CN218575247U - Eccentric friction stir welding device - Google Patents
Eccentric friction stir welding device Download PDFInfo
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- CN218575247U CN218575247U CN202222717919.5U CN202222717919U CN218575247U CN 218575247 U CN218575247 U CN 218575247U CN 202222717919 U CN202222717919 U CN 202222717919U CN 218575247 U CN218575247 U CN 218575247U
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- friction stir
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- stirring pin
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
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- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses an eccentric friction stir welding device, which relates to the technical field of friction stir welding, and comprises a stirring head device, wherein the stirring head device is fixedly arranged on a stabilizing device, a plate to be welded is placed on a placing table, a clamping assembly is arranged on the placing table and is mainly used for fixedly clamping the plate to be welded, the stirring head device comprises a shaft shoulder and a stirring pin arranged at the bottom of the shaft shoulder, the central axis of the stirring pin is superposed with the central axis of the shaft shoulder, the end part of the stirring pin is provided with an end block, the whole end block is in an equilateral triangle block structure, the central axis of the end block is parallel to the central axis of the stirring pin, and the central axis of the end block is not concentric with the central axis of the stirring pin; the stirring pin is integrally of an inverted round table pile structure, and the side wall of the stirring pin is provided with left threads.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of friction stir welding, in particular to an eccentric friction stir welding device.
Background
The friction stir welding is a novel solid-state connecting technology, and the essence of the technology is that metal reaches a plastic state through stirring of a high-speed rotating stirring head and a welded workpiece and heat generation through friction, and the metal fully flows to form a compact welding line. The base metal is not melted during welding, so that the defects of welding cracks, air holes and the like formed in the traditional fusion welding process can be avoided, the joint quality is high, and the method is widely applied to welding of light metal materials such as aluminum and aluminum alloy.
Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining method, which utilizes the heat generated by friction between a high-speed rotating stirring head and a workpiece to enable the workpiece to reach a plastic state, and plastic metal gradually fills a cavity under the extrusion action of a stirring pin to finally form a defect-free weld. However, in the thick plate welding process, because the metal on the upper part of the welding seam is subjected to the combined action of the shaft shoulder and the stirring needle, the temperature of the metal on the welding seam is high enough, and the metal flows sufficiently; and the metal at the bottom of the welding seam is only acted by the end part of the stirring pin, the driving force is small, the temperature of the metal of the welding seam is low, and the metal flows insufficiently, so that the defects of non-welding, holes and the like are easily formed in the joint. The method mainly comprises the steps of heating the bottom of a welding plate before welding by a method of auxiliary heating before welding so as to improve the temperature of metal at the bottom of a welding seam, reduce the deformation resistance of metal around an extrusion area at the end part of a stirring pin and improve the flow capacity of plasticized metal in the extrusion area at the end part of the stirring pin.
In the working process of the existing friction stir welding, metal at the bottom of a welding line is only acted by the end part of a stirring pin, the driving force is small, the temperature of the metal of the welding line is low, the metal flows insufficiently, so that the defects of unwelded joint, holes and the like are easily formed in a joint, and finally the welding effect is poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide an eccentric friction stir welding device which can effectively solve the problems that in the prior art, in the working process of friction stir welding, metal at the bottom of a welding seam is only acted by the end part of a stirring pin, the driving force is small, the temperature of the welding seam metal is low, the metal flows insufficiently, so that the defects of non-welding, holes and the like are easily formed in a joint, and finally the welding effect is poor.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an eccentric friction stir welding device comprises a stirring head device, wherein the stirring head device is fixedly arranged on a stabilizing device, a plate to be welded is placed on a placing table, a clamping assembly is arranged on the placing table and mainly used for fixedly clamping the plate to be welded, the stirring head device comprises a shaft shoulder and a stirring pin arranged at the bottom of the shaft shoulder, the central axis of the stirring pin and the central axis of the shaft shoulder are superposed with each other, an end block is arranged at the end part of the stirring pin, the whole end block is of an equilateral triangle block structure, the central axis of the end block and the central axis of the stirring pin are parallel to each other, and the central axis of the end block and the central axis of the stirring pin are not concentric; the stirring pin is integrally of an inverted round platform pile structure, and left threads are arranged on the side wall of the stirring pin.
The end block is fixed at the end of the stirring pin in a welding mode, and the distance between the central axis of the end block and the central axis of the stirring pin is regulated and controlled according to actual needs.
