将该组探针-snRNA杂交产物成像而进行检测,所述成像系统包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO成像)或荧光偏振的装置,其通过单个检测步骤在至少为1×105平方微米的成像区域上提供优于450nm的分辨率(即,收集的单组数据,而无需改变任何检测设置(即,光学器件和摄像机都不移动))。
在另一方面,该方法被用于将单个染色体整体或部分成像。这种方法通常包括以下步骤:1)获取大量寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至目标染色体一个或多个部位,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个或多个荧光标记,以提供一个或多个染色体探针;2)获取样本制剂(例如包括若干活细胞的制剂);3)让所述一个或多个染色体探针与样本制剂相互作用,使得相当数量的探针在细胞内在染色体目标杂交至一个或多个部位,得到一组探针-染色体杂交产物;4)使用成像系统,将该组探针-染色体杂交产物成像而进行检测,所述成像系统包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO成像)或荧光偏振的装置,其通过单个检测步骤在至少为1×105平方微米的成像区域上提供优于450nm的分辨率(即,收集的单组数据,而无需改变任何检测设置(即,光学器件和摄像机都不移动))。
在另一方面,该方法用于通过将BrdU掺入到细胞的复制DNA链对细胞增殖成像。这种方法通常包括以下步骤:1)获取样本制剂(例如包括若干活细胞的制剂);2)对样本制剂提供若干数量的BrdU,用样本制剂培养所供BrdU一段时间,使大量所述BrdU掺入增殖细胞;3)以若干数量提供包含一个或多个荧光团的一种抗BrdU抗体至所述样本制剂,用该样本制剂培养所供抗体一段时间,使大量所述抗体结合至掺入复制DNA的BrdU中;4)使用成像系统对BrdU结合的抗体成像而进行检测,所述成像系统包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO成像)或荧光偏振的装置,其通过单个检测步骤在至少为1×105平方微米的成像区域上提供优于450nm的分辨率(即,收集的单组数据,而无需改变任何检测设置(即,光学器件和摄像机都不移动))。
在另一方面,该方法用于通过将EdU掺入到细胞的复制DNA链对细胞增殖成像。这种方法通常包括以下步骤:1)获取样本制剂(例如包括若干活细胞的制剂);2)对样本制剂提供若干数量的EdU,用样本制剂培养所供EdU一段时间,使大量所述EdU掺入增殖细胞;3)在掺入的EdU和点击试剂可以发生反应的条件下提供若干数量的荧光标记叠氮基点击试剂;4)使用成像系统对EdU-点击试剂产物成像而进行检测,所述成像系统包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO成像)或荧光偏振的装置,其通过单个检测步骤在至少为1×105平方微米的成像区域上提供优于450nm的分辨率(即,收集的单组数据,而无需改变任何检测设置(即,光学器件和摄像机都不移动))。
本发明的方法提供了在细胞的细胞质和细胞核内将单个分子(例如mRNA、lncRNA、snRNA、染色体、包括BrdU或EDU的DNA链、蛋白质、聚糖、小分子)定量的手段。单个分子的图像以大于450纳米、400纳米、350纳米、300纳米或250纳米的分辨率进行解析。通常情况下单个分子以小于200纳米、150纳米或100纳米的分辨率进行解析。这些分辨率可以通过单个检测步骤在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上实现。在某些情况下,分辨率使用的成像区域至少为1×106平方微米、5×106平方微米、1×107平方微米或5×107平方微米。这些区域对应于百余或千余细胞的面积。
本发明的方法不要求一个或更多个荧光团有极高分子密度才能在较大视场上实现高分辨率。例如,单个分子的图像,经单个检测步骤在至少1×105平方微米、1×106平方微米、5×106平方微米、1×107平方微米、或5×107平方微米的成像区域以高于450纳米、400纳米、350纳米、300纳米、250纳米、200纳米、150纳米或100纳米的分辨率进行解析,即使视场的场荧光团密度为每平方微米少于10,000个分子。通常情况下是在视场的场荧光团密度为每平方微米少于1,000个分子、每平方微米少于100个分子、甚至每平方微米少于10个分子的情况下实现所述分辨率。
在上述讨论的面积中,该方法通常能够在一个单一检测步骤中检测至少1×102个不同的分子复合物,而其中所述复合物包含至少一根结合到目标分子的探针。在某些情况下,该方法可以在一个单一的检测步骤中检测出至少为1×103、1×104、1×105、1×106、1×107、1×108或1×109个不同分子复合物。
另外,关于上述讨论的领域,该方法通常能够在一个单一的检测步骤中对20个以上的细胞(以标准20倍物镜进行SAO成像)检测/成像。在某些情况下,该方法能够在一个单一的检测步骤中对50、100、150、200、250、或300个以上的细胞检测/成像。
该方法的另一个优点是,仪器物镜相隔较远,相对于标准60倍或100倍浸没透镜受(机械)限制的面积,能实现高分辨率图像。距离相隔较远加上该方法随之而有的大景深,便可以透过较厚基质聚焦,对所需区域成像。例如,该方法可以通过厚于0.1毫米的样品(例如塑料样品(COP)获取图像。在某些情况下,该方法可以通过厚于0.25毫米、0.50毫米、0.75毫米或1.0毫米的样品获取图像。
本发明的方法提供的量化手段包括几个不同的方面。可以在整个细胞样本中,在样本的不同细胞内,在样品的各个细胞的不同区域内将基因表达量化。可以相同细胞或不同的细胞内量化特定基因变化(例如单核苷酸多态性)或突变。也可以量化如下:多位点基因合成;遗传因子的易位;以及细胞增殖速率。
