CN104972648A - 用于接合构件的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于接合构件的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN104972648A
CN104972648A CN201510145289.0A CN201510145289A CN104972648A CN 104972648 A CN104972648 A CN 104972648A CN 201510145289 A CN201510145289 A CN 201510145289A CN 104972648 A CN104972648 A CN 104972648A
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component
friction element
friction
ejection device
welding
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M·威廉
A·福斯特
J·瓦格纳
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B23K20/122Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
    • B23K20/1265Non-butt welded joints, e.g. overlap-joints, T-joints or spot welds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B23K20/129Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding specially adapted for particular articles or workpieces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/64Joining a non-plastics element to a plastics element, e.g. by force
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/78Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus
    • B29C65/7841Holding or clamping means for handling purposes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/20Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines
    • B29C66/21Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being formed by a single dot or dash or by several dots or dashes, i.e. spot joining or spot welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/74Joining plastics material to non-plastics material
    • B29C66/742Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to metals or their alloys

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Standing Axle, Rod, Or Tube Structures Coupled By Welding, Adhesion, Or Deposition (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及用于接合构件的方法和设备。按照本发明的方法,所述构件(12,14)中的至少一个构件由纤维增强塑料构成,各构件(12,14)通过在使用起初单独分开的摩擦元件(20)的情况下进行的摩擦焊接而接合成构件复合体,其中,摩擦元件(20)在摩擦焊接过程中成为构件复合体的固定组成部分。按照本发明的设备包括用于固定构件(12,14)的支顶装置(16)和用于使摩擦元件(20)旋转和压下的驱动装置(18),其中,由支顶装置(16)施加到构件(12,14)上的力能够独立于由驱动装置(18)施加到摩擦元件(20)上的力进行调节。

