CN104895224A - Prestressed loam wall and construction process thereof - Google Patents
Prestressed loam wall and construction process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN104895224A CN104895224A CN201510380826.XA CN201510380826A CN104895224A CN 104895224 A CN104895224 A CN 104895224A CN 201510380826 A CN201510380826 A CN 201510380826A CN 104895224 A CN104895224 A CN 104895224A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a prestressed loam wall and a construction process thereof. The prestressed loam wall comprises a wall body, wherein the wall body is a loam wall body, sleeves are arranged in the wall body, the sleeves are arranged along the length direction of the wall body and penetrate through the whole wall body, prestressed steel bars are arranged in the sleeves, fixed plates are respectively arranged on both sides of the wall body, threads are formed on both ends of the prestressed steel bars, and the both ends of the prestressed steel bars respectively pass through the two fixed plates and are fixed with the fixed plates through washers and locking nuts. According to the prestressed loam wall and the construction process, a plurality of groups of prestressed steel bars are arranged along the height direction of the loam wall, the prestressed steel bars are arranged along the length direction of the loam wall, and additionally, the prestressed steel bars are fixed with two side surfaces of the loam wall through steel plates, so as to apply inward extrusion force to the loam wall, so that the loam wall is in a multidirectional pressed state, the compression resistance and the shear resistance of the loam wall are effectively increased, vertical straight joints can be effectively prevented from being formed, the height-thickness ratio of the wall body is effectively reduced, and the building height of the wall body is increased on the premise that the thickness of the wall body is not increased.
Description
technical field:
The invention belongs to traditional residence construction reinforcement technical field, be specifically related to a kind of prestressing force rammed earth wall and construction technology thereof.
background technology:
In China's origin comparatively early, in the Longshan culture of modern about 4000, there is stylobate, city wall and the wall built by rammed earth technology in rammed earth technology.The house of being built by laying bricks or stones by rammed earth wall is comparatively extensive in China's distribution, and have distinct local characteristic and national characters, being full of dense regional history and cultural spirit, is the important component part of China's traditional residence; Representative has: the watchtower etc. in wall, Sichuan beaten by the version walling house of the Ruins of the Ancient City of Jiaohe of Turpan, Xinjiang, the Tulou in the south of Fujian Province, central plain area, the Clay Method Houses in Yunnan, the rafter in Shaanxi.Rammed earth wall house because drawing materials conveniently, cheap, thermal insulation, assimilated into nature, advantages of environment protection and be favourably welcome, still there is the house that many rammed earth walls are built by laying bricks or stones at present in the rural area that China is vast.
But rammed earth wall also has from great, the shortcoming such as intensity is low, poor durability; Therefore, rammed earth wall is in use because of the reason such as local compression or uneven settlement of foundation, and rammed earth wall there will be vertical through crack, both have impact on the safety of rammed earth wall building, have impact on again the attractive in appearance of rammed earth wall building.In addition, the lower house causing rammed earth wall to build by laying bricks or stones of the intensity because of rammed earth wall mostly generally is a Rotating fields, and body of wall is thicker, and build by laying bricks or stones highly general at about 4 ~ 5m, space availability ratio is low, and building land can not obtain utilizing fully efficiently.
At present, for solving the problem, the method that technician commonly uses has: under the purlin in the house that rammed earth wall is built by laying bricks or stones, arrange stiffness bearer, arrange foundation ring girder and in the rammed earth wall soil body, add methods such as " careless muscle ".The local compression problem that stiffness bearer can solve rammed earth wall is well set under the purlin that rammed earth wall is built by laying bricks or stones; Foundation ring girder is set and effectively can prevents uneven settlement of foundation, vertical through crack problem can be solved to a certain extent, but the difference of collar tie beam material and body of wall elastic modulus of soil body easily causes the problem of the soil body drawing crack when variations in temperature; In the rammed earth wall soil body, add " careless muscle " have some improvement to soil body tensile property, but it is stressed limited to imbed " careless muscle " in the soil body, poor durability.In addition, usually adopt for improving the height of rammed earth wall the method adding scantling, but because the soil body is from great and intensity is low, effect not fine.
