CN105008044A - 具有催化活性的核壳颗粒 - Google Patents
具有催化活性的核壳颗粒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105008044A CN105008044A CN201380063296.5A CN201380063296A CN105008044A CN 105008044 A CN105008044 A CN 105008044A CN 201380063296 A CN201380063296 A CN 201380063296A CN 105008044 A CN105008044 A CN 105008044A
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 title description 11
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 cobalt amine compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- YOWAEZWWQFSEJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxalin-2-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC(N)=CN=C21 YOWAEZWWQFSEJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 150000002196 fatty nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNIOPGDIGTZGOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitroglycerin Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O SNIOPGDIGTZGOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZUKQRSUJLZCFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ti].O=[Si]=O Chemical compound [Ti].O=[Si]=O SZUKQRSUJLZCFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021028 berry Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009739 binding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229960003711 glyceryl trinitrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002173 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011824 nuclear material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
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- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/04—Alumina
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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Abstract
本发明涉及新颖的核壳颗粒,其包含氧化铝核和氧化钴壳,其特征在于它们是球形的,其中通过TEM测量的数均直径为10-30nm。本发明也涉及制备这些核壳颗粒的方法及其在制备催化剂中的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及新颖的包含氧化铝核和氧化钴壳的核壳颗粒,其特征在于这些颗粒是通过TEM测量的数均直径为10-30nm的球形。本发明也涉及制备这些核壳颗粒的方法和它们在制备催化剂中的用途。
背景技术
Fischer-Tropsch工艺通常包括第一步骤,其在于将碳源(例如煤炭、天然气或生物质)与氧源(例如蒸汽、空气或氧气)反应以形成一氧化碳和氢气的混合物,通常称为合成气。然后进行第二步骤,其包括将合成气与Fischer-Tropsch催化剂接触,其导致烃和水。Fischer-Tropsch反应的主要产物是直链烯烃和烷烃和水。众所周知,所产生的烃的性质和它们的链长可以根据所使用的工艺条件和催化剂而变化。第三步骤包括异构化第二步骤中所形成的烃以生成更有价值的产物。例如,可以裂解产物中较长的链以形成柴油或气油范围中的产物,且可以将直链烷烃异构化以改进柴油产物性质,例如浊点和倾点。通常,合适的加氢处理催化剂用于该第三步骤。
上述工艺的第二步骤中所使用的典型催化剂通过用粒径为10-20nm的金属例如钴捏炼或浸渍由氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、碳化硅、碳或其混合物制成的载体来制备。
它们具有大部分催化性金属的缺点,所述催化性金属在催化剂颗粒内部,不参与催化过程。因此存在催化性金属的浪费,这在经济上是不利的,尤其是钴的情况下,其是相当昂贵的催化性金属。为了克服该缺点,本发明人预期了利用包含在比钴便宜的材料中的核和钴壳的核壳颗粒。这些颗粒包含比已知的催化剂低得多的钴含量,同时接近相同的催化活性。
