CN104772561B - Weld the friction stir welding method of harden structure and cylinder - Google Patents
Weld the friction stir welding method of harden structure and cylinder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104772561B CN104772561B CN201510195159.8A CN201510195159A CN104772561B CN 104772561 B CN104772561 B CN 104772561B CN 201510195159 A CN201510195159 A CN 201510195159A CN 104772561 B CN104772561 B CN 104772561B
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- Prior art keywords
- cylinder
- harden structure
- friction
- head
- welding
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/123—Controlling or monitoring the welding process
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
- B23K20/125—Rotary tool drive mechanism
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
- B23K20/1255—Tools therefor, e.g. characterised by the shape of the probe
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a kind of friction stir welding method for welding harden structure and cylinder, the friction stir welding method of the welding harden structure and cylinder includes：Step A:Cylinder is inserted vertically into the accommodating chamber of the harden structure；Step B:Friction stir welding tools are pressed on the cylinder；Step C:The grip shank is driven to rotate, the friction head is driven to rotate, the upper surface of the cylinder is set to be in close contact and be kept for T seconds with the upper surface of the harden structure, the upper surface of the cylinder is set to be plastified with the alloy or metal of the upper surface of the harden structure in the presence of frictional heat, plastic deformation and flowing occur for the alloy or metal of plasticizing, form the connection of harden structure and cylinder.The present invention protects in welding process undesirable gas, welds no pernicious gas and produces, is lost without welding wire, is a kind of green, environmentally friendly, efficient welding manner.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of friction stir welding method for welding harden structure and cylinder.
Background technology
It is mostly that aluminium closes that the connector of harden structure and cylinder widely uses its material in electric power, machinery, field of electronics
The alloy in lightweight such as gold or copper alloy.At present, the connection of harden structure and cylinder, mostly using fusion welding, such as consumable electrode noble gas
Protection weldering (MIG), argon tungsten-arc welding (TIG), metal active gas welding (MAG), welding rod manual electric arc welding (SMAW) etc..
The principle of fusion welding is, the melt material of tube sheet junction is formed smelting by high temperature caused by welding after fusion, cooling
Gold combines, and realizes connection.Above-mentioned various fusion welding welding processes are complicated, and power consumption is big, welding process needs gas shield and can produced
The easily generation stomata of alloy in lightweight such as raw pernicious gas, fusion welding connection copper, aluminium alloy, it is mingled with, alloying element scaling loss, crystal grain
The abnormal thick quality of connection for waiting metallurgical imperfection, being greatly degrading joint, compromise the performance and quality of tube plate structure part.
In summary, problems with the prior art be present：The connector of harden structure and cylinder on the make, quality of connection
It is bad, compromise the performance and quality of the connector of harden structure and cylinder.
The content of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of friction stir welding method for welding harden structure and cylinder, to solve harden structure and cylinder
Connector on the make, the problem of quality of connection is bad.
Therefore, the present invention proposes a kind of friction stir welding method for welding harden structure and cylinder, for cylinder to be welded
Into the accommodating chamber of harden structure, the friction stir welding method of the welding harden structure and cylinder includes：
Step A:Cylinder is inserted vertically into the accommodating chamber of the harden structure；
Step B:Friction stir welding tools are pressed on the cylinder, described friction stir welding tools include, and can turn
Dynamic grip shank and the friction head being connected to below the grip shank, the friction head are used to mutually rub with the cylinder, realized
Agitating friction welds；
Step C:Drive the grip shank to rotate, drive the friction head to rotate, make the upper surface of the cylinder with it is described
The upper surface of harden structure is in close contact and kept for T seconds, makes the conjunction of the upper surface of the cylinder and the upper surface of the harden structure
Gold or metal plastify in the presence of frictional heat, and plastic deformation and flowing occur for the alloy or metal of plasticizing, are formed hardened
The connection of structure and cylinder.
Further, in the step C, the rotating shaft that friction head rotates is vertical direction, and the external diameter of the friction head is more than
The external diameter of the cylinder.
