CN104992730A - Molten-salt nuclear reactor and airborne power system based on same - Google Patents
Molten-salt nuclear reactor and airborne power system based on same Download PDFInfo
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- CN104992730A CN104992730A CN201510413176.4A CN201510413176A CN104992730A CN 104992730 A CN104992730 A CN 104992730A CN 201510413176 A CN201510413176 A CN 201510413176A CN 104992730 A CN104992730 A CN 104992730A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
- G21C5/12—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by composition, e.g. the moderator containing additional substances which ensure improved heat resistance of the moderator
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
- G21C15/02—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices
- G21C15/04—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices from fissile or breeder material
- G21C15/06—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices from fissile or breeder material in fuel elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D5/00—Arrangements of reactor and engine in which reactor-produced heat is converted into mechanical energy
- G21D5/02—Reactor and engine structurally combined, e.g. portable
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a molten-salt nuclear reactor and an airborne power system. The molten-salt nuclear reactor comprises a graphite reactor shell, a chemical-salt treating tank, a molten-salt discharging tank and a reactor cooler for reactor cooling and nuclear-heat transferring, wherein the graphite reactor shell is internally provided with a graphite structure and a molten-salt cavity; the heated section of the reactor cooler extends into the graphite reactor shell; and the heat-releasing section of the reactor cooler is positioned at the outer part of an outer insulating layer. The airborne power system comprises the molten-salt nuclear reactor, a plurality of levels of thermal power units, a cooling system connected with the thermal power units in a matching manner, and a power balance system connected with the thermal power units in a transmission manner; and the heat-releasing section of the reactor cooler in the molten-salt nuclear reactor carries out heat exchange with the heat-source sections of the thermal power units by a high-temperature heater, and the molten-salt nuclear reactor, the thermal power units, the cooling system and the power balance system are respectively connected with a control adjusting device in a control manner. The molten-salt nuclear reactor and the airborne power system disclosed by the invention have the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency, good safety, small volume, simple structure and easy implementation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to nuclear heat and power conversion technical field, particularly relate to a kind of fuse salt nuclear reactor and the airborne power system based on fuse salt nuclear reactor.
Background technology
Current heat engine mainly adopts the high quality stone fuel such as gasoline, diesel oil, rock gas, coal gas or coal, and along with the development of social construction, the demand of each industrial circle to fossil fuel is continuous, especially be the automobile of direct driving force with fossil fuel, the current automobile pollution in the whole world breaks through 1,200,000,000, its carbon emission amount is huge, has brought serious greenhouse effect and photochemical pollution, and becomes the principal element of urban air pollution.
Fossil energy belongs to non-renewable resources, and existing oil and natural gas proven reserves only can for about mankind's half a century, and increasing Fossil fuel consumption not only brings the serious waste of resource, also causes even more serious energy crisis; People just urgently develop various new forms of energy to break away from the dependence to fossil energy, and this makes new energy technology obtain significant progress and progress.
Nuclear energy is the new forms of energy of the existing fossil energy of the most potential replacement, and in the country that nuclear energy uses rate is higher, its nuclear energy power generation amount accounts for the whole nation more than 75%; But what nuclear power plant adopted is the uranium-base fuel rod that abundance is higher, and nuclear reactor equipment is huge, and safe class requires high, is difficult to use in parasite power machine; And the general presurized water reactor adopting applicable commercial size application, its adopts water as the therrmodynamic system of working medium, and complex structure, pressure rating is high, and condenser is huge, is not also suitable for small power machine.
In order to solve the pollution problem of fossil fuel automobile, current every country is all carrying forward vigorously the development of electric automobile, and China 80% energy source is in coal-burning power plant, and existing employing electric power still consumes the fossil energies such as coal as the automobile essence of the energy.Adopt fuel oil shorter as the automobile voyage of the energy, once refuel and be generally no more than 700 kilometers; And being limited to the technical bottlenecks such as battery, electric automobile once charges and is generally no more than 300 kilometers.Therefore, the pollution problem that the consumption that the development of electric automobile is difficult to fundamentally solve fossil fuel brings with it.
Exploration automotive power in the aerospace project such as lunar exploration, Mars adopts solar panel to power, and nuclear energy is only for vehicle interior insulation, and exploration vehicle is limited to alternation round the clock, inefficiency.The hull-skin temperature of other celestial bodies such as the moon, Mars is very low, then there is total system freeze and the problem that cannot work according to water as the heat-carrying working medium of power system.
Therefore, in today that energy crisis is day by day approaching, miniaturization technology nuclear reactor being applicable to automobile etc. can not only very big alleviating energy crisis, is also of great immediate significance to day by day serious environmental problem.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of fuse salt nuclear reactor and the airborne power system based on fuse salt nuclear reactor, it has the advantage that energy conversion efficiency is high, security good, volume is little, structure is simple and be easy to realization.