summary of the invention:
In sum, in order to overcome the deficiency of prior art problem, the invention provides a kind of prestressing force rammed earth wall and construction technology thereof, it is in the rammed earth wall soil body, arrange along rammed earth wall short transverse and organize prestressed reinforcement more, prestressed reinforcement is arranged along rammed earth wall length direction, fixed by steel plate and rammed earth wall two sides simultaneously, to the extruding force that rammed earth wall is inside, thus make rammed earth wall be in multidirectional pressured state, the resistance to compression of effective raising rammed earth wall, shear-carrying capacity, effectively can avoid the formation of vertical straight joint, ensure the application life of rammed earth wall, significantly reduce the ratio of height to thickness of body of wall, under the prerequisite not increasing thickness of wall body, that improves body of wall builds height by laying bricks or stones.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution used in the present invention is:
A kind of prestressing force rammed earth wall, wherein: comprise body of wall, sleeve pipe, prestressed reinforcement, fixed head, packing ring and locking nut, described body of wall is rammed earth wall body of wall, is provided with sleeve pipe in body of wall, and sleeve pipe is arranged along body of wall length direction, and run through whole body of wall, be provided with prestressed reinforcement in sleeve pipe, body of wall both sides are respectively arranged with fixed head, and prestressed reinforcement two ends arrange screw thread, prestressed reinforcement two ends are each passed through two pieces of fixed heads, and are fixed by packing ring and locking nut and fixed head.
Technical scheme of the present invention can also be achieved in that described fixed head is quadrangular steel sheets, it is highly 200 ~ 300mm, its width is equal with thickness of wall body, and the thickness of fixed head is 8 ~ 15mm, fixed head is provided with the through hole matched with prestressed reinforcement.
Technical scheme of the present invention can also be achieved in that described prestressed reinforcement comprises horizontal reinforcement and screw rod, and horizontal reinforcement two ends arrange a screw rod respectively, and horizontal reinforcement diameter is 18 ~ 25mm, and screw diameter is 15 ~ 22mm.
A construction technology for prestressing force rammed earth wall, wherein: comprise the following steps:
Prepare before the first step, construction:
A, according to height, the width situation of body of wall wanting building, determine quantity and the installation site of prestressed reinforcement, and prepare the sleeve pipe of respective numbers, horizontal reinforcement, screw rod, fixed head, nut and packing ring;
B, offer through hole at fixed head corresponding site;
Horizontal reinforcement and screw rod are also welded and fixed by c;
D, install the template of rammed earth body of wall;
E, preparation earth material and building instrument;
Second step, building body of wall:
A, according to rammed earth wall construction technology building rammed earth wall, until it highly reaches first group of prestressed reinforcement 3 setting height(from bottom);
B, sleeve pipe is placed on the surface of wall that building is good;
C, continue the body of wall above building sleeve pipe, until it highly reaches second group of prestressed reinforcement setting height(from bottom) according to rammed earth wall construction technology;
D, sleeve pipe is placed on the surface of wall that building is good;
Repeat step a ~ d, until body of wall height reaches the requirement for height wanting building;
3rd step, installation horizontal reinforcement:
A, building wall complete and after strength of wall body reaches requirement, install in sleeve pipe by the horizontal reinforcement after being welded and fixed and screw rod;
B, by fixed head through screw rod be close to body of wall side;
C, packing ring pass screw rod and are close to fixed head; Locking nut is inserted in screw rod and tightens;
4th step, Shi Hanzhang:
Outside fixed head, body of wall both sides simultaneously symmetry are tightened locking nut and are fixed, and the outside stretch-draw horizontal reinforcement of locking nut of body of wall both sides, to horizontal reinforcement Shi Hanzhang; So far the construction of prestressing force rammed earth wall is completed.
Technical scheme of the present invention prepares in a step before can also being achieved in that the first step, construction, and prestressed reinforcement is arranged along body of wall short transverse, arranges, arrange one group every 0.8 ~ 1.2m from distance 0.8 ~ 1.2m place, ground.