Further, in the step A, make the upper surface of the cylinder concordant with the upper surface of the harden structure.
Further, the cylinder is circular body, and the accommodating chamber is annular；
The friction stir welding method of the welding harden structure and cylinder also includes：One folder is set in the harden structure
Tight chamber, the clamping chamber are cylinder, and the external diameter for clamping chamber is less than the internal diameter of the body, and the clamping chamber surrounds
Within accommodating chamber, before step C, the fastener head of cylinder is put into the clamping chamber, the external diameter of the fastener head
Equal to the internal diameter of the clamping chamber, and the upper surface of the fastener head is higher than the upper surface of the harden structure, makes the fastening
Head forms the positioning of horizontal direction to the friction head, and prevents the upper surface of fastener head described in welding process and the plate
Alloy at linkage interface or metal between the upper surface of structure are squeezed into the clamping chamber.
Further, the lower surface of the friction head is provided with circular neck, the upper surface of the fastener head and the circle
Shape neck clamping.
Further, the cylinder is solid cylinder.
Further, the end face center of the friction head is provided with prominent mixing needle, or the end face of the friction head is
Hollow structure, or the end face of the friction head is a solid plane.
Further, the rotating speed of the friction head is 1000 revs/min to 2000/ minute, and T is the 5-10 seconds.
Further, the harden structure and the cylinder are aluminium alloy or copper alloy.
Further, the end face of the friction head is provided with groove, and the groove shapes are involute, arrow or annulus.
In the present invention, friction head rotation and is brought into close contact at a high speed with cylinder and harden structure connecting end surface, and friction head is with being welded
The material of test specimen interacts, and frictional heat makes the material of cylinder and harden structure linkage interface reach plastifying state, plasticizing
Metal flows under the constraint and driving of flowage friction end surface, and the flowing of plasticized metal eliminates weld interface and connect so as to be formed
Head, realize Tube-sheet Welding.The present invention protects in welding process undesirable gas, welds no pernicious gas and produces, is lost without welding wire,
It is a kind of green, environmentally friendly, efficient welding manner, suitable for the welding of alloy in lightweight, particularly aluminium alloy and copper alloy.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the unwelded preceding structural representation of the harden structure of first embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the friction stir welding tools of first embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 3 is the operation principle schematic diagram when harden structure of first embodiment of the invention is welded with cylinder；
Fig. 4 is the unwelded preceding structural representation of the harden structure of second embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of the friction stir welding tools of second embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 6 is the operation principle schematic diagram when harden structure of second embodiment of the invention is welded with cylinder；
Drawing reference numeral explanation：
The circular card of 1 grip shank, 2 friction head, 3 fastener head, 4 cylinder, 5 harden structure, 6 solder joint, 10 friction stir welding tools 21
The accommodating chamber 53 of groove 51 clamps chamber
Embodiment
In order to which technical characteristic, purpose and the effect of the present invention is more clearly understood, now control illustrates this hair
It is bright.
The present invention proposes a kind of friction stir welding method for welding harden structure and cylinder, hardened for cylinder to be welded to
In the accommodating chamber of structure, as shown in Figure 1 to Figure 3, and as shown in Figures 4 to 6, the agitating friction of the welding harden structure and cylinder
Welding method includes：
Step A:Cylinder 4 is inserted vertically into the accommodating chamber 51 of the harden structure 5, harden structure 5 is tabular, also referred to as plate
Shape body or board member, harden structure 5 can be revolving body, with cylinder 4 weld after, harden structure 5 can rotate, cylinder 4 be pipe or
Solid cylinder, accommodating chamber 51 are used to accommodate cylinder 4 to be welded；
Step B:Friction stir welding tools 10 are pressed on the cylinder 4, described friction stir welding tools 10 include：
The grip shank 1 that can be rotated and the friction head 2 that is connected to below the grip shank, the friction head 2 is used for and the cylinder 4, with
And the phase friction of harden structure 5, realize that agitating friction welds, in addition, friction stir welding tools 10 can also include being connected with grip shank 1
Motor；
Step C:Drive the grip shank 1 to rotate by motor, compress and drive the friction head 2 to rotate, the friction
First 2 contact and are kept for T seconds with the upper surface of the cylinder 4 and the upper surface of the harden structure 5, make the upper of the cylinder 4
The alloy or metal of end face and the upper surface of the harden structure 5 plastify in the presence of frictional heat, the alloy or gold of plasticizing
Plastic deformation and flowing occur for category, form harden structure 5 and the connection of cylinder 4.Relative to former welding manner, such as argon arc welding,
Or gas metal-arc welding, the joint of such a welding manner is fine and close, no hole, shrinkage porosite, the defects of tunnel, and when welding
Pernicious gas is not produced, is a kind of efficient, green, environmentally friendly welding manner.