The present invention is achieved like this, a kind of fuse salt nuclear reactor, it comprises graphite stack shell, chemical salt process tank, fused salt blowdown vessel and be from inside to outside wrapped in the alloy shell of graphite stack shell periphery successively, inner thermal insulating layer, steel shell and external thermal insulation, its structure is, it also comprises the reactor refrigeratory transmitted with nuclear heat for reactor cooling, be provided with graphite-structure in described graphite stack shell and hold the fuse salt chamber of fuse salt reactor core, the heating section of this reactor refrigeratory extend in graphite stack shell, the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory is positioned at the outside of external thermal insulation,
Described chemical salt process tank is all communicated with fuse salt chamber with fused salt blowdown vessel, and is also provided with freezing valve between fused salt blowdown vessel and fuse salt chamber.
The fuse salt cooling duct be communicated with fuse salt chamber is provided with in described graphite stack shell, fuse salt cooling duct is provided with pump for liquid salts, the heating section of described reactor refrigeratory to be entrenched in graphite stack shell and to be coiled in periphery, fuse salt cooling duct, and the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory is positioned at the outside of external thermal insulation.
Graphite-structure in described graphite stack shell is graphite column, and some graphite columns surround into fuse salt chamber, forms cooling chamber between graphite column and graphite stack shell inwall, and cooling chamber surrounds outside, fuse salt chamber and is connected with fuse salt chamber; The heating section of described reactor refrigeratory comprises the coil pipe be embedded in graphite stack shell and graphite column be interconnected.
The graphite rod of to be cross section the be semicircular structure of the graphite-structure in described graphite stack shell, fuse salt chamber and the fuse salt reactor core being positioned at fuse salt chamber are all positioned at the said cage-type space that two graphite rods are formed, and form cooling chamber between graphite rod and graphite stack shell inwall; The heating section of described reactor refrigeratory comprise be interconnected be embedded in outer coil pipe in graphite stack shell and graphite rod and inner coil pipe respectively, adjacent outer coil pipe and inner coil pipe form the oval structure around cooling chamber;
Described fuse salt nuclear reactor also comprises the gas outlet and salt adding pipe that are positioned at external thermal insulation outside, and described gas outlet is communicated with salt adding Guan Junyu fuse salt reactor core.
The radiation hardness alloy heat exchanger that described reactor refrigeratory is is working medium with hydraulic oil, fluoride salt or sodium-potassium eutectic, the heat release section of this reactor refrigeratory comprises heat release loop in parallel and pre-thermal bypass, working medium in pre-thermal bypass after primary heater heat exchange with heat release in heat release loop after working medium converge, be recycled the heating section of pump blowback reactor refrigeratory.
A kind of airborne power system based on fuse salt nuclear reactor, its structure is, it comprises above-mentioned fuse salt nuclear reactor, it also comprise some grades of thermodynamic conditions, with the supporting cooling system be connected of this thermodynamic conditions and the dynamic equilibrium system be in transmission connection with this thermodynamic conditions, in fuse salt nuclear reactor, the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory carries out exchange heat by the thermal source section of high temperature heater (HTH) and thermodynamic conditions, described fuse salt nuclear reactor, thermodynamic conditions, cooling system and dynamic equilibrium system all with regulating and controlling device control linkage.
Described thermodynamic conditions comprises expansion motive power machine, thermodynamic conditions regenerator, thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump, fluid reservoir and gas-liquid separation supercharger, high temperature refrigerant in thermodynamic conditions after the heat absorption of thermal source section place is successively through expansion motive power machine and the heat release of thermodynamic conditions regenerator, cryogenic fluid carries out supercharging gas-liquid separation in gas-liquid separation supercharger, liquid refrigerant is stored in fluid reservoir, pump into thermodynamic conditions regenerator by thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump again and carry out preheating, be finally transported in thermodynamic conditions through thermal source section place circulation heat absorption.
Described cooling system comprises thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory, cooler fan and cold wind air channel, and thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory is in parallel with gas-liquid separation supercharger.
Described dynamic equilibrium system comprises motor, power converter and accumulator, and described motor and expansion motive power machine are in transmission connection.
Preferably: the working medium of described airborne power system is for the aromatic hydrocarbon of Rankine cycle and three limit flash distillation thermodynamic cycles, alkane, fluorohydrocarbon or organic silicone oil, and for the carbon dioxide of brayton cycle, nitrogen or helium.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is: the fuse salt nuclear reactor that the present invention adopts has that power density is large, volume is little, and nuclear leakage risk is little, is easy to the advantages such as control.Fuse salt nuclear reactor is used for onboard power systems, it has the advantages that conversion efficiency is high, security good, volume is little, structure is simple and be easy to realization, its Power output can free adjustment, driving power can be provided for land traversing vehicle, boats and ships and airdreadnought, also can substitute internal combustion engine at other field.The present invention is that the promotion development and application of new forms of energy and the solution of environmental pollution propose a technical scheme being easy to realize.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of a kind of embodiment of the airborne power system that the present invention is based on fuse salt nuclear reactor.
Fig. 2 is the section of structure that molten salt reaction of the present invention piles an embodiment.
Fig. 3 is the section of structure that molten salt reaction of the present invention piles another embodiment.
Fig. 4 is the part-structure schematic diagram that airborne power system of the present invention adopts secondary thermodynamic conditions.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described further.