包含具有核壳结构的颗粒且据说对于Fischer-Tropsch反应具有选择性的钴基催化剂已经公开于US-7,361,626。这种催化剂可通过以下工艺制备。首先通过所谓的“一层一层”(或“LBL”)方法将氧化锌层施加于氧化的核材料(通常是氧化铝)的表面上,以获得核壳支撑物。然后通过浸渍或沉积-沉淀将催化活性的物质例如钴添加至该核壳支撑物。此后,锻烧和氢化由此产生的颗粒以产生金属基催化剂。该方法包括若干步骤并使用表面活性剂以将氧化锌层固定至化学惰性的铝核,这增加了其成本。此外,由此获得的核壳颗粒可被描述为具有涂覆了大的钴微晶的核壳支撑物。因此,它们不允许降低催化剂颗粒的钴含量,这不是设计这些耐磨颗粒的目的。此外,这些颗粒的粒径可能不利于由其制备的催化剂的活性和选择性。
因此,存在提供简单和成本经济的方法来制备核壳颗粒的需要,所述颗粒的尺寸可以易于控制且所述颗粒可用于制备对于Fischer-Tropsch反应具有良好选择性和良好生产率的催化剂。
这种需要已经通过涉及将碳酸钴均匀沉积-沉淀到氧化铝纳米颗粒上的新颖方法来满足。该方法导致特定的具有核和壳的纳米颗粒,所述核由氧化铝纳米颗粒组成,所述壳包含钴。据发明人所知,这些颗粒之前从未描述过。
沉淀-沉积法已经应用于US-7,851,404和US 2007/270514中以制备钴基催化剂。在这些文献中,将通过在碱性条件下分解钴胺复合物而获得的钴化合物沉积在粉末或成型的粒状材料形式的载体颗粒上,或沉积在二氧化钛涂覆的氧化铝上。载体核心的平均直径为几微米且对于钴微晶尺寸没有提供信息。US 2007/270514中钴层的厚度为5到250μm。已在以下实施例中表明根据钴质量,仍可以改进这些催化剂的生产率。
包含选自氧化铁、铜和二氧化硅的载体材料的核的其他核壳纳米颗粒已分别公开于EP 2530125、Nachal D.Subramanian等,CatalysisScience&Technology,第2卷,第3期,January 2012和CN 101 954 256中。在这些文献的第二个中,需要氧化核壳颗粒以去除在它们的合成中使用并结合至纳米颗粒表面的表面活性剂。由此产生的纳米颗粒显示多面体样形态,其中核心中的一些铜扩散到纳米颗粒的表面。
发明简述
因此,一方面,本发明涉及制备球形核壳颗粒的方法,包括由以下组成的连续步骤:
(a)将钴盐与(i)碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵或氨基甲酸铵和(ii)水中的氢氧化铵混合,以获得包含钴胺复合物的水溶液;
(b)在添加初级粒径小于100nm的氧化铝颗粒之前、同时或之后将所述水溶液加热到40-90℃的温度,以将碳酸钴沉淀在氧化铝初级颗粒的表面上,以获得具有氧化铝核和碳酸钴壳的核壳颗粒;
(c)任选回收、洗涤和/或干燥所述沉淀物;
(d)将所述核壳颗粒的壳中的碳酸钴转化为氧化钴。
应理解上述方法可以包含其他初步、中间或随后的步骤,只要它们不削弱所获得的核壳颗粒的结构和性质。
另一方面,本发明涉及可根据上述方法获得的核壳颗粒,其包含氧化铝核和氧化钴壳,其特征在于它们是球形的,其中数均直径为10-30nm、优选10-20nm。
应注意本说明书中提及的所有粒径均通过TEM(透射式电子显微镜)来测量。
又一方面,本发明涉及包含如上定义的核壳颗粒的催化剂,所述催化剂包埋于包含载体材料的纳米颗粒的载体中。
表达“纳米颗粒”是指通过TEM测量的数均直径低于100nm、优选低于30nm、更优选低于20nm和典型地为5-15nm的颗粒。
又一方面,本发明涉及根据以下连续步骤使用所述核壳颗粒制备活化催化剂:
-将本发明的核壳纳米颗粒与载体材料的纳米颗粒和水混合以获得浆料,
–匀化和干燥所述浆料以获得多孔催化剂且任选成形所述催化剂,
-还原所述催化剂以将氧化钴至少部分地转化为元素钴。
仍然另一方面,本发明涉及所述活化催化剂的用途。
本发明方法允许在经济的条件下制备尺寸定制的核壳纳米颗粒,尤其是因为它仅包含少数合成步骤,其全部使用标准的低成本化学制品且没有产生应进一步处理的危险的副产物或污染水。该方法形成提供有仅为几纳米厚的钴外层的纳米颗粒。因此,包含于这些颗粒中的大部分钴是表面钴,其完全参与催化反应。
发明详述
现在将进一步详细描述本发明。在以下说明书中,表达“-”应理解为指明所确定的值的范围,包括下限和上限。
本发明用于制备核壳颗粒的新方法主要包括将碳酸钴壳沉淀在由氧化铝纳米颗粒组成的核周围。
具体地,在该方法的第一步骤中,将钴盐与碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵或氨基甲酸铵和水中的氢氧化铵混合,以获得包含钴胺复合物[Co(NH3)6]2+的水溶液。在钴盐中,可以使用任何无机盐,但二价阴离子盐例如碳酸盐是优选的。该步骤可以在15-30℃、优选20-25℃的温度下进行,通常在搅拌下,将钴盐简单溶于水性氢氧化铵中的碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵或氨基甲酸铵溶液。这些反应物的含量优选应该使得所述混合物的pH为7.5-10、优选9-10。钴盐可以占溶液的0.5-10wt.%、优选1-8wt.%、更优选3-7wt.%。由此获得的溶液优选每升包含0.1-2.5摩尔的钴胺复合物。
可以过滤该溶液以去除将不会溶解的任何可能的钴盐残余物。
然后在40-90℃、优选50-70℃的温度下加热该溶液。将包含基本上为球形且初级粒径小于100nm、优选小于30nm、更优选小于20nm、典型地为5-15nm的纳米颗粒的氧化铝在加热步骤期间、之后、或优选之前添加至该溶液。这些颗粒的表面积可以为约80-120m2/g。它们可以以聚集体形式使用,所述聚集体在搅拌下将容易崩解成水溶液中的初级颗粒,例如由EVONIK以商品名Alu-C销售的产品。这些颗粒的添加通常在搅拌溶液例如通过机械搅拌的情况下进行。在方法的该步骤中,可以添加至少一种其他的金属盐,尤其是催化促进剂例如铂、锰或钌的盐及其混合物。