Description

用于接合构件的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于接合构件的方法,所述构件中的至少一个构件由纤维增强塑料构成。另外,本发明还涉及一种用于实施该方法的设备。
背景技术
已经证明,多种传统的接合方法并不适合于某些材料组合或者并不经济,特别是(随着汽车制造和其他工业分支中当前的发展趋势)在下述情况下:由纤维增强塑料构成的构件应该与由其他的、通常是由金属材料构成的构件相连接。迄今由纤维增强塑料构成的构件往往都是借助盲铆或者冲铆进行接合。然而,盲铆与所使用的设备技术以及所使用的元件(盲铆钉)相关地体现为一种高成本的工艺方法。另外,为了实现盲铆,必须在所有待接合的构件中设置预制孔。借助冲铆,则只能使具有一定下限以内质量的材料且只能在一定厚度范围内进行接合。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是,尽可能无上述缺点地实现由纤维增强塑料构成的构件与其他的、特别是金属构件的接合。
为此,本发明提供一种用于接合构件的方法,所述构件中的至少一个构件由纤维增强塑料构成,其特征在于:各构件通过在使用起初单独分开的摩擦元件的情况下进行的摩擦焊接而接合成构件复合体,其中,所述摩擦元件在摩擦焊接过程中成为该构件复合体的固定组成部分。
本发明还提供一种用于实施如上所述的方法的设备,其包括用于固定所述构件的支顶装置和用于使所述摩擦元件旋转和压下的驱动装置,其特征在于:由所述支顶装置施加到构件上的力能够独立于由所述驱动装置施加到摩擦元件上的力进行调节。
本发明的方法用来接合构件,所述构件中的至少一个构件由纤维增强塑料构成。各构件通过在使用起初单独分开的摩擦元件的情况下进行的摩擦焊接而接合成一个构件复合体。在此,摩擦元件在摩擦焊接过程中成为构件复合体的固定组成部分。
摩擦焊接按一般形式/方式(无单独分开的摩擦元件)已经是作为高产工艺方法用以接合由(不同)金属或者合金构成的工件而制定。待接合的金属工件在压力下彼此相对运动。通过所产生的摩擦实现对材料的加热和塑化。摩擦过程结束时工件必须彼此准确定位而且还应该如此长时间地承受高的压力,直到在其内发生了结构组织转变的那些区域均质化为止。之所以金属工件摩擦焊接大多情况下比其他的焊接方法更为优选,是因为高温影响区明显较小并且在接合区内不会形成熔体。另外,与传统的焊接方法相比,摩擦焊接在固有应力、变形和强度方面具有优点。
本发明是以如下认识为基础:如果通过摩擦焊接过程待接合的构件中的至少一个构件能够达到与摩擦元件以力锁合、形状锁合和/或材料锁合方式连接的话,则在使用起初单独分开的摩擦元件的情况下进行的摩擦焊接(下文亦称为摩擦元件焊接)可以用来使由纤维增强塑料构成的构件接合。在摩擦元件焊接中,旋转的摩擦元件沿着轴向穿过一个或多个上部构件并通过摩擦热和高的轴向压力而与下部构件产生一种通常为材料锁合的连接。摩擦元件在端部以其头部靠放在最上部的构件上,从而产生一个轴向夹紧力。如一般情形那样在摩擦焊接中通常并未达到最下部的构件的熔点,因此避免了在高温影响区内较大的固有应力和热裂纹。
本发明的方法特别是适合于制造由一个纤维增强塑料构件和一个金属构件构成的复合体,其中,摩擦元件优选同样由一种金属材料构成。但并不强制性要求金属构件和摩擦元件由相同的材料构成,只要它们作为材料组合原则上适合于实施摩擦焊接即可。
只要构件的总厚度相对于摩擦元件的尺寸来说不是过大,原则上利用本发明的方法也可以同时将两个以上相叠设置的构件相互连接。在这种情况中,优选至少最下部的、即起初距摩擦元件最远的那个构件由金属材料构成。
本发明的方法的主要的优点在于:与盲铆或者螺纹件连接相比,要么完全不需要预制孔要么这些预制孔不必精准重叠。因此可以规避否则便无法避免的公差链问题。另外,通过本发明的方法,与冲铆相比,可以覆盖明显更大的材料质量范围和材料厚度范围。
根据本发明的一个特别的方面,为摩擦焊接使用具有一个头部的摩擦元件,该头部的下部支承面基本上是平坦的,要么根本没有沟槽要么只有小的沟槽。在接合期间,下部支承面于是平行于面朝摩擦元件的构件的自由表面定向。下部支承面的该所述特性与常规的、市场上可购得的摩擦元件相关,这些摩擦元件具有用于接纳上升的材料的专用沟槽。也就是说,与这种摩擦元件相比,应该要么设置明显较小的沟槽要么根本不设置沟槽,因而下部支承面相应地基本上是平坦的。在本发明的方法中摩擦元件的这种构造是可行的,因为由纤维增强塑料构成的构件在接合过程期间没有必须被接纳的、连在一起的材料容积向上上升。由此可以扩大摩擦元件的有效支承面,以便实现作用力导入的更好分布。特别是,支承面可以延展到上部构件的由于摩擦元件刺入而被损坏的区域上。这个区域以有益方式通过摩擦元件的预紧力得以稳定,正如后文还将更加详细说明的那样。
本发明还提供一种用于实施上述方法的设备。本发明的设备包括用于固定构件的支顶装置和用于使摩擦元件旋转和压下的驱动装置。在此,由支顶装置施加到构件上的力是可调节的,而且是能够独立于由驱动装置施加到摩擦元件上的力进行调节。
根据本发明的设备的一个优选的实施方式,支顶装置具有一个用于调节施加到构件上的力的主动调整机构。该调整机构持续地保证最佳的压紧力,而无需为此进行手动干预。
附图说明
由下文的说明以及由附图可得知本发明的其他一些特征和优点。在附图中示出:
图1为本发明的接合设备的示意图;
图2为两个构件通过摩擦元件焊接所建立的连接的剖视图;和
图3为两个构件通过摩擦元件焊接所建立的另一连接的剖视图。
具体实施方式
在图1中简化地示出了一个接合设备10,利用该接合设备,两个(或者更多个)构件12、14可以通过摩擦元件焊接相接合。下部构件12由金属材料构成,上部构件14由纤维增强塑料构成。
该设备包括一个用以固定构件12、14以及用以防止构件12、14由于在摩擦元件焊接过程中上升的材料而抬起的支顶装置16。另外,该设备还包括一个使摩擦元件20旋转并压下的驱动装置18。例如可以通过一个作用在摩擦元件20头部22上的刀头来实施扭矩传递或力传递。支顶装置16被主动调整,因而作用到构件12、14上的力能够独立于驱动装置18施加到摩擦元件20上的力进行调节。
利用在图1中示出的接合设备10,将构件12、14通过如下方式接合:通过驱动装置18使摩擦元件20旋转并压下。在此,摩擦元件20刺穿上部构件14(以及可能的其他还设置在上部构件14下方的构件)并且与下部构件12产生一种材料锁合的连接。下部构件12的材料和摩擦元件20的材料相应地彼此协调适配。由于上部构件14由纤维增强塑料构成,因此,在接合过程期间(与金属构件的情况不同)没有或者只有少量连在一起的材料向上升起。
在图2中示出构件12、14的通过摩擦元件焊接建立的连接的细部,其中,在此使用了一个传统的摩擦元件20。该摩擦元件20的头部22在其下侧面上具有一个相对较大的沟槽24。该沟槽24构成一个用于材料体积的接纳部,该材料体积在迄今常规材料组合的摩擦元件焊接时向上上升。在此,绝大多数是涉及上部构件的材料,如果这个构件由金属材料构成的话,然而一部分也涉及摩擦元件20本身的材料。然而由于在当前的情况中上部构件14恰恰不是由金属材料构成,而是由纤维增强塑料构成,因此,不必或者只须接纳少量上升的材料容量。由此,沟槽24几乎保持空置。
这种状况可能会对上部构件14的稳定性产生不利影响。如在图2中可以看出的那样,头部22的有效支承面26相对较小,夹紧力(轴向预紧)通过所述支承面施加于上部构件14上。由于高的局部压力便产生一种楔塞作用,该楔塞作用可导致:在沟槽24下方,上部构件14的由于接合过程而受损的材料能够升起或者脱落并进入沟槽24之中。这样可能致使孔壁强度降低和上部构件14中的损害进一步扩大。
作为补救方法提供了在图3中示出的摩擦元件20的实施方式,该摩擦元件的头部22具有一个基本上平坦的、带有仅仅很小的沟槽24的下侧面。与在图2中示出的实施方式相比,有效支承面26因此明显更大。这样便导致更好的力分布。在此应该正面评价的特别是:一个预紧力也施加到上部构件14的与摩擦元件20直接接界的、由于接合而被损伤的区域上。因此便提高了孔壁强度,并且降低了上部构件14的从接合点扩大的损伤的危险。
原则上也可以完全放弃沟槽24。
附图标记列表
10  接合设备
12  下部构件
14  上部构件
16  支顶装置
18  驱动装置
20  摩擦元件
22  头部
24  沟槽
26  支承面

