CN104871391B - 电源装置 - Google Patents

电源装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104871391B
CN104871391B CN201280077810.6A CN201280077810A CN104871391B CN 104871391 B CN104871391 B CN 104871391B CN 201280077810 A CN201280077810 A CN 201280077810A CN 104871391 B CN104871391 B CN 104871391B
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capacitor
mentioned
voltage
supply unit
secondary cell
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CN104871391A (zh
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山田良昭
土屋孝幸
肥喜里邦彦
井谷幸
井谷幸一
三宅范明
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UD Trucks Corp
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Volvo Truck Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/40—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B60L53/22—Constructional details or arrangements of charging converters specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10—Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/14—Dynamic electric regenerative braking for vehicles propelled by ac motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10—Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/16—Dynamic electric regenerative braking for vehicles comprising converters between the power source and the motor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/4803—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode with means for reducing DC component from AC output voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/12—Buck converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/14—Boost converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/527—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/529—Current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0083—Converters characterised by their input or output configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

电源装置将二次电池与同上述二次电池并联连接的电容器组合起来向负载提供电源。上述电源装置具备：绝缘型DC‑DC转换器，其具有初级线圈和次级线圈，该初级线圈与上述二次电池并联连接，通过从上述二次电池提供的电流来蓄积能量，从上述初级线圈利用所蓄积的能量向上述次级线圈流入感应电流；以及开关电路，其将上述次级线圈选择性地正向或反向地与上述电容器串联连接。

Description