As Figure 1-3, the present invention realizes like this, a kind of fuse salt nuclear reactor 1, it comprises graphite stack shell 4, chemical salt process tank 8, fused salt blowdown vessel 10 and be from inside to outside wrapped in the alloy shell 7 of graphite stack shell 4 periphery successively, inner thermal insulating layer 11, steel shell 12 and external thermal insulation 13, its structure is, it also comprises the reactor refrigeratory 14 transmitted with nuclear heat for reactor cooling, be provided with graphite-structure 3 in described graphite stack shell 4 and hold the fuse salt chamber 2 of fuse salt reactor core, the heating section of this reactor refrigeratory 14 extend in graphite stack shell 4, the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory 14 is positioned at the outside of external thermal insulation 13, reactor refrigeratory 14, for absorbing the heat of nuclear reaction release, on the one hand controls nuclear reaction temperature, on the other hand nuclear reaction heat is delivered to reactor outside, using as driving-energy.
Described chemical salt process tank 8 is all communicated with fuse salt chamber 2 with fused salt blowdown vessel 10, and is also provided with freezing valve 9 between fused salt blowdown vessel 10 and fuse salt chamber 2; Freezing valve 9 melts when melting fluoride salt overtemperature, makes fused salt flow into fused salt blowdown vessel 10, stops nuclear reaction and condensation; This freezing valve 9 also controls to open by reactor supervisory system, fuse salt is flowed in the fused salt blowdown vessel 10 of reactor bottom, makes nuclear fuel stop nuclear reaction lower than critical volume.
One of them enforcement structure of this fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 is: be provided with the fuse salt cooling duct 5 be communicated with fuse salt chamber 2 in described graphite stack shell 4, fuse salt cooling duct 5 is provided with pump for liquid salts 6, the heating section of described reactor refrigeratory 14 to be entrenched in graphite stack shell 4 and to be coiled in periphery, fuse salt cooling duct 5, and the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory 14 is positioned at the outside of external thermal insulation 13.The nuclear reaction material of this fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 and the Heat Conduction Material of fuse salt cooling duct 5 are molten state fluoride salt, described graphite stack shell 4 is the container holding fuse salt, graphite stack shell 4 has fuse salt chamber 2 and 5 two, fuse salt cooling duct primary structure, the heating section of reactor refrigeratory 14 to be entrenched in the graphite around fuse salt cooling duct 5 and to absorb the nuclear reaction heat energy that graphite transmits out, the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory 14 and the high temperature heater (HTH) 18 of thermodynamic conditions are combined into shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and thermodynamic conditions heat-carrying working medium heat is passed in high temperature heater (HTH) 18.
As shown in Figure 2, one of them enforcement structure of this fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 is: the graphite-structure 3 in described graphite stack shell 4 is graphite column 301, some graphite columns 301 surround into fuse salt chamber 2, form cooling chamber 401 between graphite column 301 and graphite stack shell 4 inwall, cooling chamber 401 surrounds outside, fuse salt chamber 2 and is connected with fuse salt chamber 2, the heating section of described reactor refrigeratory 14 comprises the coil pipe 1401 be embedded in graphite stack shell 4 and graphite column 301 be interconnected, the implementation feature of this fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 is: adopt the graphite column 301 of annular around formation fuse salt chamber 2 in reactor, cooling chamber 401 is formed between graphite cylinder 301 and graphite stack shell 4, cooling chamber 401 is connected with fuse salt chamber 2 by the passage between graphite column 301, cooling chamber 401 spatially surrounds around fuse salt chamber 2, cooling chamber 401 outside is reactor graphite shell 4, coil pipe 1401 is all embedded with in graphite shell 4 and graphite column 301, heat-conducting work medium enters reactor by the mouth that enters to pile of reactor refrigeratory 14, the heat of absorption reaction heap fused salt in coil pipe 1401, flowed out by the outlet of reactor refrigeratory 14.This structural design is compared with the reactor with pump for liquid salts, and its advantage is that reactor internal temperature can be controlled preferably, owing to not having its structure of pump for liquid salts simple, and failure rate is low.
As shown in Figure 3, one of them of this fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 is implemented structure and is: the graphite rod 302 of to be cross sections the be semicircular structure of the graphite-structure 3 in described graphite stack shell 4, fuse salt chamber 2 and the fuse salt reactor core being positioned at fuse salt chamber 2 are all positioned at the said cage-type space that two graphite rods 302 are formed, and form cooling chamber 402 between graphite rod 302 and graphite stack shell 4 inwall; The heating section of described reactor refrigeratory 14 comprise be interconnected be embedded in graphite stack shell 4 and the outer coil pipe 1403 in graphite rod 302 and inner coil pipe 1402 respectively, adjacent outer coil pipe 1403 and inner coil pipe 1402 form the oval structure around cooling chamber 402;
Described fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 also comprises the gas outlet 404 and salt adding pipe 405 that are positioned at external thermal insulation 13 outside, and described gas outlet 404 is all communicated with fuse salt reactor core with salt adding pipe 405.This fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 is when implementing, graphite rod 302 connects with graphite stack shell 4 at two ends, cooling chamber 402 is formed between graphite rod 302 and graphite stack shell 4, the coil pipe of reactor refrigeratory 14 is distributed in graphite stack shell 4 and graphite rod 302, form the double-bank heater of outer coil pipe 1403 and inner coil pipe 1402, and forming kidney ellipsoid structure around cooling chamber 402, heat absorption efficiency is high.Meanwhile, fuse salt nuclear reaction can produce the deep-etching gas of trace, and gas is discharged by the gas outlet 404 being positioned at reactor roof, and salt adding pipe 405 for injecting brand-new nuclear fuel in reactor.