在某些情况下,在该方法中会同时使用不止一种类型的探针(即,多路复用)。对于特异性结合部位和化学检测部位,探针均为不同类型。作为非限制性的实例,一组以上的单独标记的寡核苷酸可以用于检测单个mRNA的方法,其中每组具有不同的荧光团作为其标签。使用不同的mRNA目标,就可以同时量化并比较两个、三个、四个或更多基因的表达。
本发明的方法提供的量化手段还不仅只是量化蜂窝区域内的分子复合物数量;该方法提供了手段量化分子复合物之间距离或被复合到采用复用的不同探针的染色体所在之区域之间的距离。可以测量络合物之间等于或小于450纳米、400纳米、350纳米、300纳米、250纳米、200纳米、150纳米或100纳米的距离。使用这种测量方法,可以量化单个染色体各部位间的距离或不同染色体所在区域之间的距离。这些测量类型可以阐明染色体的串拢,即,不同的染色体区域如何彼此影响基因表达等功能活性。
如上所议,本发明的方法可以用于获取关于基因的若干不同类型的信息(例如表达水平)。使用该方法检测的基因,其非限制性实例包括:ABL1;ABL2;ACSL3;AF15Q14;AF1Q;AF3p21;AF5q31;AKAP9;AKT1;AKT2;ALDH2;ALK;AL017;APC;ARHGEF12;ARHH;ARID 1 A;ARID2;ARNT;ASPSCR1;ASXL1;ATF1;ATIC;ATM;ATRX;BAP1;BCL10;BCL11 A;BCL1 IB;BCL2;BCL3;BCL5;BCL6;BCL7A;BCL9;BCOR;BCR;BHD;BIRC3;BLM;BMPR1A;BRAF;BRCA1;BRCA2;BRD3;BRD4;BRIP1;BTG1;BUB1B;C12orf9;C15orf21;C15orf55;C16orf75;C2orf44;CAMTA1;CANT1;CARD11;CARS;CBFA2T1;CBFA2T3;CBFB;CBL;CBLB;CBLC;CCDC6;CCNB1IP1;CCND1;CCND2;CCND3;CCNE1;CD273;CD274;CD74;CD79A;CD79B;CDH1;CDH11;CDK12;CDK4;CDK6;CDKN2A;CDKN2a(pl4);CDKN2C;CDX2;CEBPA;CEP1;CHCHD7;CHEK2;CHIC2;CHN1;CIC;CIITA;CLTC;CLTCL1;CMKOR1;COL1A1;COPEB;COX6C;CREB1;CREB3L1;CREB3L2;CREBBP;CRLF2;CRTC3;CTNNB1;CYLD;D10S170;DAXX;DDB2;DDIT3;DDX10;DDX5;DDX6;DEK;DICER1;DNM2;DNMT3A;DUX4;EBF1;ECT2L;EGFR;EIF4A2;ELF4;ELK4;ELKS;ELL;ELN;EML4;EP300;EPS 15;ERBB2;ERCC2;ERCC3;ERCC4;ERCC5;ERG;ETV1;ETV4;ETV5;ETV6;EVI1;EWSR1;EXT1;EXT2;EZH2;EZR;FACL6;FAM22A;FAM22B;FAM46C;FANCA;FANCC;FANCD2;FANCE;FANCF;FANCG;FBXO11;FBXW7;FCGR2B;FEV;FGFR1;FGFRIOP;FGFR2;FGFR3;FH;FHIT;FIP1L1;FLI1;FLJ27352;FLT3;FNBP1;FOXL2;FOXOIA;F0X03A;FOXP1;FSTL3;FUBP1;FUS;FVT1;GAS7;GATA1;GATA2;GATA3;GMPS;GNA11;GNAQ;GNAS;GOLGA5;GOPC;GPC3;GPHN;GRAF;H3F3A;HCMOGT-1;HEAB;HERPUD1;HEY 1;HIP 1;HIST1H4I;HLF;HLXB9;HMGA1;HMGA2;HNRNPA2B1;HOOK3;HOXA11;HOXA13;HOXA9;HOXC11;HOXC13;HOXD11;HOXD13;HRAS;HRPT2;HSPCA;HSPCB;IDH1;IDH2;IGH@;IGK@;IGL@;IKZF1;IL2;IL21R;IL6ST;IL7R;IRF4;IRTA1;ITK;JAK1;JAK2;JAK3;JAZF1;JUN;KDM5A;KDM5C;KDM6A;KDR;KIAA1549;KIF5B;KIT;KLK2;KRAS;KTN1;LAF4;LASP1;LCK;LCP1;LCX;LHFP;LIFR;LMOl;LM02;LPP;LRIG3;LYL1;MADH4;MAF;MAFB;MALT1;MAML2;MAP2K4;MDM2;MDM4;MDS1;MDS2;MECT1;MED 12;MEN1;MET;MITF;MKL1;MLF1;MLH1;MLL;MLL2;MLL3;MLLT1;MLLT10;MLLT2;MLLT3;MLLT4;MLLT6;MLLT7;MN1;MPL;MSF;MSH2;MSH6;MSI2;MSN;MTCP1;MUC1;MUTYH;MYB;MYC;MYCL1;MYCN;MYD88;MYH11;MYH9;MYST4;NACA;NBS1;NCOA1;NCOA2;NCOA4;NDRG1;NF1;NF2;NFE2L2;NFIB;NFKB2;NIN;NKX2-1;NONO;NOTCH1;NOTCH2;NPM1;NR4A3;NRAS;NSD1;NTRK3;NUMA1;NUP214;NUP98;OLIG2;OMD;P2RY8;PAFAH1B2;PALB2;PAX3;PAX5;PAX7;PAX8;PBRM1;PBX1;PCM1;PCSK7;PDE4DIP;PDGFB;PDGFRA;PDGFRB;PERI;PHF6;PHOX2B;PICALM;PIK3CA;PIK3R1;PIM1;PLAG1;PML;PMS1;PMS2;PMX1;PNUTL1;POU2AF1;POU5F1;PPARG;PPP2R1A;PRCC;PRDM1;PRDM16;PRF1;PRKAR1A;PR01073;PSIP2;PTCH;PTEN;PTPN11;RAB5EP;RAS51L1;RAF1;RALGDS;RANBP17;RAP1GDS1;RARA;RBI;RBM15;RECQL4;REL;RET;ROS1;RPL22;RPN1;RUNDC2A;RUNX1;RUNXBP2;SBDS;SDC4;SDH5;SDHB;SDHC;SDHD;SEPT6;SET;SETD2;SF3B1;SFPQ;SFRS3;SH3GL1;SIL;SLC34A2;SLC45A3;SMARCA4;SMARCB1;SMO;SOCS1;SOX2;SRGAP3;SRSF2;SS18;SS18L1;SSH3BP1;SSX1;SSX2;SSX4;STK11;STL;SUFU;SUZ12;SYK;TAF15;TALI;TAL2;TCEA1;TCF1;TCF12;TCF3;TCF7L2;TCL1A;TCL6;TET2;TFE3;TFEB;TFG;TFPT;TFRC;THRAP3;TIF1;TLX1;TLX3;TMPRSS2;TNFAIP3;TNFRSF14;TNFRSF17;TNFRSF6;TOPI;TP53;TPM3;TPM4;TPR;TRA@;TRB@;TRD@;TRIM27;TRIM33;TRIP11;TSC1;TSC2;TSHR;TTL;U2AF1;USP6;VHL;VTI1A;WAS;WHSC1;WHSC1L1;WIF1;WRN;WT1;WTX;WWTR1;XPA;XPC;XPOl;YWHAE;ZNF145;ZNF198;ZNF278;ZNF331;ZNF384;ZNF521;ZNF9;ZRSR2.
如果该方法的目标分子是mRNA,则目标mRNA的非限制性实例包括:CCNB1 mRNA、CENPE mRNA、AURKB mRNA、PLK1 mRNA、PLK4 mRNA、TAGLN mRNA、ACTG2 mRNA、TPM1 mRNA、MYH111 mRNA、DES mRNA、EIF1 AX
mRNA、AR mRNA、HSPD1 mRNA、HSPCA mRNA、K-ALPHA1 mRNA、MLL5 mRNA、UGT2B15mRNA、WNT5B5 mRNA、ANXA11 mRNA、FOS mRNA、SFRP1 mRNA、FN1 mRNA、ITGB8 mRNA、THBS2mRNA、HNT mRNA、CDH10 mRNA、BMP4 mRNA、ANKH mRNA、SEP4 mRNA、SEP7 mRNA、PTN mRNA、VEGF mRNA、SRY mRNA、EGR3 mRNA、FoxPl mRNA、FoxMl mRNA、TGCT1 mRNA、ITPKB mRNA、RGS4mRNA、以及BACE1 mRNA。
在某些情况下,本发明中的方法及相关的试剂盒用于核酸,蛋白质,抗体或半抗原的体内、体外及/或原位分析。此类核酸包括但不限于基因组DNA、染色体、染色体片段和基因(DNA-FISH)。用于分析核酸或蛋白质的方法,其非限制性实例包括:PCR;原位PCR;流式细胞术;荧光显微镜;化学发光;免疫组化;虚拟核型;基因检测;DNA微阵列(如阵列比较基因组杂交(阵列CGH));基因表达谱;基因ID;平铺排列;免疫荧光;FISSEQ(荧光原位测序);及原位杂交,如FISH、SISH,和CISH。
在某些其它情况下,本发明中的方法及相关的试剂盒用于染色体畸变的核酸体内、体外或原位分析。所述畸变的的非限制性实例包括:非整倍体;潜在断点;插入;反转;删除;复制;基因扩增;重排;和易位。所述畸变往往与正常状态或疾病(例如先天疾病、癌症或感染)相关联。
该方法的测试样本可以从任何合适的来源获取,包括但不限于,人类、动物或植物来源。
样本通常包括细胞,即可以从样本源(体外)除去,也可以保留在样本源中(体内)。例如,所述样本可来自组织活检、血液、尿液、粪便物、唾液和汗液。在某些情况下,样本固定至样本基质(例如切片,流动池,微孔板)。
本发明的方法用于诊断、监测和/或预测疾病或其他健康状况。例如,可以通过评估组织样本内的一个或多个特定基因的活性而诊断特定疾病(例如乳腺癌;结肠癌;前列腺癌;睾丸癌;感染;及阿尔茨海默氏病)。
在某种非限制性情况下,本发明提供了诊断先天性疾病、癌症、或与染色体畸变相关感染的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:从受试者获取组织,外来体或细胞样本,其中所述组织样本包含核酸序列;确定染色体畸变是否存在于所述核酸序列中;接下来,如果染色体畸变存在于所述组织、外来体或细胞样本中,诊断先天性遗传疾病、癌症或感染。所述组织、外来体或细胞样本通常源自哺乳动物(如人类)。
有关疾病诊断,该方法可以诊断在下列网站(就各方面而言,其通过引用而并入本文)所议疾病:
http://www.cdc.g0v/diseasesc0nditi0ns/az/a.html;
http://www.medicinenet.com/diseases_-
and conditions/alpha_a.htm;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_diseases;及
http://www.rightdiagnosis.eom/lists/#vmdefined。
可通过本发明的方法来诊断的癌症类型,其非限制性实例包括:膀胱癌;乳腺癌;结肠癌;直肠癌;子宫内膜癌;肾(肾和细胞)癌;白血病;肺癌;黑色素瘤;非霍奇金淋巴瘤;胰腺癌;前列腺癌;和甲状腺癌。
可以通过本发明的方法诊断的病毒疾病,其非限制性实例包括:禽流感(流感);艾滋病毒/艾滋病;A型肝炎;B型肝炎;丙型肝炎;甲型H1N1流感(猪流感);腺病毒感染;呼吸道合胞体病;鼻病毒感染;单纯疱疹;水痘(水痘);麻疹(风疹);德国麻疹(风疹);流行性腮腺炎(流行性腮腺炎);小痘(天花);疣川崎病;黄热病;登革热;病毒性肠胃炎;病毒性发烧;巨细胞病毒病;狂犬病;脊髓灰质炎;慢病毒病;以及虫媒病毒脑炎。对于前述疾病可检测/诊断出的病毒,其非限制性实例包括:腺病毒;柯萨奇病毒;爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒;A型肝炎病毒;乙型肝炎病毒;丙型肝炎病毒;1型单纯疱疹病毒;2型单纯疱疹病毒;巨细胞病毒;8型人类疱疹病毒;艾滋病毒;流感病毒;麻疹病毒;腮腺炎病毒;人乳头状瘤病毒;副流感病毒;脊髓灰质炎病毒;呼吸道合胞病毒;风疹病毒;和水痘-带状疱疹病毒。