Technical scheme of the present invention prepares in a step before can also being achieved in that the first step, construction, when width of wall body is more than or equal to 500mm, often organizes prestressed reinforcement and comprises at least two prestressed reinforcements, spacing 200mm between prestressed reinforcement.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
1, the present invention is in the rammed earth wall soil body, arrange along rammed earth wall short transverse and organize prestressed reinforcement more, prestressed reinforcement is arranged along rammed earth wall length direction, fixed by steel plate and rammed earth wall two sides simultaneously, to the extruding force that rammed earth wall is inside, thus make rammed earth wall be in multidirectional pressured state, the resistance to compression of effective raising rammed earth wall, shear-carrying capacity, effectively can avoid the formation of vertical straight joint, ensure the application life of rammed earth wall, significantly reduce the ratio of height to thickness of body of wall, under the prerequisite not increasing thickness of wall body, that improves body of wall builds height by laying bricks or stones.
2, the present invention arranges prestressed reinforcement in the rammed earth wall soil body, and the rammed earth wall soil body, because being subject to the effect of compressive pre-stress, can effectively counteracting the tension stress formed on the soil body because of deformation, avoid the formation of direct tension cracking.Meanwhile, the present invention is improved significantly by durability during reinforcing bar replacement " careless muscle ".
3, structure of the present invention is simple, processing ease, construction technology are simple, and workable, working security is high; Draw materials conveniently, cost is low, better economy, both the security performance in the house that rammed earth wall is built by laying bricks or stones can have been improved, avoid the formation of body of wall through crack, the rammed earth wall soil body crack in tension that variations in temperature causes can be prevented again, height and the number of plies in house can also be improved by the ratio of height to thickness reducing body of wall.
4, the present invention is applied widely, is applicable to various rammed earth wall structure, and no matter whether the load-bearing of rammed earth wall body of wall all can apply; simultaneously; both can be used for the reinforcing of old rammed earth wall building, and also can be used for the construction in newly-built rammed earth wall house, the protection work for China's tradition rammed earth wall building is significant.
accompanying drawing illustrates:
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the A portion enlarged diagram of Fig. 1 of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the B-B cross-sectional schematic of Fig. 2 of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is that schematic diagram is looked on the right side of Fig. 2 of the present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in further detail.
As Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, shown in Fig. 4, a kind of prestressing force rammed earth wall, comprise body of wall 1, sleeve pipe 2, prestressed reinforcement 3, fixed head 4, packing ring 5 and locking nut 6, described body of wall 1 is rammed earth wall body of wall 1, sleeve pipe 2 is provided with in body of wall 1, sleeve pipe 2 is steel sleeve 2, sleeve pipe 2 is arranged along body of wall 1 length direction, and run through whole body of wall 1, prestressed reinforcement 3 is provided with in sleeve pipe 2, body of wall 1 both sides are respectively arranged with fixed head 4, prestressed reinforcement 3 two ends arrange screw thread, prestressed reinforcement 3 two ends are each passed through two pieces of fixed heads 4, and fixed with fixed head 4 by packing ring 5 and locking nut 6.Fixed head 4 is quadrangular steel sheets, and it is highly 300mm, and its width is equal with body of wall 1 thickness, and the thickness of fixed head 4 is 15mm, fixed head 4 is provided with the through hole 7 matched with prestressed reinforcement 3.Described prestressed reinforcement 3 comprises horizontal reinforcement 8 and screw rod 9, and horizontal reinforcement 8 two ends arrange a screw rod 9 respectively, and horizontal reinforcement 8 diameter is 20mm, and screw rod 9 diameter is 20mm, sleeve pipe 2 length 4430mm, diameter 22mm; Horizontal reinforcement 8 length 4350mm, grade III steel; Screw rod 9 length 110mm, reach 80mm, locking nut 6 adopts B level 1 type all-metal hex nut, internal diameter 20mm; Fixed head 4 width is 500mm, through hole 7 diameter 20mm on steel plate.