As shown in Figure 1, the radiation hardness alloy heat exchanger that described reactor refrigeratory 14 is is working medium with hydraulic oil, fluoride salt or sodium-potassium eutectic, the heat release section of this reactor refrigeratory 14 comprises heat release loop in parallel and pre-thermal bypass 15, working medium in pre-thermal bypass 15 after primary heater 17 heat exchange with heat release in heat release loop after working medium converge, be recycled the heating section of pump 16 blowback reactor refrigeratory 14.Reactor refrigeratory 14 can adopt closed high-temperature heat pipe as heat conducting element; The heat energy that fuse salt produces through fuse salt cooling duct 5, cooling chamber 401 or cooling chamber 402 and graphite stack shell 4 conduct to the heat pipe heating section of reactor refrigeratory 14, conducted to the cooling section of reactor refrigeratory 14 by heat-carrying working medium.
For the structure of fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 shown in accompanying drawing 1, its specific works principle is:
Fuse salt nuclear reactor adopts the potpourri of uranium fluoride, thorium fluoride, beryllium fluoride, lithium fluoride as fused salt material, and wherein uranium fluoride is nuclear reaction material, and thorium fluoride is fertile nuclei reaction material, and beryllium fluoride, lithium fluoride are heat-carrying fused salt.In the fuse salt chamber 2 of graphite stack shell 4, the potpourri of uranium fluoride and thorium fluoride reaches critical, and the heat energy that nuclear reaction produces makes the melting of mixed fluoride salt, and the whole fused salts in graphite stack shell 4 is melted and fully mixing by heat transfer and convection current.Described reactor refrigeratory 14 can adopt closed-loop path thermodynamic cycle structure, it is inner to carry working medium be fluoride salt with or sodium-potassium eutectic and or high-temperature liquid force feed.The heat energy that fuse salt produces conducts to the heating section of reactor refrigeratory 14 through fuse salt cooling duct 5 and graphite stack shell 4, by heat-carrying working medium fluoride salt with or sodium-potassium eutectic and or hydraulic oil conduct to the cooling section of reactor refrigeratory.In addition, reactor loading is by fluoridizing nuclear fuel and reactor heat eliminating medium fluoride salt is mixed;
During work, fuse salt flows under the promotion of pump for liquid salts 6 in the circular passage that fuse salt chamber 2 and reactor cooling duct 5 are formed, and the heat energy that reactor core produces is brought in the graphite around reactor cooling duct 5, the reactor refrigeratory 14 be entrenched in graphite takes heat energy out of reactor, the endless tube of reactor refrigeratory 14 goes out rear point two branch roads of heap, heat release loop enters the high temperature heater (HTH) 18 of thermodynamic conditions, draws high temperature heater (HTH) 18 after heat hot Force system heat-carrying working medium; Pre-thermal bypass 15 converges with heat release loop after primary heater 17, and the refrigeratory heat-carrying working medium after converging promotes to reenter reactor through ebullator 16 and is heated.
Wherein, the effect of pre-thermal bypass 15 have following some: 1, improve the cooling working medium temperature entering reactor 1, the internal stress of heat transfer deviation in reactor and reactor can be reduced; 2, improve the final energy supply temperature of reactor, improve the thermal energy conversion efficiency of thermodynamic conditions; 3, pre-thermal bypass matches with heat release loop and improves the circular flow controllability of cooling working medium, improves the security of reactor; 4, reduce the working temperature of reactor refrigeratory ebullator, improve the margin of safety of reactor appurtenance.
Bottom reactor alloy shell, freezing valve 9 is installed, freezing valve 9 directly passes into the fused salt blowdown vessel 10 of below, when reactor overtemperature, freezing valve 9 is heated and melts the passage opened towards fused salt blowdown vessel 10, fused salt is made to enter fused salt blowdown vessel 10, adopt high neutron absorption material in fused salt blowdown vessel 10, as nickel, chromium and alloy thereof etc., make nuclear reaction rate reduction to shutdown.Reactor refrigeratory 14 also can be designed to surround fused salt blowdown vessel 10 and reactor cooling duct 5 simultaneously, relies on the refrigeratory of reactor refrigeratory 14 and unit by warm drain more than nuclear material to physical environment.