氧化铝与钴的原子比可以按需调节,且例如可以为100:1-1:3,优选1:1-1:2。所形成的浆料可以在上述温度下保持2到72小时,优选12到36小时。这种加热导致氨和二氧化碳的蒸发,因此导致pH降低,这本身引起钴胺复合物分解为碳酸钴。后者沉淀在因此作为成核剂的氧化铝颗粒的表面上。
尽管不是必需的,随后可以通过任何适当手段例如通过过滤、离心或任何用于分离固体和液体的其他方法回收该沉淀物。随后,优选用10-40℃、例如10-30℃的水洗涤所述沉淀物。随后可以例如在100-150℃的温度下干燥所述沉淀物。
因此获得具有氧化铝核和碳酸钴壳的核壳颗粒。
然后处理这些核壳颗粒以将碳酸钴转化为氧化钴。这可通过在沉淀温度即50-90℃或优选50-70℃下长时间加热,或通过在250-600℃、优选300-500℃的温度下煅烧来实现。
由此获得的氧化性核壳颗粒具有球形,其通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)测量的数均直径为10-30nm,优选10-20nm。同样通过TEM测量的氧化钴壳的厚度为1-5nm,优选1-3nm。该厚度越低,与用于催化剂的常规钴颗粒相比,成本节省越高。通常,除了上述提及的促进剂(如果存在),本发明颗粒不包括氧化钴和氧化铝核以外的任何其他的金属氧化物。在需要这些促进剂的情况下,可以如上所解释的在其合成期间,或其合成之后,例如通过浸渍将它们添加至本发明纳米颗粒。
这些氧化钴/氧化铝纳米颗粒构成了催化剂前体,因为它们可用于制备加氢反应例如芳族或烯族化合物例如蜡、硝化甘油、腈或羰基化合物的加氢反应,例如将硝基苯转化为苯胺或将脂族腈转化为胺或将醛氢化为相应的醇所涉及的催化剂。它们也可以用于各种其他反应中,尤其是Fischer-Tropsch工艺中。这可以是将天然气转化为石油化合物的总体工艺的一部分,其中用于Fischer-Tropsch反应的氢/气一氧化碳气体混合物是由蒸汽转化天然气而形成的合成气。
不管使用它们的是哪一种反应,本发明纳米颗粒优选包含于相对于载体的总重量包含50-100%、优选90-100%的载体材料的纳米颗粒的载体中,以形成催化剂。所述载体材料可以与颗粒的核中使用的那些(即氧化铝)相同,或者可以不同。在后一种情况下,它可以选自二氧化硅;二氧化钛;活性炭;碳化硅;及其混合物。优选地,相同材料在所述方法的该步骤中同时用于颗粒的核和作为载体。该载体通常有利于在还原条件下保持核壳结构。此外,已经表明该特定载体通过烧结避免催化剂的钝化作用,其通常在将核壳纳米颗粒浸入与这些纳米颗粒弱结合的微米载体时发生。因此可通过将核壳纳米颗粒与载体材料的纳米颗粒优选在水存在下混合而降低烧结,以获得然后通过搅拌匀化的浆料。这确保了由该浆料制备的催化剂中钴的高分散性。存在于载体中的氧化性核壳颗粒最优含量可根据所需催化活性而改变。通常,存在于催化剂中钴的含量按重量计可以为催化剂的1-25%,例如按重量计催化剂的10-20%。钴的含量可以通过将适量的核壳颗粒添加至载体材料的纳米颗粒而容易地调节,而无需改变分散体的粒径和水平。
将上述浆料例如在30-90℃的温度下进一步干燥,这形成粉末形式的多孔催化剂,通常是中孔催化剂,其具有包埋于其结构内的氧化性核壳纳米颗粒。该催化剂可通过喷雾干燥、制粒、(轮)压、挤出或在金属支撑体上如在金属丝上应用来成型或形成。优选将其成型为小球。
任选的成形之后,通常将催化剂活化,即通过将其与氢接触、任选用惰性气体例如氮气、典型地在约300-800℃、优选300-400℃的温度下还原,以将氧化钴转化为元素钴。优选地,活化催化剂中总钴的至少70wt.%将为元素状态。
随后活化催化剂可用作浆料催化剂或优选用作固定床催化剂。例如,如果开发为进行Fischer-Tropsch反应,该催化剂可用于固定床反应器,尤其是多管状的固定床反应器;流化床反应器,例如夹带的流化床反应器和固定的流化床反应器;和浆料床反应器例如三相浆料泡塔。
本发明将根据以下实施例来更好地理解,所述实施例仅为说明性目的提供,而不意欲限制如所附的权利要求所限定的本发明范围。
具体实施方式
实施例1:Co/Al2O3核壳颗粒的合成和表征
将77.3mL去矿质水和5.47g碳酸铵添加至30.5mL的25wt.%氨水溶液中。搅拌溶液,同时添加0.74g碳酸钴。溶液转变为暗红色之后,将其过滤,然后将0.18g氧化铝颗粒(ALDRICH提供的Aeroxide Alu-C,直径=13nm,比表面积=100m2/g)添加至包含由此形成的钴胺复合物的滤液中。利用油浴将反应混合物从室温加热至70℃,并在沉淀过程期间保持该温度。因此获得核壳颗粒的悬浮液。将颗粒悬浮液进一步在70℃下加热,以获得具有氧化铝核和主要由Co3O4组成、其中厚度大约为3nm的氧化钴壳的核壳颗粒。
然后将0.93g这些颗粒添加至1.65g用于核的相同的氧化铝中。通过添加相对于固体材料的100%的水将该混合物制备成浆料。然后将该浆料干燥并成型,以制备催化剂前体的小球。
由此获得的催化剂包含相对于催化剂总重量的20wt.%的钴。EDX线分析法揭示了颗粒的核壳结构。这些颗粒的HR-TEM表征显示氧化铝颗粒用3nm大小的氧化钴纳米颗粒装饰,以形成一种“浆果”。
实施例2:催化测试
通过将反应器在H2中加热至435℃(20l/h STP,3K/min)来还原实施例1的催化剂。将温度保持10小时。将还原的催化剂在氢气中冷却到室温。通过将反应器在转化率约10%的合成气中在30巴下加热至210℃约5小时并将反应器在这些条件下保持大约100小时来进行Fischer-Tropsch合成,以确保稳定状态。然后,将反应器加热至期望温度(230℃)并在测量前在新的参数下运行16小时。收集产物并在20-26小时的合成时间期间分析。