可以利用本发明的方法来诊断的寄生虫病,其非限制性实例包括(离开寄主-例如狗、蠕虫,鸟类、植物、动物、人):棘阿米巴角膜炎;阿米巴病(溶组织内阿米巴等);蛔虫病(蛔虫);巴贝斯虫病;人类浣熊蛔虫病;南美锥虫病(枯西氏锥虫病);肝吸虫病;锥蝇属;隐孢子虫病;裂头绦虫病;龙线虫病(由几内亚蠕虫引起);包虫病;象皮;蛲虫病;肝片吸虫病;姜片;丝虫病;贾第虫病;颚口线虫病;膜壳绦虫病;钩虫;等孢球虫病;片山发热;利什曼病;疟疾(恶性疟原虫,间日疟原虫,疟原虫,卵形疟原虫,和诺氏疟原虫);后殖吸虫病;蝇蛆病;盘尾丝虫病;虱子;疥疮;血吸虫病;昏睡病;线虫;绦虫病(由囊虫病引起);弓蛔虫病;
弓形体病(弓形虫);旋毛虫病;及鞭虫病。可以利用该方法来检测的相关病原体,其非限制性实例包括:棘阿米巴;异尖线虫;蛔虫;肤蝇;结肠小袋纤毛虫;臭虫;绦虫纲(绦虫);恙螨;嗜人锥蝇;溶组织内阿米巴;肝片吸虫;贾第鞭毛虫;钩虫;利什曼原虫;锯齿舌形虫;肝吸虫;眼丝虫;并殖吸虫-肺吸虫;蛲虫;恶性疟原虫;血吸虫;粪类圆线虫;螨;绦虫;弓形虫;锥虫;鞭虫;以及班氏丝虫。
可以使用本发明的方法来检测的细菌,其非限制性实例包括:不动杆菌属;炭疽;弯曲杆菌;淋病;B群链球菌;肺炎克雷伯氏菌;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA);脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌;沙门菌、非伤寒血清型;志贺氏菌;肺炎链球菌;肺结核;伤寒;耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE);金黄色葡萄球菌/耐万古霉素金葡菌(VISA/VRSA)。
在其它非限制性情况下,本发明中的方法和相关试剂盒用于检测的RNA表达水平的变化-例如mRNA和其互补DNA(cDNA)。该等搭配可用于体外、体内、或原位样本(例如,哺乳动物的样本,如人类样本)。该等样本包括但不限于以下:骨髓涂片;血涂片;石蜡包埋的组织制剂;酶分离组织样本;骨髓;羊水;离心涂片制剂;以及印记。
在其它非限制性情况下,组织样本经固定、透化,用目标RNA特异、单标记的、与疾病相关的探针进行探测,并在至少为1×106平方微米的成像面积上进行分辨率450nm或以上(例如300纳米或150纳米)的SAO成像。
也可以使用本发明的方法进行预后测定(伴随诊断)。例如,可以运用FISH或改进的FISH技术检测ERG和ETV1基因重排,并测量PTEN基因损失。在PTEN基因存在或不存在的情况下,可以利用ERG/ETV1遗传畸变的程度作为指标判断化疗能否对前列腺癌患者起效。另,使用了本发明的方法的伴随诊断方法,其非限制性实例包括:确定更有可能对治疗剂有反应的病人的BRACAnalysis,如聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)抑制剂;评估前列腺癌侵袭力的细胞周期增殖;肿瘤细胞对多种癌症疗法的稳定性,以指示患者是否可能对治疗有反应。
本发明的方法也可以用于确定小分子或大分子对基因表达的活性。在此等情况下,在透化和浸入含有寡核苷酸探针的混合物之前,一个或多个小分子或大分子一般用细胞样本培育。之后,分子对基因表达的效果可以与某种疾病状态的潜在治疗活性关联起来。
本方法中采用的成像速度也能实现小分子和/或大分子高通量筛选(与它们对基因表达的作用有关)。通常,使用同一SAO成像系统,在24小时的期间内,至少可以进行筛选50个小分子(分子量小于1000克/米)和/或大分子(分子量大于1000克/米)。在某些情况下,可筛选100、150、200、250、300、350、400、450或500个小分子和/或大分子。
本发明的方法还可以用于基因条形码(例如DNA和RNA条形码)。通过这一方式,它可以作为一种诊断方法迅速认出、识别和发现各种物种。
实验方法
以下材料、仪器和一般方法为了说明本发明的方法之各个方面,决非意在以任何方式限制所公开的发明。
材料和仪器
低聚物探针通常使用合适的软件包进行设计,如Probe Designer,此软件可通过Biosearch Technologies公司从www.singlemoleculefish.com获取。所述探针可以通过合适的方法来合成,包括在自动DNA/RNA合成仪上合成,例如Biosearch 8700。
荧光团通常从其各家供应商处采购。该等荧光团的非限制性实例包括:和染料,它们可从Biosearch Technologies获取;Cy3、CY3.5、Cy5,它们可从Amersham获取;以及俄勒冈绿488和阿莱莎荧光488,可购自MolecularProbes。
欲将荧光标记贴至寡核苷酸,形成单标记探针,可汇集寡核苷酸并在单个反应中与到荧光团偶联,之后未偶联的寡核苷酸和剩余的游离荧光团通过HPLC纯化而除去。参见美国专利公开,编号2012/0129165(艾吉安拉吉等人)。
玻片可以从合适的供应商处采购。非限制性实例有Fisher的商品目录号12-518-103。
使用多个单标记探针的单个mRNA分子成像,通常使用由对目标探针-基因混合执行合成孔径光学功能(SAO)的系统完成例如,见国际公开号WO2011/116175。该系统的性能规格如下:分辨率-0.30微米;成像视场-0.83毫米×0.7毫米;工作距离-11毫米,景深-1.36微米,样本厚度-<2微米;Z型截面编号-1~3;目标介质-25毫米×75毫米基质(如,显微镜载玻片)。“分辨率”定义为532纳米激发波长和600纳米发射波长点扩散函数(PSF)的半值全宽(FWHM)。例如,通过使用四个光束,六个光束或10个光束传输分辨率增强分辨率。“成像FOC”乃是基于有20倍物镜放大倍数的sCMOS相机(16.6毫米×14毫米传感器尺寸)。