Friction head 2 rotates under the drive of grip shank 1 during welding, and is brought into close contact the upper surface of cylinder 4 and harden structure 5
(or upper surface), make the material of its upper surface that plastic deformation and flowing occur, form the connection that joint realizes tube sheet component.This hair
Bright connection method is efficient, quick, joint zero defect, is a kind of green, environmentally friendly, efficiently, inexpensive welding manner, due to this
For the connector of harden structure and cylinder using extensive, demand is big, can be with using present invention welding harden structure and the connector of cylinder
Production cost is greatly reduced, shortens the manufacturing cycle, has broad application prospects, and huge economic benefit can be produced.
Further, in the step C, the rotating shaft that friction head 2 rotates is vertical direction, and friction head 2 turns in the horizontal plane
Dynamic, the external diameter of the friction head is more than the external diameter of the cylinder, so that solder joint 6 or welding position are located at cylinder and harden structure 5
Between accommodating chamber 51, stable welding is formed.
Fig. 1 of the present invention to Fig. 3 shows the first embodiment that cylinder is pipe.In the embodiment：Harden structure and cylinder
Connector will be reserved with a clamping chamber 53 after being welded, as connection miscellaneous part or to do other purposes.
As shown in figure 1, the cylinder 4 is circular body, the accommodating chamber 51 is annular；
The friction stir welding method of the welding harden structure and cylinder also includes：One folder is set in the harden structure
Tight chamber 53, the clamping chamber 53 are cylinder, and the external diameter for clamping chamber 53 is less than the internal diameter of the body 4, and the folder
Tight chamber 53 is enclosed within accommodating chamber 51, as shown in figure 3, before step C, the fastener head 3 of cylinder is put into the folder
In tight chamber 53, the external diameter of the fastener head 3 is equal to the internal diameter of the clamping chamber 53, and the upper surface of the fastener head 3 is higher than
The upper surface of the harden structure 5, the fastener head 3 is formed the positioning of horizontal direction to the friction head 2, limit friction head 2
Misplace, and prevented between the upper surface of fastener head described in welding process and the upper surface of the harden structure in the horizontal direction
Linkage interface at alloy or metal be squeezed into it is described clamping chamber 53 in.
Wherein, the internal diameter of accommodating chamber 51 is d1；Fastener head 3, its a diameter of d2, the fastener head and friction head 2 are split knot
Structure, it to be easy to dismount, and makes d1=d2, fastener head 3 is inserted in the hollow tube (clamping chamber 53) of board member 5, and in welding process
Remains stationary.
Further, such as Fig. 1 and Fig. 3, in the step A, the upper surface of the cylinder 4 and the upper end of the harden structure are made
Face is concordant, so that plastic deformation is smooth, friction head 2 rotates uniformly.
Further, as Fig. 2, the lower surface of the friction head are provided with circular neck 21, such as Fig. 3, the fastener head 3
Upper surface and the circular clamping of neck 21, so, preferably positioning can be formed, also allows for processing.