电源装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种向负载提供电源的电源装置。
背景技术
以往以来，使用一种将电池与电容器组合起来向负载提供电源的电源装置。在日本JP2006-345606A中公开了一种将电池与电容器并联连接的车辆用电源系统。在该电源系统中，通过从电池和电容器提供的电能来驱动电动机的逆变器。
发明内容
然而，在日本JP2006-345606A的电源系统中，当电容器的电压低于能够驱动逆变器的电压时，变得无法利用来自电容器的电能来驱动电动机。另外，与在放电时电压缓慢下降的二次电池不同，电容器具有在放电时电压线性地下降的特性。因此，当电容器的电压下降时，即便还残存有电能，也会变得无法从电容器提供电能来驱动逆变器。
本发明是鉴于上述问题而完成的，其目的在于有效地活用电容器的电能。
根据本发明的某一方式，提供一种将二次电池与同上述二次电池并联连接的电容器组合起来向负载提供电源的电源装置，该电源装置具备：绝缘型DC-DC转换器，其具有初级线圈和次级线圈，该初级线圈与上述二次电池并联连接，通过从上述二次电池提供的电流来蓄积能量，从上述初级线圈利用所蓄积的能量向上述次级线圈流入感应电流；以及开关电路，其将上述次级线圈选择性地正向或反向地与上述电容器串联连接。
下面，参照附图来详细说明本发明的实施方式、本发明的优点。
附图说明
图1是本发明的第一实施方式所涉及的电源装置的电路图。
图2是本发明的第一实施方式所涉及的电源装置的框图。
图3是说明本发明的第一实施方式所涉及的电源装置的作用的图。
图4是本发明的第二实施方式所涉及的电源装置的电路图。
图5是本发明的第二实施方式所涉及的电源装置的框图。
具体实施方式
下面，参照附图来说明本发明的实施方式。
(第一实施方式)
下面，参照图1至图3来说明本发明的第一实施方式所涉及的电源装置100。
电源装置100是将二次电池1与同二次电池1并联连接的电容器2组合起来向负载提供电源的装置。该负载是从二次电池1和电容器2提供电源来驱动电动机5的逆变器50。电源装置100应用于HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicle：混合动力型车辆)、EV(ElectricVehicle：电动车辆)等。
首先，参照图1来说明从电源装置100提供电源的逆变器50和由逆变器50驱动的电动机5。
电动机5是搭载于HEV、EV的驱动用电动机。电动机5是利用三相交流来生成旋转磁场而被驱动的三相感应电动发电机。电动机5具备定子和转子，该定子在内周具有分别构成U相、V相以及W相的多个线圈(省略图示)，该转子具有永磁体，在定子的内周旋转。电动机5的定子固定于车体(省略图示)，转子的旋转轴与车轮的车轴(省略图示)连结。电动机5能够将电能转换为车轮的旋转，并且能够将车轮的旋转转换为电能。
逆变器50是从由二次电池1和电容器2提供的直流电力生成交流电力的电压电流转换机。逆变器50的额定电压为600V，能够驱动它的最低电压为400V。该最低电压相当于负载的最低工作电压。
逆变器50将从二次电池1和电容器2提供的直流电力转换为由相位依次相差120度的U相、V相以及W相构成的三相的交流并提供到电动机5。
逆变器50具有正侧电力线51a、负侧电力线51b、U相电力线51u、V相电力线51v、W相电力线51w。正侧电力线51a与二次电池1及电容器2的正极连接。负侧电力线51b与二次电池1及电容器2的负极连接。U相电力线51u、V相电力线51v以及W相电力线51w设置于正侧电力线51a与负侧电力线51b之间。另外，在正侧电力线51a与负侧电力线51b之间并联连接有平滑电容器55，该平滑电容器55使在二次电池1及电容器2与逆变器50之间流动的直流电流的电压平滑化。
逆变器50具有六个作为开关元件的IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor：绝缘栅双极型晶体管)53u、54u、53v、54v、53w及54w。这些IGBT 53u～54w是具有反向地并联连接的整流二极管的带二极管的IGBT。
IGBT 53u与IGBT 54u串联地设置于U相电力线51u。U相电力线51u的IGBT 53u与IGBT 54u之间与电动机5的构成U相的线圈连接。IGBT 53v与IGBT 54v串联地设置于V相电力线51v。V相电力线51v的IGBT 53v与IGBT 54v之间与电动机5的构成V相的线圈连接。IGBT53w与IGBT 54w串联地设置于W相电力线51w。W相电力线51w的IGBT 53w与IGBT 54w之间与电动机5的构成W相的线圈连接。
通过电动机控制器(省略图示)来控制IGBT 53u、54u、53v、54v、53w以及54w，由此逆变器50生成交流电流来驱动电动机5。
接着，参照图1和图2来说明电源装置100的结构。