就SAO系统的配置而言,通常采用以下子系统和主要部件:光源-405纳米二极管激光器(100毫瓦),532纳米激光(1瓦,MPB/2RU-VFL-P-1000-532-R),642纳米激光(1瓦,MPB/2RU-VGL-P-1000-642-R);照明-光束扩展器/组合器(LSG),光学开关(莱尼/终端电阻1X4PM)或自由光束结构、模式发生器(LSG);成像-OBJ-20X/0.45NA(尼康MRH08230),相机-sCMOS(安道尔/DG152X-C0E-FI),滤光轮(10插槽,萨特/人字缝尖10-B),过滤器(西武实业),PI-FOC(PI/P-725.4CD);采样/存储-Z平台(电动,PI/P-736.ZR2S),XY平台(电动,PI/M26821LOJ),切片或35毫米皿样本架(PI/P-545.SH3);仪器控制-控制电路板(LSG),控制软件(LSG);数据分析/UI-分析软件(LSG);主机-台式计算机(戴尔/XPS8300);表-隔振表(纽波特/VIS3660-RG4-325A)。
实验方法
下方为是制备细胞样本方法之非限制性实例。见辛格实验室协议公布于网上www.singerlab.org/protocols。
溶液制备。盖玻片置于0.5%明胶中:将一盒盖玻片置于0.1N HC1煮沸20分钟消毒。用双蒸馏水(“DDW”)反复漂洗并洗涤盖玻片。称取明胶(1.0克),并加至200毫升DDW。将所得混合物进行搅拌并加热,至完全溶解。将经过灭菌的盖玻片移至明胶溶液中,并高压灭菌20分钟。10倍PBS原液:250微升的DEPC加至500ml的10倍PBS。将混合物搅拌以促溶解,然后高压灭菌。1摩尔MgCl2原液。称取MgCl2(20.3克)并加入至DDW。清洗液(PBSM):5毫升1摩尔MgCl2原液加入100ml 10倍PBS原液。将所得混合物用DDW稀释到1升。萃取(PBST):将5毫升的Triton X-100加入到100毫升10倍PBS原液。用DDW将所得混合物稀释至1升,并轻轻搅拌使其完全溶解。固色剂(4%PFA):向装有20%多聚甲醛股的10ml小瓶加入5毫升10倍PBS原液。用DDW将所得混合物稀释至50毫升。
细胞和样本制备。让细胞在标准条件下生长,并接种至培养皿中的糊化盖玻片上。执行饥饿和刺激等处理步骤。用冰冷的PBSM简单地洗涤细胞。在室温下于PBST中提取细胞进行60秒。用冰冷的PBSM简单地洗涤细胞两次。在室温下用PFA固定液将细胞固定20分钟。用冰冷的PBSM简单地洗涤细胞两次。固定盖玻片可以在4℃下存储在PBSM中待用。
以下为寡核苷酸探针杂交至目标mRNA方法的一个非限制性实例。见辛格实验室协议公布于网上www.singerlab.org/protocols。另见费米诺AM、费伊FS、福格蒂K和辛格RH。单个RNA原位转录之可视化。1998年。280:585-90,以及列夫斯基JM、谢诺伊SM、佩佐RC和辛格RH。2002年。单细胞基因表达图谱。《科学》。297:836-40。
溶液制备。清洗液(PBSM):5毫升1摩尔的MgCl2原液加至100毫升10倍PBS原液。将所得混合物用DDW稀释到1升。杂交前/后洗涤(50%甲酰胺/2倍SSC):向250毫升甲酰胺中加入50毫升20倍SSC的原液。用DDW将所得混合物稀释至500毫升。竞争型探针溶液(ssDNA/tRNA):向50份10毫克/毫升经剪切的鲑精DNA中加入50份10毫克/毫升的大肠杆菌tRNA。杂交缓冲液:向60微升DDW加入20微升BSA和20微升20倍SSC原液。低盐洗涤液(2倍SSC):向50毫升20倍SSC原液加入450毫升DDW。核染色溶液(DAPI):向100毫升10倍PBS原液中加入50微升10毫克/毫升的DAPI原液(通过向10毫克加至1.0毫升DDW从固体制备)。用DDW将所得混合物稀释至1升,摇动,溶解DAPI染色。安装介质:制备适当试剂盒的成分,如时延试剂盒(分子探针),或采用等效方法。
杂交步骤。彩色编码和多重转录检测之前进行杂交测试。使用两种颜色明亮的染料显示转录位点。随后,使用的染料组合将各基因随机配色,进行单个测试。使用镊子将固定盖玻片垂直放置于科普林氏缸。在室温下,所述固定的细胞进行复水,用PBSM洗涤10分钟。。让细胞在预杂交液中平衡10分钟。为待分析目标的各个不同组合,将寡核苷酸探针混合物的等分试样加入到试管。将超出100倍的竞争型溶液加入至探针混合物。
将混合物真空干燥。将干燥沉淀物混入10-甲酰胺,制成再悬浮液,将试管放于85℃的加热块上加热5-10分钟,然后立即置于冰上。将10微升的杂交缓冲液加入每根试管中,制成20微升的反应体积。玻璃片用封口膜包裹,留出反应发生的空间。在玻璃片上点滴若干份20微升的反应体积,彼此相距足够远,使盖玻片覆盖时,各反应体积不相重叠。将盖玻片从预杂交溶液中撤下,吸走过量的液体。将每片盖玻片细胞朝下对着点滴至玻璃片的杂交混合物,放置于玻璃片上。用另一层封口膜包裹在玻璃片和盖玻片上进行密封,供其反应。将玻璃片置于37℃下培养3个小时,杂交后用足量的预杂交液洗涤盖玻片两次。揭走顶层封口膜,揭起下层封口膜,撤下盖玻片。盖玻片放回有预热洗涤剂的科普林缸,在37℃下培养20分钟。洗涤剂发生变化,重复20分钟。用2倍SSC便溶液发生改变,在室温下培养十分钟。用PBSM便该溶液发生改变,在室温下培养十分钟。通过用制备DAPI的改变溶液并在室温下培养1分钟,将所述核用对比染色剂涂染,然后用PBSM洗涤。所述PBSM被改变,在室温下保持待用。用新制抗褪色封固剂将每片盖玻片细胞朝下盖至载玻片。吸走过量液体,并且将载玻片储存于-20℃下。
按上述方法,用SAO系统检测寡核苷酸探针-目标mRNA杂交体。
量化TOP1 mRNA。用FISH在A549细胞中分析TOP1(拓扑异构酶(DNA)1)的基因显现,用SAO系统(20倍)成像/量化。SAO成像条件如下:500毫瓦主电源(532纳米);每帧500毫秒曝光。SAO图象的一部分如图7所示。图像包括大约100个细胞,mRNA在以亮/白/绿点呈现。在图像内采样20个细胞,得到以下的mRNA计数:56;59;58;54;69;60;63;54;74;65;95;52;60;85;66;67;46;36;65;53。图8显示了TOP1 mRNA之SAO图像感兴趣区之选择,包括有基于斑点强度和质量的选择过程。