The clamping assembly comprises threaded pipes, threaded rods, pushing blocks and pressing blocks, the two threaded pipes are oppositely arranged on the upper portion of the placing table, the threaded pipes are equal to the plates to be welded in height, threads are formed in the threaded pipes and are in threaded connection with the threaded rods, the threaded rods are perpendicular to the plates to be welded, the end portions of the threaded rods are connected with the pushing blocks through bearings, the side wall of the other end of each pushing block is attached to the side wall of the plate to be welded, threaded through holes are formed in the upper portion of the placing table and are located on two sides of the plates to be welded, circular through holes are formed in the pressing blocks, screws are movably connected in the circular through holes, and the lower ends of the screws are in threaded connection with the threaded through holes.
The bottom of the placing table is provided with a mounting through hole, and the placing table is mounted on a milling machine through the mounting through hole in a matched mode with a bolt.
The stabilizing assembly comprises a stabilizing frame movably arranged inside the placing table, a welding module is installed in the stabilizing frame, an installing ring is arranged on the upper portion of the stabilizing frame, a ceramic ring is installed in the installing ring, a resistance heating block is arranged in the ceramic ring, a connecting rod is arranged on the stabilizing frame, a sliding rail is arranged at the end portion of the connecting rod, a sliding block is arranged inside the sliding rail, a driving motor is arranged on the sliding block, and the stirring head device is connected with the output end of the driving motor.
And an electric telescopic rod is arranged at the other end of the connecting rod, and the lower output end of the electric telescopic rod is connected with the sliding block.
The placing table is internally provided with a sliding groove, the bottom of the stabilizing frame is provided with a sliding strip, and the sliding strip slides transversely in the sliding groove.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, the end part of the stirring pin is set into a triangular block structure by changing the end part appearance of the stirring pin, and the end part eccentricity is set, so that on one hand, the stirring pin with the end part appearance of a triangular block can generate an extra eccentric force when rotating; on the other hand, the end part of the stirring pin with the eccentric distance generates another eccentric force, so that the action range of the end part of the stirring pin is enlarged when the end part of the stirring pin rotates, meanwhile, the metal plastic flow driving force of the welding seam around the end part of the stirring pin can be remarkably enlarged, the plastic metal flow around the end part of the stirring pin is promoted to be more sufficient, and the reliable metallurgical bonding of the metal at the bottom of the thick plate is facilitated.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of a stir head device in an eccentric friction stir welding device according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of a stir head device of an eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 isbase:Sub>A schematic cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 2 according to the present invention
FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of a stir head device of an eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to the present invention
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the eccentric friction stir welding device of the present invention, wherein the stirring head device is connected to the placing table and the stabilizing frame;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a partial enlarged structure at B in FIG. 5 according to the present invention
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a front cross-sectional structure of a stir head device, a placing table and a stabilizer in an eccentric friction stir welding device according to the present invention
Fig. 8 is a schematic view of a part of an enlarged structure at C in fig. 7 according to the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a shaft shoulder; 2. a stirring pin; 3. an end block; 4. a placing table; 5. a threaded pipe; 6. a screw; 7. a pushing block; 8. briquetting; 9. a screw; 10. an electric telescopic rod; 11. a stabilizing frame; 12. a ceramic ring; 13. a resistance heating block; 14. a connecting rod; 15. a slide rail; 16. a slider; 17. the motor is driven.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement purposes and the effects of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further described with the specific embodiments.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "both ends", "one end", "the other end", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "connected," and the like are to be construed broadly, such as "connected," which may be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
The first embodiment is as follows:
referring to fig. 1 to 8, the present invention is an eccentric friction stir welding apparatus, including the following steps:
s1: a stirring head device is arranged, the stirring head device comprises a shaft shoulder 1 and a stirring pin 2 arranged at the bottom of the shaft shoulder 1, the central axis of the stirring pin 2 is superposed with the central axis of the shaft shoulder 1, an end block 3 is arranged at the end part of the stirring pin 2, the whole end block 3 is in an equilateral triangle block structure, the central axis of the end block 3 is parallel to the central axis of the stirring pin 2, the distance between the central axis of the end block 3 and the central axis of the stirring pin 2 is d, the eccentricity distance d of the embodiment is 0.1mm, as shown in fig. 4, a point 1 is a projection point on the central axis of the stirring pin 2, a point 2 is a projection point on the central axis of the end block 3, and the distance between the point 1 and the point 2 is an eccentric distance d;
s2: respectively removing oxide films on the surfaces and butt joint surfaces of two 2a12 aluminum alloy plates with certain thickness by using abrasive paper, and wiping and cleaning oil stains and impurities by using a detergent;
s3: completely fixing two 2a12 aluminum alloy plates with certain thickness by using a clamp, wherein the thickness of the specific 2a12 aluminum alloy plate is 15mm;
s4: welding by adopting a stirring pin with a left thread, wherein the specific welding process parameters are the rotating speed of 600r/min, the welding speed of 60mm/min, the diameter of the shaft shoulder 1 of 40mm, the pressing amount of the shaft shoulder 1 of h, and the specific h of 0.05mm;
the specific material of the stirring head device is GH4169 high-temperature alloy, and the diameter is 40mm; the stirring pin is in a left-threaded conical shape, the diameter of the root of the stirring pin is 12mm, the diameter of the end of the stirring pin is 6mm, the length of the stirring pin is 14.5mm, the thread pitch of the stirring pin is 1.5mm, welding equipment is a stirring friction welding machine modified by an X35K type vertical milling machine, a stirring head rotates clockwise during welding, technological parameters are unified to the rotating speed of the stirring head of 600r/min and the welding speed of 60mm/min, the distribution state of a marking material is observed after welding, and the flowing behavior of welding line plastic metal is analyzed.