Claims (5)

1.用于接合构件的方法,所述构件中的至少一个构件由纤维增强塑料构成,其特征在于:各构件(12,14)通过在使用起初单独分开的摩擦元件(20)的情况下进行的摩擦焊接而接合成构件复合体,其中,所述摩擦元件(20)在摩擦焊接过程中成为该构件复合体的固定组成部分。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述构件(12,14)中的至少一个构件、优选起初距摩擦元件(20)最远的构件(12)和所述摩擦元件(20)由一种金属材料构成。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于:使用具有头部(22)的摩擦元件(20),该头部的下部支承面(26)基本上是平坦的,没有沟槽或者只有小的沟槽,其中,所述下部支承面(26)在接合期间平行于面朝所述摩擦元件(20)的构件(14)的表面定向。
4.用于实施如权利要求1至3之任一项所述的方法的设备,其包括用于固定所述构件(12,14)的支顶装置(16)和用于使所述摩擦元件(20)旋转和压下的驱动装置(18),其特征在于:由所述支顶装置(16)施加到构件(12,14)上的力能够独立于由所述驱动装置(18)施加到摩擦元件(20)上的力进行调节。
5.如权利要求4所述的设备,其特征在于:所述支顶装置(16)具有用于调节施加到构件(12,14)上的力的主动调整机构。
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