量化HER2mRNA.用FISH在MCF7细胞(人乳腺癌细胞系)分析HER2的基因显现,用SAO系统(20倍)成像/量化。SAO成像条件如下:500毫瓦主电源(532纳米);每帧500毫秒曝光。结果示于图9。图像右上角的细胞超过100个,mRNA的图像显示为亮/白点。其他的图片为剖面,示出大约20个细胞。对采样20细胞,得到以下计数:62、61、71、97、74、66、69、48、58、87、37、92、103、80、90、21、37109、57、122(平均72)。
量化FKBP5mRNA。用FISH在A549细胞(人肺腺癌细胞系)分析FKBP5的基因显现。图10示出了标准荧光显微镜(60倍/1.41 NA0.1油)下的两份图像。标有“减地塞米松”的图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松(大约13个细胞)进行上调之前的细胞;标有“加地塞米松”图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松8小时(约14细胞)后的细胞。体型较大的,大致呈椭圆形的结构是细胞核,细胞核中及周围亮/白点为检测到的单个分子。图11显示了使用包括SAO成像装置(20倍)的系统而得到的两份图像(所得完整图像的1/10)。
标有“减地塞米松”的图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松(50个细胞以上)进行上调之前的细胞;标有“加地塞米松”图像显示了加入24纳米的地塞米松8小时(50细胞以上)后的细胞。体型较大的,大致呈椭圆形的结构是细胞核,细胞核中及周围亮/白点为检测到的单个分子。
Claims (29)
1.一种对一个或多个分子复合物成像的方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)将测试样品暴露给一个或多个探针,其中所述一个或多个探针包含特异结合至一个或多个靶分子的第一部分,以及因与以一个或多个波长的光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团而可检测的第二部分,其中所述一个或多个探针与一个或多个靶分子结合,形成一个或多个分子复合物,以及其中所述测试样品具有至少1×105平方微米的区域;
b)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到所述测试样品上,由此产生一个或多个激发的复合物;
c)与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光,使用包括一个物镜和一个成像传感器或成像器的光学成像系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的测试样品区域上生成从一个或多个激发的复合物发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供一个或多个复合物的图像;
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于图像是使用包含执行合成孔径光学功能的装置之系统而得到。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其特征在于所靶向的分子选自一组靶向分子团,该靶向分子团包括若干mRNA、若干lnc RNA,若干snRNA,一个染色体,一个包含BrdU的DNA链,一个包含EdU的DNA链、一个蛋白质和一个小分子。
4.根据权利要求2的方法,其特征在于所述化学基团选自包括荧光有机染料、量子点、嵌入剂荧光染料和可表达的荧光蛋白的一组荧光化合物。
5.根据权利要求2的方法,其特征在于所述测试样品的区域是至少为1×106平方微米。
6.一种单分子成像方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)将测试样品暴露给探针,其中所述探针包含特异结合至靶分子的第一部分,以及经过改性而包含与一个或多个波长的光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团的第二部分,其中所述探针与靶分子结合,形成复合物;
b)将所述探针的所述第二部分改性而包括与光相互作用的一个或多个化学基团;
c)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到所述测试样品上,由此产生一个或多个激发的复合物;
d)与所述一个或多个化学基团相互作用的光,使用包括一个物镜和一个成像传感器或成像器的光学成像系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的测试样品区域上生成从一个或多个激发的复合物发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供一个或多个单分子的图像,
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其特征在于图像是使用包含执行合成孔径光学功能的装置之系统而得到。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其特征在于所述探针的所述第二部分利用选自一组化学反应的一类化学反应而改性,而该组化学反应包括:点击化学;狄尔斯-阿尔德反应;施陶丁格连接;肼连接;肟连接;天然化学连接;四嗪连接;马来酰亚胺硫醇连接;主动胺酯连接;碳化二亚胺磷酸盐结合;以及羧基结合。
9.根据权利要求7的方法,其特征在于所靶向的分子选自一组靶向分子团,该靶向分子团包括若干mRNA、若干lnc RNA,若干snRNA,一个染色体,一个包含BrdU的DNA链,一个包含EdU的DNA链、一个蛋白质和一个小分子。
10.根据权利要求7的方法,其特征在于所述成像区域至少为1×106平方微米。
11.一种mRNA成像方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)获取大量寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至一个或多个mRNA目标,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个单荧光标记,以提供一组单标记寡核苷酸;