该催化剂显示非常优异的性能,其中对C5+烃的选择性为81%,对甲烷的选择性为10%,对烯烃的选择性为9%和对CO2的选择性仅为0.3%。此外,它的生产率是0.45gC5+/gcata/h,其中"gC5+"是指具有至少5个碳原子的烯烃的重量和"gcata"是指所用催化剂的重量。基于转化率、选择性和CO流动性所计算的生产率为0.52gC5+/gcata/h,即略高于观察值且与包含支撑于微米二氧化钛载体上的大量钴微晶(30-45wt.%)的常规催化剂的所计算的生产率相当。最后,实施例1的催化剂的基于钴质量计算的生产率为2.62gC5+/gCo/h和常规催化剂仅为1.96gC5+/gCo/h。
这些结果表明,与包含多得多的钴的常规钴基催化剂相比,本发明的新颖的核壳纳米颗粒允许制备在还原后具有在Fischer-Tropsch反应中类似的选择性和较高的生产率的催化剂。
Claims (8)
1.一种制备球形核壳颗粒的方法,包括由以下组成的连续步骤:
(a)将钴盐与(i)碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵或氨基甲酸铵和(ii)水中的氢氧化铵混合,以获得包含钴胺复合物的水溶液;
(b)在添加初级粒径小于100nm的氧化铝颗粒之前、同时或之后将所述水溶液加热到40-90℃的温度,以将碳酸钴沉淀在氧化铝初级颗粒的表面上,以获得具有氧化铝核和碳酸钴壳的核壳颗粒;
(c)任选回收、洗涤和/或干燥所述沉淀物;
(d)将所述核壳颗粒的壳中的碳酸钴转化为氧化钴。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(b)中的温度为50-70℃。
3.根据权利要求1和2任一项所述的方法,其特征在于钴盐占步骤(a)中溶液的0.5-10wt.%、优选1-8wt.%、更优选3-7wt.%。
4.可根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的方法获得的核壳颗粒,其包含氧化铝核和氧化钴壳,其特征在于它们是球形的,其中通过TEM测量的数均直径为10-30nm、优选10-20nm。
5.根据权利要求4所述的核壳颗粒,其特征在于通过TEM测量的氧化钴壳的厚度为1-5nm,优选1-3nm。
6.一种催化剂,其包含如权利要求4和5任一项所定义的核壳颗粒,所述核壳颗粒包埋于包含载体材料的纳米颗粒的载体中。
7.根据权利要求4和5任一项所述的核壳颗粒在制备活化催化剂中的用途,包括以下步骤:
-将所述核壳纳米颗粒与载体材料的纳米颗粒和水混合以获得浆料,
–匀化和干燥所述浆料以获得多孔催化剂且任选成形所述催化剂,
-还原所述催化剂以将氧化钴至少部分地转化为元素钴。
8.根据权利要求7所定义的方法获得的催化剂在Fischer Tropsch工艺或在氢化反应例如将硝基苯转化为苯胺或将脂族腈转化为胺或将醛氢化为相应的醇中的用途。
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CA (1) | CA2893482A1 (zh) |
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CN109718772A (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种负载型催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
CN109718783A (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种稳定的超细ft合成催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
CN109718774A (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
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CN104258896B (zh) * | 2014-07-24 | 2016-08-17 | 中国石油大学(华东) | 纳微尺度反应分离耦合多功能催化剂及其制备方法 |
DE102014215112A1 (de) * | 2014-07-31 | 2016-02-04 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Katalysators sowie Katalysator-Artikel |
CN105233880B (zh) * | 2015-11-11 | 2017-12-15 | 武汉凯迪工程技术研究总院有限公司 | 内芯式三叶草形催化剂载体及其制备方法和应用 |
CN105536811A (zh) * | 2015-12-22 | 2016-05-04 | 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 | 一种合成气制低碳烯烃的核壳型催化剂及制法和应用 |
WO2019171228A1 (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2019-09-12 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Catalyst and method related thereto for synthesis of hydrocarbons from syngas |
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US7176160B2 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2007-02-13 | Conocophillips Company | Method for forming a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst using a boehmite support |