电源装置100具备：二次电池1；电容器2；绝缘型DC-DC转换器(下面简称为“DC-DC转换器”)10，其利用二次电池1的电能来对电容器2施加偏置电压；作为开关电路的H桥电路20，其对电容器2选择性地正向或负向地施加偏置电压；非绝缘型DC-DC转换器(下面简称为“DC-DC转换器”。)30，其能够将二次电池1的电压升高来对逆变器50提供电流；以及控制器40(参照图2)，其控制DC-DC转换器10、H桥电路20以及DC-DC转换器30。
二次电池1是锂离子二次电池、镍氢二次电池等化学电池。在此，二次电池1的电压被设定为300V。对二次电池1设置检测电压并将对应的信号发送到控制器40的二次电池电压检测器1a(参照图2)。
电容器2是串联连接多个来设定成期望的电压并且并联连接多个来设定成期望的蓄电容量的双电层电容器。在此，电容器2的电压被设定为700V。对电容器2设置检测电压并将对应的信号发送到控制器40的电容器电压检测器2a(参照图2)。
DC-DC转换器10具有：初级线圈11，其与二次电池1并联连接；次级线圈12，其与电容器2串联连接；变压器芯13，其通过在初级线圈11中流动的电流来蓄积能量；作为开关元件的IGBT 14，其与初级线圈11串联地设置；以及平滑电容器15，其与次级线圈12并联连接。DC-DC转换器10是调整从次级线圈12输出的电压的反激式转换器。
向初级线圈11直接提供来自二次电池1的电流。通过控制器40来切换IGBT 14，由此电流在初级线圈11中断续地流动。初级线圈11通过从二次电池1提供的电流来在变压器芯13中蓄积能量。
当IGBT 14被切换为导通时，变压器芯13由于初级线圈11中流动的电流而被磁化。由此，在变压器芯13中蓄积磁能。当IGBT 14被切换为截止时，变压器芯13中蓄积的磁能被转换为次级线圈12中流动的感应电流。
由于从初级线圈11蓄积到变压器芯13的能量，而感应电流在次级线圈12中流动。电压低于二次电池1的电压的感应电流在次级线圈12中流动。也就是说，DC-DC转换器10是降压转换器。
由控制器40对IGBT 14进行斩波控制。通过对IGBT 14变更斩波控制的占空比来调整次级线圈12中流动的感应电流的电压。IGBT 14的占空比越高，则次级线圈12中流动的感应电流的电压越高。
平滑电容器15使通过对IGBT 14进行斩波控制而在次级线圈12中断续地流动的感应电流的电压平滑化。由此，在次级线圈12中流动的感应电流成为电压大致固定的直流电流。
H桥电路20将DC-DC转换器10的次级线圈12选择性地正向或反向地与电容器2串联连接。H桥电路20具有呈H型地配置于次级线圈12的正端子与负端子之间的四个作为开关元件的IGBT 21～24。
通过控制器40来切换IGBT 21～24。IGBT 21与IGBT 23隔着第一触点26a串联连接地设置于次级线圈12的正侧电力线25a与负侧电力线25b之间。IGBT 21与IGBT 23排他性地切换为导通。同样地，IGBT 22与IGBT 24也隔着第二触点26b串联连接地设置于次级线圈12的正侧电力线25a与负侧电力线25b之间。IGBT 22与IGBT 24排他性地切换为导通。
H桥电路20将电容器2与次级线圈12经由第一触点26a和第二触点26b串联连接。H桥电路20通过使IGBT 21～24中的一对IGBT成为接通状态来对电容器2施加正的偏置电压，通过使IGBT 21～24中的剩余的一对IGBT成为接通状态来对电容器2施加负的偏置电压。
具体地说，在IGBT 21和IGBT 24被切换为导通的情况下，次级线圈12正向地连接于电容器2。由此，对电容器2的电压施加正的偏置电压。另一方面，在IGBT 22和IGBT 23被切换为导通的情况下，次级线圈12反向地连接于电容器2。由此，对电容器2的电压施加负的偏置电压。
通过这样设置H桥电路20，能够将电容器2的表观电压调整为电容器2的电压与偏置电压的总计电压。
此外，通过将H桥电路20的IGBT 21和IGBT 22切换为导通或者将IGBT 23和IGBT24切换为导通，能够将次级线圈12与电容器2断开。在该情况下，在逆变器50的正侧电力线51a与负侧电力线51b之间仅连接有电容器2。另外，通过将H桥电路20的IGBT 21～24全部切换为截止，能够将电容器2与电源装置100断开。在该情况下，仅从二次电池1向逆变器50提供电源。
DC-DC转换器30能够将二次电池1的电压升高后对逆变器50供给电力，并且能够将来自逆变器50的再生电力降压后充入到二次电池1。DC-DC转换器30能够将二次电池1的电压从300V升高到600V。
DC-DC转换器30具备：电抗器31，其设置于二次电池1的下游；降压控制晶体管32，其设置于电抗器31与电动机5的上游之间；升压控制晶体管33，其设置于电抗器31与电动机5的下游之间；以及平滑电容器34，其与二次电池1并联连接。