A construction technology for prestressing force rammed earth wall, wherein: comprise the following steps:
Prepare before the first step, construction:
A, according to height, the width situation of body of wall 1 wanting building, determine quantity and the installation site of prestressed reinforcement 3, and prepare the sleeve pipe 2 of respective numbers, horizontal reinforcement 8, screw rod 9, fixed head 4, nut and packing ring 5;
Prestressed reinforcement 3 is arranged along body of wall 1 short transverse, arranges, arrange one group every 1.2m from distance 1.2m place, ground.When body of wall 1 width is more than or equal to 500mm, often organizes prestressed reinforcement 3 and comprise at least two prestressed reinforcements 3, spacing 200mm between prestressed reinforcement 3.
The present embodiment wants the body of wall 1 of building to be highly: 4200mm, and length is 4430mm, and thickness is 500mm, therefore, need prepare the steel sleeve 26 that length is 4430mm, diameter is 22mm;
The horizontal reinforcement 86 that preparation length is 4350mm, diameter is 20mm;
The screw rod 912 that preparation length is 110mm, reach 80mm, diameter is 20mm;
Preparation width is 500mm, is highly fixed head 46 pieces that 300mm, thickness are 15mm; Fixed head 4 is steel plate;
Prepare the B level 1 type all-metal hex nut 12 that internal diameter is 20mm;
Prepare elastic washer 512;
B, fixed head 4 being arranged two diameters is the open-work of 20mm, and two open-works are symmetrical, open-work spacing 200mm;
C, horizontal reinforcement 8 and screw rod 9 are welded and fixed, the horizontal two ends of every root are welded and fixed a screw rod 9 respectively;
D, install the template of rammed earth body of wall 1;
E, preparation earth material and building instrument;
Second step, building body of wall 1:
A, according to rammed earth wall construction technology building rammed earth wall, when rammed earth wall height reaches about 1200mm, stop building;
B, two sleeve pipes 2 are placed on body of wall 1 that building is good surface along rammed earth wall length direction; Two sleeve pipes 2 are arranged in parallel, sleeve pipe 2 spacing 200mm;
C, continue the body of wall 1 above building sleeve pipe 2, until it highly reaches 2400mm according to rammed earth wall construction technology;
D, again two sleeve pipes 2 are placed on body of wall 1 that building is good surface along rammed earth wall length direction; Two sleeve pipes 2 are arranged in parallel, sleeve pipe 2 spacing 200mm;
The body of wall 1 above building sleeve pipe 2 is continued, until it highly reaches 3600mm according to rammed earth wall construction technology; Again two sleeve pipes 2 are placed on along rammed earth wall length direction body of wall 1 surface that building is good; Two sleeve pipes 2 are arranged in parallel, sleeve pipe 2 spacing 200mm; Continue according to the body of wall 1 above rammed earth wall construction technology building sleeve pipe 2, until rammed earth wall height reaches required side 4200mm.
3rd step, installation horizontal reinforcement 8:
A, install in sleeve pipe 2 by the horizontal reinforcement 8 after being welded and fixed and screw rod 9, every root sleeve pipe 2 installs a horizontal reinforcement 8;
B, fixed head 4 is close to body of wall 1 side through screw rod 9;
C, packing ring 5 pass screw rod 9 and are close to fixed head 4; Locking nut 6 is inserted in screw rod 9 and tightens;
4th step, Shi Hanzhang:
After rammed earth wall airing to setting intensity, outside fixed head 4, body of wall 1 both sides simultaneously symmetry are tightened locking nut 6 and are fixed, and the locking nut 6 outwards stretch-draw horizontal reinforcement 8 of body of wall 1 both sides, to horizontal reinforcement 8 Shi Hanzhang; So far the construction of prestressing force rammed earth wall is completed.
Be noted that, the above embodiment is unrestricted to the explanation of technical solution of the present invention, the equivalent replacement of art those of ordinary skill or other amendment made according to prior art, as long as do not exceed thinking and the scope of technical solution of the present invention, all should be included within interest field of the presently claimed invention.