Further, the end face center of the friction head 2 is provided with prominent mixing needle, or the end face of the friction head is
Hollow structure, or the end face of the friction head is a solid plane.It is described or the end face of the friction head is provided with groove
Groove shapes are involute, arrow or annulus.This is determined according to the practical structures of the actual conditions combined connecting component of welding,
To realize enough plasticizing and flowing.
Further, the rotating speed of the friction head is 1000 revs/min to 2000/ minute, and T is the 5-10 seconds.It can so make
Copper alloy at tube sheet joint face plastifies in the presence of frictional heat, the pact of the copper alloy of plasticizing in flowage friction end surface groove
Beam and the lower flowing of drive, form joint.
Further, the harden structure and the cylinder are aluminium alloy or copper alloy, and such material can be easy to plastify,
It is easy to form agitating friction weldering.In addition, harden structure is alternatively the alloy in lightweight such as magnesium alloy with the cylinder.
Fig. 4 of the present invention to Fig. 6 shows the second embodiment that cylinder is solid cylinder.The embodiment and first embodiment
The main distinction have：The cylinder is solid cylinder, and the connector of harden structure and cylinder need not be reserved with after being welded
One clamping chamber 53, it is, the connector of harden structure and cylinder be welded after there is no cavity.In addition, friction head bottom
Without the neck with fastener head clamping.
Wherein, the external diameter of cylinder 4 is d3, and the external diameter of friction head 2 is d4, and makes d4 ＞ d3, and friction head 2 is in grip shank 1
Lower rotation is driven, and is brought into close contact with the upper surface of solid cylinder 4 and harden structure 5, phase interaction occurs for friction head and materials to be welded
With frictional heat flows plasticizing metal, plasticized metal in the presence of the end surface that rubs, and forms joint and realizes harden structure and post
The making and connection of the connector of body.
The schematical embodiment of the present invention is the foregoing is only, is not limited to the scope of the present invention.For this
Each part of invention can be mutually combined under conditions of not conflicting, any those skilled in the art, not depart from this
Made equivalent variations and modification, all should belong to the scope of protection of the invention on the premise of the design of invention and principle.
Claims (6)
- A kind of 1. friction stir welding method for welding harden structure and cylinder, for cylinder to be welded to the accommodating chamber of harden structure In, the cylinder is circular body, it is characterised in that the harden structure includes：The accommodating chamber (51) and clamping chamber (53), the accommodating chamber is annular；The clamping chamber is cylinder, and the external diameter for clamping chamber is less than the interior of the body Footpath, the clamping chamber (53) are enclosed within accommodating chamber and mutually separated with the accommodating chamber (51), the welding harden structure and post The friction stir welding method of body includes：Step A:Cylinder is inserted vertically into the accommodating chamber of the harden structure；Step B:Friction stir welding tools are pressed on the cylinder, described friction stir welding tools include：It can rotate Grip shank and the friction head being connected to below the grip shank, the friction head are used to mutually rub with the cylinder, realize stirring Friction welding；The fastener head of cylinder to be put into the clamping chamber, the external diameter of the fastener head is equal to the internal diameter of the clamping chamber, And the upper surface of the fastener head is higher than the upper surface of the harden structure, the fastener head is formed level to the friction head The positioning in direction, and prevent the connection between the upper surface of fastener head described in welding process and the upper surface of the harden structure The alloy or metal of interface are squeezed into the clamping chamber；Step C:Drive the grip shank to rotate, compress and drive the friction head to rotate, the friction head and the cylinder Upper surface and the upper surface of the harden structure contact and kept for T seconds, make the upper surface of the cylinder and the harden structure The alloy or metal of upper surface plastify in the presence of frictional heat, and plastic deformation and stream occur for the alloy or metal of plasticizing It is dynamic, form the connection of harden structure and cylinder；In the step C, the rotating shaft that friction head rotates is vertical direction, and the external diameter of the friction head is more than the outer of the cylinder Footpath；In the step A, make the upper surface of the cylinder concordant with the upper surface of the harden structure.