Each structure embodiment of this fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 is as follows:
The outside of graphite stack shell 4 is alloy shell 7, and the radiation-resistant sheet alloys such as Nickel-Based Steel can be adopted to make.Be inner thermal insulating layer 11 outside alloy shell 7, adopt hard refractory heat-barrier material to make heat-insulation layer.Inner thermal insulating layer 11 outside is high strength steel shell 12, and shell is used for fixation reaction heap.Because the heat-insulation layer between alloy shell 7 and steel shell 12 is hard insulating material, its coefficient of heat conductivity is comparatively large, then steel shell 12 outside need lays external thermal insulation 13.Alloy shell 7 support is fixed in steel shell 12, and steel shell 12 is fixed on pedestal;
Adopt graphite as heap shell material, graphite can be used as moderator and the reflection horizon of nuclear reaction, and its fusing point is far above the fusing point of fluoride salt, and the heat-conduction coefficient of graphite is very high, the volume contributing to reducing reactor reduces its quality, improves the heating power control performance of reactor simultaneously;
Alloy shell 7 should adopt the radiation hardness such as Ni-based steel, resistant to elevated temperatures alloy is made, and can keep intensity for a long time, metal creep or embrittlement do not occur in the environment of high temperature and frequent alternating temperature.Inside and outside alloy shell 7, both sides adopt high concentration of hydrofluoric acid passivation or gold-plated, prevent fused salt from revealing and produce corrosion to sheet metal;
Inner thermal insulating layer 11 should adopt the higher heat-barrier material of hardness to make, and can keep higher intensity in hot environment, can play certain effect supported by the reactor in alloy involucrum, the relative steel shell of reactor is not subjected to displacement.The strong corrosive environment such as hydrofluoric acid resistant, fluoride salt answered by insulation material, should not adopt the material containing silicide.When adopting the insulation material of not hydrofluoric acid resistant, fluoride salt, modular insulation material should adopt the metal skin of high concentration of hydrofluoric acid passivation coated.Modular insulation material should quick-detachment, is conducive to the maintenance of reactor, and the emergency processing under the filling of nuclear material and replacing and accident condition.If run in without atmospheric environment, inner thermal insulating layer 11 should adopt vacuum interlayer thermal retardation form, adopts that the processing mode such as silver-plated, gold-plated carries out high reverse--bias process, inner side adopts the coating of low heat-emissive coating outside heat-insulation layer;
Steel shell 12 adopts high-strength steel sheet to make, as Q460 steel etc.Steel shell adopts demountable structure, is convenient to the maintenance of reactor.The inner side of shell adopts high concentration of hydrofluoric acid Passivation Treatment, and full structure adopts spherical, elliposoidal and stiffening plate, muscle structure, makes pile envelope have high-strength impact resistance.In the special fixed frame of reactor integral installation in vehicle, boats and ships, aircraft;
External thermal insulation 13 adopts the good material of heat-proof quality to make as glass silk flosssilk wadding, polyurethane etc., makes involucrum with galvanized iron sheet, zinc-plated aluminium skin, fiberglass etc.;
In addition, reactor refrigeratory 14 adopt high-temperature liquid force feed with or sodium-potassium eutectic etc. carry working medium for high temperature, at closed endless tube internal circulation flow, heating section adopts snakelike, that spirality reactor cooling duct 5 surrounding be entrenched in graphite stack shell 4 absorbs graphite transmission heat.The pipeline section that reactor refrigeratory 5 passes in and out reactor runs through alloy shell, inner thermal insulating layer, steel shell and external thermal insulation, and heat conduction is gone out reactor.According to actual needs, according to the fluoride salt such as lithium fluoride, beryllium fluoride with or the heat-carrying matter of its low melting point mixed fluoride salt anabolic reaction stack cooler time, primary heater 17 is not established in reactor refrigeratory 14 loop, prevents fluoride salt from solidifying; Ebullator 16 adopts the pump for liquid salts of corrosion-and high-temp-resistant.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of airborne power system based on fuse salt nuclear reactor, its structure is, it comprises above-mentioned fuse salt nuclear reactor 1, it also comprise some grades of thermodynamic conditions, with the supporting cooling system be connected of this thermodynamic conditions and the dynamic equilibrium system be in transmission connection with this thermodynamic conditions, in fuse salt nuclear reactor 1, the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory 14 carries out exchange heat by high temperature heater (HTH) 18 and the thermal source section of thermodynamic conditions, described fuse salt nuclear reactor 1, thermodynamic conditions, cooling system and dynamic equilibrium system all with regulating and controlling device control linkage; It is a kind of fuse salt nuclear reactor that adopts as the heat energy of the vehicle of the energy and power switching device, it utilizes thermodynamic conditions that the thermal value of reactor is converted into power shaft work, and this system is without deoxygenation, desalting system; It is under the control of regulating and controlling device, the cooling section of reactor refrigeratory 14 in fuse salt nuclear reactor 1 is utilized to be coupled with the high temperature heater (HTH) 18 of thermodynamic conditions, thermodynamic conditions is made to obtain the high-pressure working medium with high temperature heat, to drive thermodynamic conditions to do work, and by cooling system and the dynamic equilibrium system fading margin thermodynamic conditions course of work.The working medium of described airborne power system is for the aromatic hydrocarbon of Rankine cycle and three limit flash distillation thermodynamic cycles, alkane, fluorohydrocarbon or organic silicone oil, and for the carbon dioxide of brayton cycle, nitrogen or helium.Described regulating and controlling device, uninterruptedly should monitor the heap temperature of reactor, heap pressure, can initiatively with or artificially open the nuclear reaction that freezing valve 9 stops reactor; The operating condition of uninterrupted monitoring reactor refrigeratory and unit refrigeratory, the preferential operation ensureing refrigeratory; The thermal parameter of each parts of uninterrupted monitoring thermodynamic conditions.Described regulating and controlling device, can regulate the aperture of each valve to regulate the running status of therrmodynamic system according to reactor operation situation and ambient condition automatically.Described regulating and controlling device also needs to be connected in real time with supervision department by wireless network, gathers the power system operation situation of vehicle, boats and ships, aircraft to supervision department.