JP5082187B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-06 | 2012-11-28 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 固体高分子型燃料電池用電極触媒粒子の製造方法 |
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US8071670B2 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2011-12-06 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Aqueous dispersions of polyvinylacetate and silica, processes for preparing the same, uses therefor and substrates coated and/or bonded therewith |
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CN101954265A (zh) * | 2009-07-15 | 2011-01-26 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | 一种钴纳米空心球的制备方法 |
CN101954256A (zh) | 2010-08-26 | 2011-01-26 | 常州亿晶光电科技有限公司 | 铝浆包装罐整体搅拌机 |
EP2530125A1 (en) | 2011-05-30 | 2012-12-05 | Total SA | Core-shell particles with catalytic activity |
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2012
- 2012-12-04 EP EP12306513.8A patent/EP2740534A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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- 2013-12-04 CN CN201380063296.5A patent/CN105008044A/zh active Pending
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109718772A (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种负载型催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
CN109718783A (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种稳定的超细ft合成催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
CN109718774A (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
CN109718783B (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2022-03-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种稳定的超细ft合成催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
CN109718772B (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2022-03-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种负载型催化剂及其制备方法和应用及费托合成方法 |
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EP2928596A1 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
US10005069B2 (en) | 2018-06-26 |
CA2893482A1 (en) | 2014-06-12 |
WO2014086812A1 (en) | 2014-06-12 |
US20160296914A1 (en) | 2016-10-13 |
AU2013354120B2 (en) | 2017-08-24 |
US20150306573A1 (en) | 2015-10-29 |
EP2740534A1 (en) | 2014-06-11 |
AU2013354120A1 (en) | 2015-06-18 |
EA031797B1 (ru) | 2019-02-28 |
US9468910B2 (en) | 2016-10-18 |
ZA201504075B (en) | 2016-11-30 |
EA201500608A1 (ru) | 2015-11-30 |
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