电抗器31在升压控制晶体管33导通时蓄积能量。而且，在升压控制晶体管33变为截止时，从二次电池1输入的电压和由电抗器31中蓄积的能量产生的感应电动势通过降压控制晶体管32的整流二极管后被输出。由此，电抗器31能够通过升压控制晶体管33的切换来将输入电压升高后输出。
通过控制器40来切换升压控制晶体管33。升压控制晶体管33是具有反向地并联连接的整流二极管的带二极管的IGBT。升压控制晶体管33能够切换电抗器31的电流来利用感应电动势将向电动机5提供的提供电压升高。
当升压控制晶体管33被切换为导通时，来自二次电池1的正极的电流经由电抗器31和升压控制晶体管33流向二次电池1的负极。通过该电流的环路在电抗器31中蓄积能量。
通过控制器40来切换降压控制晶体管32。降压控制晶体管32是具有反向地并联连接的整流二极管的带二极管的IGBT。降压控制晶体管32能够通过切换来降低来自电动机5的充电电压。降压控制晶体管32通过斩波控制将电动机5发电得到的电力降压后充入到二次电池1。
平滑电容器34使由降压控制晶体管32进行斩波控制后输出的电压平滑化。由此，能够使向二次电池1充入由电动机5发电得到的电力时的电压平滑化进而稳定。
控制器40(参照图2)进行电源装置100的控制。控制器40是具备CPU(中央运算处理装置)、ROM(只读存储器)、RAM(随机存取存储器)以及I/O接口(输入输出接口)的微型计算机。RAM存储CPU的处理中的数据。ROM预先存储CPU的控制程序等。I/O接口使用于与所连接的设备之间的信息的输入输出。通过使CPU、RAM等按照ROM中保存的程序进行动作来实现电源装置100的控制。
接着，主要参照图3来说明电源装置100的作用。在图3中，横轴是电容器2的电压(V)，纵轴是电容器2的蓄电能量(％)。在图3中，实线的曲线是表示不对电容器2施加偏置电压的标准状态的情况下的电压与蓄电能量之间的关系的曲线图。点划线的曲线是表示施加有-100V的偏置电压的情况和施加有+100V的偏置电压的情况下的电容器2的表观电压与蓄电能量之间的关系的曲线图。另外，粗实线的曲线是表示电源装置100中的电容器2的表观电压与蓄电能量之间的关系的曲线图。
首先，作为比较例，说明不对电容器2施加偏置电压且电容器2单独向逆变器50供给电力的情况。
由DC-DC转换器30升压后的二次电池1的额定电压是600V。而且，逆变器50的最低工作电压是400V。因此，电容器2仅能够在电压为400V至600V的范围内驱动逆变器50。在电压低于400V的情况下或电压高于600V的情况下，电容器2无法驱动逆变器50。
对此，在电源装置100中，对电容器2施加正的偏置电压和负的偏置电压。在图3示出的例子中，在-100V至+100V的范围内对电容器2施加有正负的偏置电压。在该情况下，如以下那样进行动作。
在电容器2被满充电的情况下，控制器40将H桥电路20的IGBT 22和IGBT 23切换为导通。而且，控制器40控制DC-DC转换器10使得二次电池1的电压降低到100V，从次级线圈12对电容器2施加-100V的负的偏置电压。由此，电容器2的电压与偏置电压的总计为600V，与由DC-DC转换器30升压后的二次电池1的电压相等。因此，即使在电容器2的电压高于600V的情况下，也能够从二次电池1和电容器2向逆变器50提供电源来驱动电动机5。
当从电容器2向逆变器50提供电源来驱动电动机5时，电容器2的电压成比例地下降。此时，控制器40控制DC-DC转换器10，使得施加于电容器2的负的偏置电压逐渐减小。同时，控制器40控制DC-DC转换器30，使得升压后的二次电池的电压等于电容器2的电压与偏置电压的总计。
在电容器2的电压进一步降低的情况下，控制器40将H桥电路20的IGBT 22和IGBT23切换为截止，并且将IGBT 21和IGBT 24切换为导通。而且，控制器40控制DC-DC转换器10使得二次电池1的电压降低，从次级线圈12对电容器2施加正的偏置电压。
在电容器2的电压下降到300V的情况下，控制器40控制DC-DC转换器10使得二次电池1的电压降低到100V，从次级线圈12对电容器2施加+100V的正的偏置电压。由此，在电源装置100中，能够从二次电池1和电容器2向逆变器50提供电源来驱动电动机5直到电容器2的电压低于300V为止。
通过以上，在电源装置100中，即使电容器2的电压低于400V，也能够使电容器2的电压与偏置电压的总计为400V以上。因此，即使在电容器2的电压低于400V的情况下，也能够从二次电池1和电容器2向逆变器50提供电源来驱动电动机5。
以往，当电容器2的电压低于逆变器50的最低工作电压时，即便电容器2内残存有电能，也会变得无法使用电容器2的电能来驱动逆变器50。能够驱动逆变器50的最低电压是400V，因此，当电容器2的电压低于400V时，变得无法使用电容器2的电能来驱动逆变器50。