b)获取样本制剂;
c)使该组单独标记寡核苷酸与包括若干活细胞的样本制剂相互作用,使得相当数量的单标记寡核苷酸杂交至细胞内的一个或多个mRNA目标,以提供一组寡核苷酸-mRNA的杂交产物;
d)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到所述杂交产物上,由此产生一个或多个激发的杂交产物;
e)使用包含执行合成孔径光学功能的装置之系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上生成从一个或多个激发的杂交产物发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供该组寡核苷酸-mRNA杂交产物的图像,
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
12.根据权利要求11的方法,其特征在于所述成像区域至少为1×106平方微米。
13.根据权利要求11的方法,其特征在于视场内荧光团的密度为小于每费拉1000个分子。
14.根据权利要求11的方法,其特征在于所述mRNA目标的来源mRNA团包括:CCNB1mRNA、CENPE mRNA、AURKB mRNA、PLK1 mRNA、PLK4 mRNA、TAGLN mRNA、ACTG2 mRNA、TPM1mRNA、MYH111 mRNA、DES mRNA、EIF1AX mRNA、AR mRNA、HSPD1 mRNA、HSPCA mRNA、K-ALPHA1mRNA、MLL5 mRNA、UGT2B15 mRNA、WNT5B5 mRNA、ANXA11 mRNA、FOS mRNA、SFRP1 mRNA、FN1mRNA、ITGB8 mRNA、THBS2 mRNA、HNT mRNA、CDH10 mRNA、BMP4 mRNA、ANKH mRNA、SEP4 mRNA、SEP7 mRNA、PTN mRNA、VEGF mRNA、SRY mRNA、EGR3 mRNA、FoxPl mRNA、FoxMl mRNA、TGCT1mRNA、ITPKB mRNA、RGS4 mRNA、和BACE1 mRNA。
15.一种lncRNA成像方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)获取一个或多个寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至一个或多个lnc RNA目标,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个或多个荧光标记,以提供一个或多个lnc RNA探针;
b)获取包括若干活细胞的样本制剂;
c)使一个或多个lnc RNA探针与样本制剂相互作用,使大量所述探针杂交至细胞内一个或多个lnc RNA目标,以得到一组探针-lnc RNA杂交产物;
d)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到所述杂交产物上,由此产生一个或多个激发的杂交产物;
e)使用包含执行合成孔径光学功能的装置之系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上生成从一个或多个激发的杂交产物发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供该组探针-lnc RNA杂交产物的图像,
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
16.根据权利要求15的方法,其特征在于所述成像区域至少为1×106平方微米。
17.根据权利要求15的方法,其特征在成像区域内荧光团的密度小于每微米1000个分子。
18.一种snRNA成像方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)获取一个或多个寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至一个或多个snRNA目标,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个或多个荧光标记,以提供一个或多个snRNA探针;
b)获取包括若干活细胞的样本制剂;
c)使一个或多个snRNA探针与样本制剂相互作用,使大量所述探针杂交至细胞内一个或多个snRNA目标,以得到一组探针-snRNA杂交产物;
d)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到所述杂交产物上,由此产生一个或多个激发的杂交产物;
e)使用包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能之装置的成像系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上生成从一个或多个激发的杂交产物发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供该组探针-snRNA杂交产物的图像,
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于所述成像区域至少为1×106平方微米。
20.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在成像区域内荧光团的密度小于每平方微米1000个分子。
21.一种染色体整体或部分成像方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)获取一个或多个寡核苷酸,其能够杂交至目标染色体内一个或多个部位,其中各寡核苷酸包括一个或多个荧光标记,以提供一个或多个染色体探针;
b)获取包括若干活细胞的样本制剂;