According to actual Power output needs, one-level, secondary and multi-stage heat set structure can be designed.
Structure during employing one-level thermodynamic conditions as described in Figure 1, this thermodynamic conditions comprises expansion motive power machine 22, thermodynamic conditions regenerator 21, thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump 20, fluid reservoir 19 and gas-liquid separation supercharger 24, high temperature refrigerant in thermodynamic conditions after the heat absorption of thermal source section place is successively through expansion motive power machine 22 and thermodynamic conditions regenerator 21 heat release, cryogenic fluid carries out supercharging gas-liquid separation in gas-liquid separation supercharger 24, liquid refrigerant is stored in fluid reservoir 19, pump into thermodynamic conditions regenerator 21 by thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump 20 again and carry out preheating, finally be transported in thermodynamic conditions through thermal source section place circulation heat absorption.Described cooling system comprises thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23, cooler fan 25 and cold wind air channel 26, and thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 is in parallel with gas-liquid separation supercharger 24, and cooling air passage 26 can be connected with heat supply network, building air conditioning; Described dynamic equilibrium system comprises motor 27, power converter 28 and accumulator 29, and described motor 27 is in transmission connection with expansion motive power machine 22; Power converter 28 is equipped with power network interface, and power system can be incorporated into the power networks with extraneous electrical network.
Its principle of work is: heat energy is passed to the high temperature heater (HTH) 18 of thermodynamic conditions by molten salt reaction heap 1 by reactor refrigeratory 14, the heat medium of high pressure conditions is heated to high-temperature high-pressure state by it, the expansion motive power machine 22 that the heat medium of high-temperature high-pressure state enters therrmodynamic system is done work and is passed to the power part of vehicle, boats and ships, aircraft etc. by speed regulator, and expansion motive power machine 22 steam discharge enters thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 and cools; During this thermodynamic conditions employing single-stage organic Rankine bottoming cycle, the organic working medium in fluid reservoir 19 is extracted out by thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump 20 and is boosted to high pressure conditions and enters thermodynamic conditions regenerator 21, enters high temperature heater (HTH) 18 after absorbing steam turbine steam discharge.
Motor 27 main shaft of dynamic equilibrium system and thermodynamic conditions, system of vehicle transmission part are hinged, the excitation being adjusted motor 27 by power converter 28 makes motor need at motor according to power, change between generator and light condition, the combined power of powerplant module and dynamic equilibrium system is exported and meets the dynamic need of vehicle to power, and provide electric power for the start and stop of full machine and control.Described regulating and controlling device controls dynamic equilibrium system by controlling power converter 28.
Structure during employing secondary thermodynamic conditions as shown in Figure 4, working medium is after one-level high temperature heater (HTH) 604 heats, successively through one-stage expansion engine 605 and the heat release of one-level thermodynamic conditions regenerator 603, the working medium for driving compound expansion engine 704 is heated again through secondary high temperature heater (HTH) 606, finally, successively after one-level gas-liquid separation supercharger 607, one-level fluid reservoir 601, one-level thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump 602 and one-level thermodynamic conditions regenerator 603, return one-level high temperature heater (HTH) 604 circulation and be heated; And for driving the working medium of compound expansion engine 704 after secondary high temperature heater (HTH) 606 is heated, successively through compound expansion engine 704 and the heat release of secondary thermodynamic conditions regenerator 703, again after thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 or secondary gas-liquid separation supercharger 705, liquid state is stored in secondary fluid reservoir 701, again by secondary thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump 702 pump into successively secondary thermodynamic conditions regenerator 703 and secondary high temperature heater (HTH) 606 circulation be heated; Thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 is wherein in parallel with secondary gas-liquid separation supercharger 705, and motor 27 and the compound expansion engine 704 of dynamic equilibrium system are in transmission connection.
Above-mentioned secondary thermodynamic conditions is applicable to the two-stage organic Rankine bottoming cycle adopting high saturation temperature organic fluid work, it can avoid the hypotony of thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 working medium side, its principle of work is as described in one-level thermodynamic conditions, namely when the working medium of one-level is through one-level thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump 602, one-level thermodynamic conditions regenerator 603, one-level high temperature heater (HTH) 604, after one-stage expansion engine 605, enter secondary high temperature heater (HTH) 606 heat exchange, the working medium of itself and its heat interchange is the secondary working medium of the second organic Rankine, not only namely secondary high temperature heater (HTH) 606 heats for the working medium of first order organic Rankine bottoming cycle working medium cooling simultaneously but also for second level organic Rankine bottoming cycle.The flow process of second level organic Rankine bottoming cycle is identical with the first order, but adopt the organic working medium that boiling point is lower, as the alkane such as pentane, 3-pentafluorobutane, fluoric ether, can ensure that the working medium side of thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 is barotropic state, prevent air leak from entering thermodynamic cycle.The thermodynamic conditions of the multistage organic Rankine bottoming cycle of described employing, when adopting fluothane as final stage Rankine cycle working medium, the minimum temperature that the temperature of solidification of some kind fluothane can reach lower than earth environment, can according to the suitable working medium of region environmental selection.