It should be noted that the plate to be welded of the present invention is not limited to the 2a12 aluminum alloy plate, but is also applicable to other stir welding materials, such as metal materials of aluminum, magnesium, copper, titanium, steel, etc.
In the step S1, the stirring pin 2 is integrally of an inverted circular truncated cone pile structure, and the side wall of the stirring pin 2 is provided with left threads.
Wherein, tip piece 3 adopts the welded mode to fix at the 2 tip of stirring needle, and the size of 3 axis of tip piece and 2 axis distance d of stirring needle is regulated and control according to actual need, set for 3 axis of tip piece and 2 axis of stirring needle through setting for, both through setting for the position that tip piece 3 is located the 2 bottoms of stirring needle, make 2 rotatory in-process of stirring needle produce certain centrifugal force, obtain extra eccentric force through changing stirring needle tip appearance and its eccentricity size, thereby improve the effort and the stirring scope of stirring needle tip by a wide margin, when improving the metal temperature of welding seam bottom, impel welding seam bottom metal fully to flow, can obviously improve when the thick plate welding because the effort that the welding seam bottom metal received is less, the plastic metal temperature is lower and leads to the relatively poor problem of joint shaping.
In the step S2, the detergent is one of acetone, bromine cleaning agent and propylene pigment cleaning agent, and oil stains and impurities on the 2a12 aluminum alloy plate are removed through one of acetone, bromine cleaning agent and propylene pigment cleaning agent, so that the removal effect is improved.
The stirring head device is fixedly arranged on the stabilizing device, the 2a12 aluminum alloy plate is placed on the placing table 4, the clamping assembly is arranged on the placing table 4, and the clamping assembly is mainly used for fixedly clamping the 2a12 aluminum alloy plate to be welded.
Wherein, the centre gripping subassembly includes screwed pipe 5, the screw rod 6, promote piece 7, briquetting 8, two screwed pipe 5 sets up relatively and are placing 4 upper portions of platform, and screwed pipe 5 and 2a12 aluminum alloy plate height equal, screwed pipe 5 inside has seted up the screw thread, screwed pipe 5 and 6 threaded connection of screw rod, screw rod 6 and 2a12 aluminum alloy plate mutually perpendicular, be connected through the bearing between 6 tip of screw rod and the promotion piece 7, promote 7 other end lateral walls of piece and 2a12 aluminum alloy plate lateral wall and laminate each other, rotate screw rod 6, screw rod 6 drives promotion piece 7 and moves forward, make promotion piece 7 extrude 2a12 aluminum alloy plate from the lateral part, guarantee the welding effect, place 4 upper portion of platform and seted up the screw through-hole, the screw through-hole is located 2a12 aluminum alloy plate both sides, round through-hole has been seted up on the briquetting 8, swing joint has screw 9 in the round through-hole, screw 9 lower extreme and screw through-hole threaded connection.
Wherein, the bottom of the placing table 4 is provided with a mounting through hole, and the placing table 4 is mounted on the milling machine through the mounting through hole and a bolt.
Wherein, the stabilizing component sets up at the inside stabilizer 11 of placing platform 4 including the activity, install the welding module in the stabilizer 11, the installing ring has been seted up on stabilizer 11 upper portion, install ceramic ring 12 in the installing ring, be equipped with resistance heating block 13 in the ceramic ring 12, be equipped with connecting rod 14 on the stabilizer 11, connecting rod 14 tip is equipped with slide rail 15, the inside slider 16 that is equipped with of slide rail 15, be equipped with driving motor 17 on the slider 16, the agitator head device is connected with driving motor 17 output, driving motor 17 mainly is used for driving the agitator head device rotatory, slider 16 slides from top to bottom in slide rail 15 is inside, the realization drives agitating unit through driving motor 17 and pushes down a take the altitude h.
Wherein, connecting rod 14 another tip is equipped with electric telescopic handle 10, and electric telescopic handle 10 lower part output is connected with slider 16, and electric telescopic handle 10 mainly used drives slider 16 and slides from top to bottom, realizes pushing down through driving motor 17 drive stirring head device.