Claims (6)
1. a prestressing force rammed earth wall, it is characterized in that: comprise body of wall (1), sleeve pipe (2), prestressed reinforcement (3), fixed head (4), packing ring (5) and locking nut (6), described body of wall (1) is rammed earth wall body of wall (1), sleeve pipe (2) is provided with in body of wall (1), sleeve pipe (2) is arranged along body of wall (1) length direction, and run through whole body of wall (1), prestressed reinforcement (3) is provided with in sleeve pipe (2), body of wall (1) both sides are respectively arranged with fixed head (4), prestressed reinforcement (3) two ends arrange screw thread, prestressed reinforcement (3) two ends are each passed through two pieces of fixed heads (4), and fixed with fixed head (4) by packing ring (5) and locking nut (6).
2. prestressing force rammed earth wall according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described fixed head (4) is quadrangular steel sheets, it is highly 200 ~ 300mm, its width is equal with body of wall (1) thickness, the thickness of fixed head (4) is 8 ~ 15mm, fixed head (4) is provided with the through hole (7) matched with prestressed reinforcement (3).
3. prestressing force rammed earth wall according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described prestressed reinforcement (3) comprises horizontal reinforcement (8) and screw rod (9), horizontal reinforcement (8) two ends arrange a screw rod (9) respectively, horizontal reinforcement (8) diameter is 18 ~ 25mm, and screw rod (9) diameter is 15 ~ 22mm.
4. the construction technology of prestressing force rammed earth wall as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: comprise the following steps:
Prepare before the first step, construction:
A, basis want height, the width situation of the body of wall (1) of building, determine quantity and the installation site of prestressed reinforcement (3), and prepare the sleeve pipe (2) of respective numbers, horizontal reinforcement (8), screw rod (9), fixed head (4), nut and packing ring (5);
B, offer through hole (7) at fixed head (4) corresponding site;
Horizontal reinforcement (8) and screw rod (9) are also welded and fixed by c;
D, install the template of rammed earth body of wall (1);
E, preparation earth material and building instrument;
Second step, building body of wall (1):
A, according to rammed earth wall construction technology building rammed earth wall, until it highly reaches first group of prestressed reinforcement (3) setting height(from bottom);
B, sleeve pipe (2) is placed on body of wall (1) surface that building is good;
C, according to rammed earth wall construction technology continue building sleeve pipe (2) top body of wall (1), until it highly reaches second group of prestressed reinforcement (3) setting height(from bottom);
D, sleeve pipe (2) is placed on body of wall (1) surface that building is good;
Repeat step a ~ d, until body of wall (1) highly reaches the requirement for height wanting building;
3rd step, installation horizontal reinforcement (8):
A, body of wall (1) have been built by laying bricks or stones and after body of wall (1) intensity reaches requirement, install in sleeve pipe (2) by the horizontal reinforcement (8) after being welded and fixed and screw rod (9);
B, fixed head (4) is close to body of wall (1) side through screw rod (9);
C, packing ring (5) are through screw rod (9) and be close to fixed head (4); Locking nut (6) is inserted in screw rod (9) and tightens;
4th step, Shi Hanzhang:
In fixed head (4) outside, body of wall (1) both sides simultaneously symmetry are tightened locking nut (6) and are fixed, and locking nut (6) the outwards stretch-draw horizontal reinforcement (8) of body of wall (1) both sides, to horizontal reinforcement (8) Shi Hanzhang; So far the construction of prestressing force rammed earth wall is completed.
5. the construction technology of prestressing force rammed earth wall according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: prepare before the first step, construction in a step, prestressed reinforcement (3) is arranged along body of wall (1) short transverse, arranges, arrange one group every 0.8 ~ 1.2m from distance 0.8 ~ 1.2m place, ground.
6. the construction technology of prestressing force rammed earth wall according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: prepare before the first step, construction in a step, when body of wall (1) width is more than or equal to 500mm, often organize prestressed reinforcement (3) and comprise at least two prestressed reinforcements (3), spacing 200mm between prestressed reinforcement (3).