The airborne power system based on fuse salt nuclear reactor that the present invention records, according to different working cycle, adopts different working medium, and when it is implemented, also has respective feature, specific as follows:
When adopting organic Rankine bottoming cycle, thermal parameter is determined according to the factor such as optimum die swell ratio of reactor refrigeratory 14 thermodynamic cycle performance, expansion motive power machine, and gas-liquid separation supercharger 24 be ram pump and or high pressure centrifugal pump.Molten salt reaction heap heap temperature is very high, adopt high temperature heat conductive oil as the cooling heating agent of reactor refrigeratory, the thermodynamic cycle maximum temperature of organic media is 500 DEG C, adopt the high boiling point organic compounds such as toluene, benzene, long chain alkane, organic silicone oil to set up the circulation of first order supercritical organic Rankine, adopt the low-boiling-point organic compound such as pentane, 3-pentafluorobutane to set up second level supercritical organic Rankine circulation.Two-stage and the circulation of above combined type supercritical organic Rankine contribute to improving therrmodynamic system cycle efficieny, and improve heat engine refrigeratory pressure to atmospheric pressure, are conducive to the safe operation of equipment.
When adopting brayton cycle, therrmodynamic system working medium can select the inert gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and gas-liquid separation supercharger 24 is turbocharger, and thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 can not establish gas-liquid separation device, and total system only has a loop.
When its thermodynamic conditions is the brayton cycle adopting the inert gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, due to total system, to be in its efficiency of thermal cycle of supercriticality high, but the volume ratio organic rankine cycle turbine volume of equal-wattage expansion motive power machine is large, and the power consumption of turbosupercharger is larger.
The syndeton of all parts is: the rotor main shaft of expansion motive power machine is connected with the actuator of vehicle, boats and ships etc. by wheel box.The cooler fan 25 dispelled the heat for thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 adopts axial flow blower, its power and derive from thermodynamic conditions or dynamic equilibrium system.Exert oneself in order to the cooling improving thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory 23 and thermodynamic conditions is shut down time fuse salt nuclear reactor radiating requirements, adopt the blower fan unit linked with powerplant module to strengthen the cooling effect of heat engine refrigeratory.When thermodynamic conditions is shut down, the accumulator 29 in dynamic equilibrium system is relied on to provide power for blower fan unit.Ventilating system, air-conditioning system that cold wind air channel 26 can be built with human settlements are connected, for the heating power load such as heating of human settlements building.
The present invention adopts accumulator, power converter and motor to form dynamic equilibrium system, electric machine main shaft is connected by variator with the power part of vehicle, boats and ships, aircraft, can be vehicle, the power system of boats and ships provides peakload and low dynamics demand time store the rich generated energy of thermodynamic conditions.Dynamic equilibrium system need comprise the electrical network access interface that can be connected with extraneous electrical network, can dock the electric power of the self-contained electricity generation system such as sun power, wind energy of vehicle, boats and ships, aircraft; When vehicle, boats and ships temporary downtimes, reactor-produced heat energy is transformed into electric energy by thermodynamic conditions drive motor, and is stored in airborne accumulator; When vehicle, boats and ships are stopped transport for a long time, fuse salt nuclear reactor Shutdown time is longer and need to discharge a large amount of waste heat, and the power that thermodynamic conditions produces needs to convert electric energy to by motor and by electrical network and network interface is delivered to electrical network.
Control of the present invention adopts a set of sensor gathering each operational factor in detection airborne power system and the regulating and controlling device for controlling airborne power system operation be connected with sensor.Regulating and controlling device needs the thermal parameter of Real-Time Monitoring and regulation and control fuse salt nuclear reactor internal and reactor refrigeratory, the thermal parameter of thermodynamic conditions and running status, and working medium amount in heat medium hold-up vessel, system rotating speed, electric battery the operational factor of the power system key equipment such as electricity, controlled the switch of associated components by pipeline valve assembly or battery valve etc.; Electrical part in regulating and controlling device is by the storage battery power supply in dynamic equilibrium system.
Claims (10)
1. a fuse salt nuclear reactor, this fuse salt nuclear reactor (1) comprises graphite stack shell (4), chemical salt process tank (8), fused salt blowdown vessel (10) and be from inside to outside wrapped in the alloy shell (7) of graphite stack shell (4) periphery successively, inner thermal insulating layer (11), steel shell (12) and external thermal insulation (13), it is characterized in that, it also comprises the reactor refrigeratory (14) transmitted with nuclear heat for reactor cooling, be provided with graphite-structure (3) in described graphite stack shell (4) and hold the fuse salt chamber (2) of fuse salt reactor core, the heating section of this reactor refrigeratory 14 extend in graphite stack shell (4), the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory (14) is positioned at the outside of external thermal insulation (13),
Described chemical salt process tank (8) is all communicated with fuse salt chamber (2) with fused salt blowdown vessel (10), and is also provided with freezing valve (9) between fused salt blowdown vessel (10) and fuse salt chamber (2).