c)使一个或多个染色体探针与样本制剂相互作用,使大量所述探针杂交至细胞内染色体目标一个或多个部位,以得到一组探针-染色体杂交产物;
d)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到所述杂交产物上,由此产生一个或多个激发的杂交产物;
e)使用包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能之装置的成像系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上生成从一个或多个激发的杂交产物发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供该组探针-染色体杂交产物的图像,
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
22.根据权利要求21的方法,其特征在于所述成像区域至少为1×106平方微米。
23.根据权利要求21的方法,其特征在成像区域内荧光团的密度小于每平方微米1000个分子。
24.一种将BrdU掺入细胞的复制DNA链而对细胞增殖成像的方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)获取包括若干活细胞的样本制剂;
b)对样本制剂提供若干数量的BrdU,用样本制剂培养所供BrdU一段时间,使大量所述BrdU掺入增殖细胞;
c)以若干数量提供包含一个或多个荧光团的一种抗BrdU抗体至所述样本制剂,用该样本制剂培养所供抗体一段时间,使大量所述抗体结合至掺入复制DNA的BrdU中;
d)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到上结合BrdU的抗体,由此产生一个或多个激发的结合BrdU的抗体;
e)使用包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能之装置的成像系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上生成从一个或多个激发的结合BrdU的抗体发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供所述结合BrdU的抗体的图像,
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
25.根据权利要求24的方法,其特征在于所述成像区域至少为1×106平方微米。
26.根据权利要求24的方法,其特征在成像区域内荧光团的密度小于每微米1000个分子。
27.一种将EdU掺入细胞的复制DNA链而对细胞增殖成像的方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)获取包括若干活细胞的样本制剂;
b)对样本制剂提供若干数量的EdU,用样本制剂培养所供EdU一段时间,使大量所述EdU掺入增殖细胞;
c)在掺入的EdU和点击试剂可以发生反应的条件下提供若干数量的荧光标记叠氮基点击试剂;
d)产生多个相互相干的激光束,其中所述激光束的干扰产生干涉模式,以及其中所述干涉模式投射到EdU-点击试剂上,由此产生一个或多个激发的EdU-点击试剂;
e)使用包括一个执行合成孔径光学功能之装置的成像系统检测与所述光的一个或多个波长相互作用而形成的结果,以高于450纳米的分辨率在至少1×105平方微米的成像区域上生成从一个或多个激发的杂交产物发射的一个或多个信号,从而提供所述EdU-点击试剂的图像,
其中所述检测在一个单一检测步骤中进行,而无需改变任何检测设置。
28.根据权利要求27的方法,其特征在于所述成像区域至少为1×106平方微米。
29.根据权利要求27的方法,其特征在成像区域内荧光团的密度小于每平方微米1000个分子。
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WO2018170518A1 (en) | 2017-03-17 | 2018-09-20 | Apton Biosystems, Inc. | Sequencing and high resolution imaging |
WO2019152539A1 (en) | 2018-01-30 | 2019-08-08 | Optical Biosystems, Inc. | Method for detecting particles using structured illumination |
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US8896683B2 (en) * | 2009-07-08 | 2014-11-25 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Device for forming a high-resolution image, imaging system, and method for deriving a high-spatial-resolution image |
US9465228B2 (en) * | 2010-03-19 | 2016-10-11 | Optical Biosystems, Inc. | Illumination apparatus optimized for synthetic aperture optics imaging using minimum selective excitation patterns |
US8502867B2 (en) * | 2010-03-19 | 2013-08-06 | Lightspeed Genomics, Inc. | Synthetic aperture optics imaging method using minimum selective excitation patterns |
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