- 2. the friction stir welding method of welding harden structure and cylinder as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the friction The lower surface of head is provided with circular neck, the upper surface of the fastener head and the circular neck clamping.
- 3. the friction stir welding method of welding harden structure and cylinder as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the friction The end face center of head is provided with prominent mixing needle, or the end face of the friction head is hollow structure, or the end face of the friction head For a solid plane.
- 4. the friction stir welding method of welding harden structure and cylinder as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the friction The rotating speed of head is 1000 revs/min to 2000/ minute, and T is the 5-10 seconds.
- 5. the friction stir welding method of welding harden structure and cylinder as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described hardened Structure and the cylinder are aluminium alloy or copper alloy.
- 6. the friction stir welding method of welding harden structure and cylinder as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the friction The end face of head is provided with groove, and the groove shapes are involute, arrow or annulus.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510195159.8A CN104772561B (en) | 2015-04-23 | 2015-04-23 | Weld the friction stir welding method of harden structure and cylinder |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510195159.8A CN104772561B (en) | 2015-04-23 | 2015-04-23 | Weld the friction stir welding method of harden structure and cylinder |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN104772561A CN104772561A (en) | 2015-07-15 |
| CN104772561B true CN104772561B (en) | 2018-02-27 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201510195159.8A Active CN104772561B (en) | 2015-04-23 | 2015-04-23 | Weld the friction stir welding method of harden structure and cylinder |
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Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105140429B (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2017-11-21 | 昆山斯格威电子科技有限公司 | A kind of laminated lithium battery aluminum enclosure structure and preparation method thereof |
| CN117415441B (en) * | 2023-12-19 | 2024-03-05 | 江苏金诺化工装备有限公司 | Welding head, welding device and welding process for heat exchanger end plate and heat transfer tube |
Citations (6)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD205357A1 (en) * | 1982-06-30 | 1983-12-28 | Udo Franz | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FRICTION WELDING COMPOUND |
| JP2009103440A (en) * | 2008-11-20 | 2009-05-14 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | Heat plate and its manufacturing method |
| CN101559530A (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-10-21 | 林德股份公司 | Method for joining pipe bases and pipes and friction tool for executing the method |
| JP2010110791A (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2010-05-20 | Mahle Filter Systems Japan Corp | Tool for friction stir welding, and method for joining two member by friction stir welding |
| CN103170724A (en) * | 2013-03-26 | 2013-06-26 | 苏州森光换热器有限公司 | New tube plate welding method |
| WO2015031245A1 (en) * | 2013-08-26 | 2015-03-05 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Method of friction stir welding a tube to an element using a tubular anvil; structure manufactured by this method |
-
2015
- 2015-04-23 CN CN201510195159.8A patent/CN104772561B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD205357A1 (en) * | 1982-06-30 | 1983-12-28 | Udo Franz | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FRICTION WELDING COMPOUND |
| CN101559530A (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-10-21 | 林德股份公司 | Method for joining pipe bases and pipes and friction tool for executing the method |
| JP2010110791A (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2010-05-20 | Mahle Filter Systems Japan Corp | Tool for friction stir welding, and method for joining two member by friction stir welding |
| JP2009103440A (en) * | 2008-11-20 | 2009-05-14 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | Heat plate and its manufacturing method |
| CN103170724A (en) * | 2013-03-26 | 2013-06-26 | 苏州森光换热器有限公司 | New tube plate welding method |
| WO2015031245A1 (en) * | 2013-08-26 | 2015-03-05 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Method of friction stir welding a tube to an element using a tubular anvil; structure manufactured by this method |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN104772561A (en) | 2015-07-15 |
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Effective date of registration: 20190524 Address after: 100024 North East military villa, eight Li bridge, Chaoyang District, Beijing Patentee after: China Institute of Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology Address before: 100024 North East military villa, eight Li bridge, Chaoyang District, Beijing Patentee before: Beijing Aviation Manufacturing Engineering Institute of China Aviation Industry Group Company |
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