2. fuse salt nuclear reactor as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the fuse salt cooling duct (5) be communicated with fuse salt chamber (2) is provided with in described graphite stack shell (4), fuse salt cooling duct (5) is provided with pump for liquid salts (6), the heating section of described reactor refrigeratory (14) to be entrenched in graphite stack shell (4) and to be coiled in fuse salt cooling duct (5) periphery, and the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory (14) is positioned at the outside of external thermal insulation (13).
3. fuse salt nuclear reactor as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, graphite-structure (3) in described graphite stack shell (4) is graphite column (301), some graphite columns (301) surround into fuse salt chamber (2), form cooling chamber (401) between graphite column (301) and graphite stack shell (4) inwall, cooling chamber (401) surrounds outside, fuse salt chamber (2) and is connected with fuse salt chamber (2); The heating section of described reactor refrigeratory (14) comprises the coil pipe (1401) be embedded in graphite stack shell (4) and graphite column (301) be interconnected.
4. fuse salt nuclear reactor as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the graphite rod (302) of to be cross section the be semicircular structure of the graphite-structure (3) in described graphite stack shell (4), fuse salt chamber (2) and the fuse salt reactor core being positioned at fuse salt chamber (2) are all positioned at the said cage-type space that two graphite rods (302) are formed, and form cooling chamber (402) between graphite rod (302) and graphite stack shell (4) inwall; The heating section of described reactor refrigeratory (14) comprise be interconnected be embedded in outer coil pipe (1403) in graphite stack shell (4) and graphite rod (302) and inner coil pipe (1402) respectively, adjacent outer coil pipe (1403) and inner coil pipe (1402) formation are around the oval structure of cooling chamber (402);
Described fuse salt nuclear reactor (1) also comprises the gas outlet (404) and salt adding pipe (405) that are positioned at external thermal insulation (13) outside, and described gas outlet (404) is all communicated with fuse salt reactor core with salt adding pipe (405).
5. as the fuse salt nuclear reactor in claim 1-4 as described in any one, it is characterized in that, the radiation hardness alloy heat exchanger that described reactor refrigeratory (14) is is working medium with hydraulic oil, fluoride salt or sodium-potassium eutectic, the heat release section of this reactor refrigeratory (14) comprises heat release loop in parallel and pre-thermal bypass (15), working medium in pre-thermal bypass (15) after primary heater (17) heat exchange with heat release in heat release loop after working medium converge, be recycled the heating section of pump (16) blowback reactor refrigeratory (14).
6. the airborne power system based on fuse salt nuclear reactor, it is characterized in that, it comprises the fuse salt nuclear reactor (1) in claim 1-5 described in any one, it also comprises some grades of thermodynamic conditions, with the supporting cooling system be connected of this thermodynamic conditions and the dynamic equilibrium system be in transmission connection with this thermodynamic conditions, in fuse salt nuclear reactor (1), the heat release section of reactor refrigeratory (14) carries out exchange heat by high temperature heater (HTH) (18) and the thermal source section of thermodynamic conditions, described fuse salt nuclear reactor (1), thermodynamic conditions, cooling system and dynamic equilibrium system all with regulating and controlling device control linkage.
7. as claimed in claim 6 based on the airborne power system of fuse salt nuclear reactor, it is characterized in that, described thermodynamic conditions comprises expansion motive power machine (22), thermodynamic conditions regenerator (21), thermodynamic conditions circulation main pump (20), fluid reservoir (19) and gas-liquid separation supercharger (24), high temperature refrigerant in thermodynamic conditions after the heat absorption of thermal source section place is successively through expansion motive power machine (22) and thermodynamic conditions regenerator (21) heat release, cryogenic fluid carries out supercharging gas-liquid separation in gas-liquid separation supercharger (24), liquid refrigerant is stored in fluid reservoir (19), pumped into thermodynamic conditions regenerator (21) carried out preheating by the thermodynamic conditions main pump (20) that circulates again, finally be transported in thermodynamic conditions through thermal source section place circulation heat absorption.
8. as claimed in claim 7 based on the airborne power system of fuse salt nuclear reactor, it is characterized in that, described cooling system comprises thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory (23), cooler fan (25) and cold wind air channel (26), and thermodynamic conditions refrigeratory (23) is in parallel with gas-liquid separation supercharger (24).
9. as claimed in claim 8 based on the airborne power system of fuse salt nuclear reactor, it is characterized in that, described dynamic equilibrium system comprises motor (27), power converter (28) and accumulator (29), and described motor (27) and expansion motive power machine (22) are in transmission connection.
10. as the airborne power system based on fuse salt nuclear reactor in claim 7-9 as described in any one, it is characterized in that, the working medium of described airborne power system is for the aromatic hydrocarbon of Rankine cycle and three limit flash distillation thermodynamic cycles, alkane, fluorohydrocarbon or organic silicone oil, and for the carbon dioxide of brayton cycle, nitrogen or helium.
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| CN112037945B (en) * | 2020-08-20 | 2023-01-17 | 中国核电工程有限公司 | Gas-cooled reactor main loop capable of flowing by self |
| WO2024083300A1 (en) * | 2022-10-21 | 2024-04-25 | Copenhagen Atomics A/S | Molten salt nuclear reactor and method of automatic shutdown of such nuclear reactor |
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