与此相对地，在电源装置100中，在电容器2的电压下降时，H桥电路20能够将由DC-DC转换器10降压后的二次电池1的电压正向地连接到电容器2来对电容器2施加正的偏置电压。因此，即使电容器2的电压下降，也能够通过偏置电压来使表观电压上升，由此提供电容器2内残存的电能来驱动逆变器50。因而，能够有效地活用电容器2的电能。
另外，在电源装置100中，不仅能够对电容器2施加正的偏置电压，还能够施加负的偏置电压。由此，能够使电容器2的可利用的电压的范围不仅向低电压侧扩大也向高电压侧扩大，因此能够进一步有效地活用电容器2的电能。
能够像这样在电源装置100中有效地活用电容器2的电能，因此能够减小向逆变器50输出相同的电能所需的电容器2的容量。因此，能够使电容器2小型轻量化。
根据以上的第一实施方式，起到以下示出的效果。
在电容器2的电压下降时，H桥电路20能够将由DC-DC转换器10降压后的二次电池1的电压正向地连接到电容器2来对电容器2施加正的偏置电压。因此，即使电容器2的电压下降，也能够通过偏置电压来使表观电压上升，由此提供电容器2内残存的电能来驱动逆变器50。因而，能够有效地活用电容器2的电能。
另外，在电源装置100中，不仅能够对电容器2施加正的偏置电压，还能够施加负的偏置电压。由此，能够使电容器2的可利用的电压的范围不仅向低电压侧扩大也向高电压侧扩大，因此能够有效地活用电容器2的电能。
此外，在本实施方式中，在-100V至+100V的范围内对电容器2施加正负的偏置电压，但是如果将该偏置电压的范围扩大到更广的范围，则能够进一步有效地活用电容器2的电能。
(第二实施方式)
下面，参照图4和图5来说明本发明的第二实施方式所涉及的电源装置200。此外，在第二实施方式中，对与前述的第一实施方式相同的结构标注相同的附图标记，适当省略重复的说明。
在第二实施方式中，多个电容器2、202并联设置，这一点与第一实施方式不同。
电源装置200将二次电池1、与二次电池1并联连接的电容器2以及同样与二次电池1并联连接的电容器202组合起来向逆变器50提供电源。
电源装置200还具备：电容器202；绝缘型DC-DC转换器(下面简称为“DC-DC转换器”)210，其利用二次电池1的电能来对电容器202施加偏置电压；以及作为开关电路的H桥电路220，其选择性地对电容器202正向或负向地施加偏置电压。也就是说，在电源装置200中，对于电容器2和电容器202各设置一个DC-DC转换器10、210和H桥电路20、220。
电容器202是串联连接多个来设定成期望的电压并且并联连接多个来设定成期望的蓄电容量的双电层电容器。在此，电容器202的电压被设定为700V。对电容器202设置检测电压并将对应的信号发送到控制器40的电容器电压检测器202a(参照图5)。
DC-DC转换器210具有：初级线圈11，其与二次电池1并联连接；次级线圈12，其与电容器202串联连接；变压器芯13，其通过在初级线圈11中流动的电流来蓄积能量；作为开关元件的IGBT 14，其与初级线圈11串联地设置；以及平滑电容器15，其与次级线圈12并联连接。DC-DC转换器210是调整从次级线圈12输出的电压的反激式转换器。
H桥电路220将DC-DC转换器210的次级线圈12选择性地正向或反向地与电容器202串联连接。H桥电路220具有呈H型地配置于次级线圈12的正端子与负端子之间的四个作为开关元件的IGBT 21～24。
DC-DC转换器210的结构与DC-DC转换器10的结构相同，H桥电路220的结构与H桥电路20的结构相同，因此在此省略对各结构的详细说明。
在电源装置200中设置彼此并联连接的电容器2和电容器202。在电源装置200中设置有一对电容器，但是也可以将三个以上的电容器并联连接来使用。在电容器2和电容器202中，有时会因其个体差异所引起的特性的不同而导致在反复充放电的期间产生电位差。因此，在电源装置200中，控制器40使DC-DC转换器10、210和H桥电路20、220调整正的或负的偏置电压的大小，使得电容器2的电压与被施加的偏置电压的总计同202的电压与被附加的偏置电压的总计相等。
由此，能够将电容器2和电容器202的表观电压调整为大致相同，因此能够取得电容器2与电容器202之间的电压平衡。因此，能够抑制因电容器2、202的个体差异所引起的特性的不同而产生的电压的失衡。因而，能够充分地发挥电容器2、202的性能，并且能够抑制电容器2、202的劣化、寿命的降低。
另外，在电源装置200中，能够变更并联连接的电容器的数量，因此能够根据所应用的车辆的重量来变更电容器的蓄电容量。因此，例如在将电源装置200应用于重量更大的车辆的情况下，能够增加并联连接的电容器的数量，使得能够在短时间内输入输出大电流。