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| CN201510380826.XA CN104895224A (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2015-06-30 | Prestressed loam wall and construction process thereof |
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| CN201510380826.XA CN104895224A (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2015-06-30 | Prestressed loam wall and construction process thereof |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105239701A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-01-13 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Construction process of rammed earth wall |
| CN105804294A (en) * | 2016-05-10 | 2016-07-27 | 天津城建大学 | Composite rammed-earth wall, template device adopted in construction thereof and construction method thereof |
| CN106545111A (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2017-03-29 | 天津城建大学 | For the prefabricated constructional column at body of wall external corner, rammed earth wall construction and its construction method |
| CN106930437A (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2017-07-07 | 广西大学 | A kind of reinforced concrete shear wall of built-in horizontal diagonal brace |
| CN107254925A (en) * | 2017-07-21 | 2017-10-17 | 天津城建大学 | Vertical prestressing loam wall and its construction method |
| CN107700700A (en) * | 2017-11-01 | 2018-02-16 | 西安建筑科技大学 | A kind of prestressed building blocks wall between windows and reinforcement means |
| CN108412087A (en) * | 2018-05-08 | 2018-08-17 | 天津城建大学 | Improve the prefabricated reinforcement structure and loam wall of loam wall globality |
| CN108412081A (en) * | 2018-01-30 | 2018-08-17 | 天津城建大学 | It is applied with the building construction method of horizontal prestressed masonry structure and masonry |
| CN111549941A (en) * | 2020-06-05 | 2020-08-18 | 福州大学 | Rammed earth wall based on FRP (fiber reinforced plastic) ribs and construction method thereof |
| CN115538650A (en) * | 2022-10-27 | 2022-12-30 | 章勇 | Building bearing wall structure |
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| AU7740581A (en) * | 1980-11-11 | 1982-05-20 | Stephen George Dobson | Rammed earth wall formwork |
| CN2778922Y (en) * | 2005-01-25 | 2006-05-10 | 孙广秀 | Anti-vibration device for brick wall |
| CN204728527U (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-10-28 | 郑州大学 | Prestressing force rammed earth wall |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| AU7740581A (en) * | 1980-11-11 | 1982-05-20 | Stephen George Dobson | Rammed earth wall formwork |
| CN2778922Y (en) * | 2005-01-25 | 2006-05-10 | 孙广秀 | Anti-vibration device for brick wall |
| CN204728527U (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-10-28 | 郑州大学 | Prestressing force rammed earth wall |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105239701A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-01-13 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Construction process of rammed earth wall |
| CN105239701B (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2018-01-12 | 西安建筑科技大学 | A kind of rammed earth wall construction technique |
| CN105804294B (en) * | 2016-05-10 | 2017-12-29 | 天津城建大学 | The plate device and its construction method used in rammed earth base combined wall, its construction |
| CN105804294A (en) * | 2016-05-10 | 2016-07-27 | 天津城建大学 | Composite rammed-earth wall, template device adopted in construction thereof and construction method thereof |
| CN106545111A (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2017-03-29 | 天津城建大学 | For the prefabricated constructional column at body of wall external corner, rammed earth wall construction and its construction method |
| CN106930437A (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2017-07-07 | 广西大学 | A kind of reinforced concrete shear wall of built-in horizontal diagonal brace |
| CN106930437B (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2023-05-26 | 广西大学 | Reinforced concrete shear wall with built-in horizontal diagonal braces |
| CN107254925A (en) * | 2017-07-21 | 2017-10-17 | 天津城建大学 | Vertical prestressing loam wall and its construction method |
| CN107700700A (en) * | 2017-11-01 | 2018-02-16 | 西安建筑科技大学 | A kind of prestressed building blocks wall between windows and reinforcement means |
| CN108412081A (en) * | 2018-01-30 | 2018-08-17 | 天津城建大学 | It is applied with the building construction method of horizontal prestressed masonry structure and masonry |
| CN108412087A (en) * | 2018-05-08 | 2018-08-17 | 天津城建大学 | Improve the prefabricated reinforcement structure and loam wall of loam wall globality |
| CN111549941A (en) * | 2020-06-05 | 2020-08-18 | 福州大学 | Rammed earth wall based on FRP (fiber reinforced plastic) ribs and construction method thereof |
| CN115538650A (en) * | 2022-10-27 | 2022-12-30 | 章勇 | Building bearing wall structure |
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Application publication date: 20150909 |
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