Wherein, place 4 inside spouts of having seted up of platform, the draw runner has been seted up to steady rest 11 bottom, and the draw runner transversely slides in the spout, through the draw runner in the inside transverse sliding of spout, realizes driving steady rest 11 transverse sliding, finally accomplishes the welding of two 2a12 aluminum alloy plates.
The second embodiment:
the difference from the first example is that the thickness of the 2a12 aluminum alloy plate in the step S3 is 10mm, and the eccentric distance d in the step S1 is 0.1mm.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides an eccentric friction stir welding device, includes the stirring head device, the stirring head device is fixed to be set up on stabilising arrangement, treats that the welding plate is placed on placing platform (4), it is equipped with the centre gripping subassembly on platform (4) to place, the fixed centre gripping of centre gripping subassembly mainly used waits to weld board, its characterized in that: the stirring head device comprises a shaft shoulder (1) and a stirring needle (2) arranged at the bottom of the shaft shoulder (1), the central axis of the stirring needle (2) is coincident with the central axis of the shaft shoulder (1), the end part of the stirring needle (2) is provided with an end block (3), the whole end block (3) is in an equilateral triangle block structure, the central axis of the end block (3) is parallel to the central axis of the stirring needle (2), and the central axis of the end block (3) is not concentric with the central axis of the stirring needle (2); the stirring pin (2) is integrally of an inverted round table pile structure, and the side wall of the stirring pin (2) is provided with a left thread.
2. An eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein: the end block (3) is fixed at the end part of the stirring pin (2) in a welding mode, and the distance between the central axis of the end block (3) and the central axis of the stirring pin (2) is regulated and controlled according to actual requirements.
3. An eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 2 wherein: the clamping assembly comprises threaded pipes (5), threaded rods (6), pushing blocks (7) and pressing blocks (8), the two threaded pipes (5) are oppositely arranged on the upper portion of the placing table (4), the threaded pipes (5) are equal in height to plates to be welded, threads are formed in the threaded pipes (5), the threaded pipes (5) are in threaded connection with the threaded rods (6), the threaded rods (6) are perpendicular to the plates to be welded, the end portions of the threaded rods (6) are connected with the pushing blocks (7) through bearings, the side wall of the other end of each pushing block (7) is attached to the side wall of the corresponding plate to be welded, threaded through holes are formed in the upper portion of the placing table (4), the threaded through holes are located on two sides of the plates to be welded, circular through holes are formed in the pressing blocks (8), screws (9) are movably connected in the circular through holes, and the lower ends of the screws (9) are in threaded connection with the threaded through holes.
4. An eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 3 wherein: the bottom of the placing table (4) is provided with a mounting through hole, and the placing table (4) is mounted on a milling machine through the mounting through hole and a bolt.
5. An eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 4 wherein: the utility model discloses a welding machine, including stabilizer, stabilizer is including the activity setting place inside stabilizer (11) of platform (4), install the welding module in stabilizer (11), stabilizer (11) upper portion is seted up and is had the mounting ring, install ceramic ring (12) in the mounting ring, be equipped with resistance heating piece (13) in ceramic ring (12), be equipped with connecting rod (14) on stabilizer (11), connecting rod (14) tip is equipped with slide rail (15), slide rail (15) inside is equipped with slider (16), be equipped with driving motor (17) on slider (16), the agitator head device is connected with driving motor (17) output.
6. An eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 5 wherein: the other end of connecting rod (14) is equipped with electric telescopic handle (10), electric telescopic handle (10) lower part output with slider (16) are connected.
7. An eccentric friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 6 wherein: a sliding groove is formed in the placing table (4), a sliding strip is formed at the bottom of the stabilizing frame (11), and the sliding strip slides transversely in the sliding groove.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202222717919.5U CN218575247U (en) | 2022-10-14 | 2022-10-14 | Eccentric friction stir welding device |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202222717919.5U CN218575247U (en) | 2022-10-14 | 2022-10-14 | Eccentric friction stir welding device |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN218575247U true CN218575247U (en) | 2023-03-07 |
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| CN202222717919.5U Expired - Fee Related CN218575247U (en) | 2022-10-14 | 2022-10-14 | Eccentric friction stir welding device |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116100141A (en) * | 2023-04-14 | 2023-05-12 | 成都航空职业技术学院 | Stirring pin for welding |
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2022
- 2022-10-14 CN CN202222717919.5U patent/CN218575247U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116100141A (en) * | 2023-04-14 | 2023-05-12 | 成都航空职业技术学院 | Stirring pin for welding |
| CN116100141B (en) * | 2023-04-14 | 2023-06-20 | 成都航空职业技术学院 | Stirring pin for welding |
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Granted publication date: 20230307 |