根据以上的第二实施方式，与第一实施方式同样地，在电容器2、202的电压下降时，H桥电路20、220能够将由DC-DC转换器10、210降压后的二次电池1的电压正向地连接到电容器2、202来对电容器2、202施加正的偏置电压。因此，即使电容器2、202的电压下降，也能够通过偏置电压使表观电压上升，由此提供电容器2、202内残存的电能来驱动逆变器50。因而，能够有效地活用电容器2、202的电能。
另外，在电源装置200中，不仅能够对电容器2、202施加正的偏置电压，也能够施加负的偏置电压。由此，能够将电容器2、202的可利用的电压的范围不仅向低电压侧扩大也向高电压侧扩大，因此能够有效地活用电容器2、202的电能。
另外，通过使DC-DC转换器10、210和H桥电路20、220调整正的或负的偏置电压的大小，使得电容器2的电压与被施加的偏置电压的总计同电容器202的电压与被施加的偏置电压的总计相等，能够将电容器2和电容器202的表观电压调整为大致相同。因而，能够充分地发挥电容器2、202的性能，并且抑制电容器2、202的劣化、寿命的降低。
另外，在电源装置200中，能够变更并联连接的电容器的数量，因此能够根据所应用的车辆的重量来变更电容器的蓄电容量。因此，例如在将电源装置200应用于重量更大的车辆的情况下，能够增加并联连接的电容器的数量，使得能够在短时间内输入输出大电流。
以上说明了本发明的实施方式，但是上述实施方式只不过示出了本发明的应用例的一部分，并不意味着将本发明的技术范围限定为上述实施方式的具体结构。
例如，上述的实施方式中的电压等的数值是例示的数值，并不限定于这些数值。另外，在上述的实施方式中，将三相感应电动发电机用作电动机5，但是也可以取而代之使用同步电动机、两相感应电动机、单相感应电动机等由直流电源和逆变器控制的其它电动机。
另外，在上述的实施方式中，通过控制器40来控制电源装置100、200，通过电动机控制器(省略图示)来控制逆变器50。也可以取而代之通过单个控制器来控制电源装置100、200和逆变器50。
另外，上述的各个IGBT是具有反向地并联连接的整流二极管的带二极管的IGBT。也可以取而代之分别独立地设置不内置二极管的IGBT和同IGBT反向地并联连接的整流二极管。另外，也可以代替IGBT而将MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-EffectTransistor：金属-氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)等其它晶体管用作开关元件。
本发明的实施例所包含的专属性质或特征如上那样记载于权利要求中。

Claims (8)

1.一种电源装置，将二次电池与同上述二次电池并联连接的电容器组合起来向负载提供电源，该电源装置具备：
绝缘型DC-DC转换器，其具有初级线圈和次级线圈，该初级线圈与上述二次电池并联连接，通过从上述二次电池提供的电流来蓄积能量，从上述初级线圈利用所蓄积的能量向上述次级线圈流入感应电流；以及
开关电路，其将上述次级线圈的任一端选择性地与上述电容器串联连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电源装置，其特征在于，
上述开关电路是具有四个开关元件的H桥电路。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电源装置，其特征在于，
上述开关电路通过使上述开关元件中的一对开关元件成为接通状态来对上述电容器施加正的偏置电压，通过使剩余的一对开关元件成为接通状态来对上述电容器施加负的偏置电压。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的电源装置，其特征在于，
设置有多个上述电容器，
对于各个上述电容器分别设置一个上述绝缘型DC-DC转换器和一个上述开关电路。
5.根据权利要求4所述的电源装置，其特征在于，
上述绝缘型DC-DC转换器和上述开关电路调整正的或负的偏置电压的大小后施加该偏置电压，使得各个上述电容器的电压与上述偏置电压的总计分别相等。
6.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的电源装置，其特征在于，
还具备非绝缘型DC-DC转换器，该非绝缘型DC-DC转换器能够将上述二次电池的电压升高后对上述负载提供电流，并且能够将来自上述负载的再生电流降压后对上述二次电池充电。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电源装置，其特征在于，
直接向上述初级线圈提供来自上述二次电池的电流。
8.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的电源装置，其特征在于，
上述负载是从上述二次电池和上述电容器提供电源来驱动电动机的逆变器。
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