CN104725660A - 制备用于组织工程、细胞培养和细胞传递的多孔支架的方法 - Google Patents
制备用于组织工程、细胞培养和细胞传递的多孔支架的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104725660A CN104725660A CN201510076199.0A CN201510076199A CN104725660A CN 104725660 A CN104725660 A CN 104725660A CN 201510076199 A CN201510076199 A CN 201510076199A CN 104725660 A CN104725660 A CN 104725660A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于组织工程的多孔支架的制备方法。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种由上述方法获得的多孔支架,及其在组织工程、细胞培养和细胞输送中的应用。本发明的方法包括以下步骤:a)制备碱性水性溶液,其含有一定量的至少一种多糖和一种交联剂,以及一定量的致孔剂;b)将所述溶液在约4℃-约80℃下放置足够的时间,使得所述一定量的多糖交联,从而将溶液转化为水凝胶;c)将所述水凝胶浸没于水性溶液中;d)洗涤步骤c)得到的多孔支架。
Description
本申请是申请日为2008年10月10日、申请号为200880111763.6、发明名称为“制备用于组织工程、细胞培养和细胞传递的多孔支架的方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及制备用于组织工程的多孔支架的方法。本发明的另一个目的是提供由上述方法得到的多孔支架,以及其在组织工程、细胞培养和细胞传递中的应用。
背景技术
组织工程通常定义为通过将细胞接种于适于移植的支架上或支架内而产生组织或器官等效物。所述支架必须为生物兼容的,细胞必须能够在所述支架上结合并增生扩散从而使其形成组织或器官等效物。这些支架可以认为是用于体内或体外细胞生长的基底。
理想的生物兼容支架的性质应包括体内或体外支持细胞生长的能力,支持多种细胞类型或细胞谱系生长的能力,被赋予所需不同弹性或刚性的能力,具有不同程度的生物兼容性的能力,不引起二次伤害而引入体内理想位置的能力,作为载体或储存体用于传送药物或生物活性物质至所需作用位置的能力。
目前已使用了不同的支架材料用于引导组织再生和/或作为生物兼容表面。在许多情况下,生物可降解聚合物材料是优选的,因为支架随着时间降解,最终细胞支架结构整体被细胞所取代。在可用作支持细胞生长或再生的支架材料中,包括了凝胶体、泡沫材料、薄片以及不同形式和形状的许多多孔微粒结构。
在已公开的可用于组织工程或培养的多种天然聚合物中,可以列举细胞外基质不同组成,包括纤维连接蛋白、不同类型的骨胶原以及昆布氨酸,以及角蛋白、纤维蛋白和纤维蛋白原、透明质酸、硫酸肝素、硫酸软骨素等。
其他使用的常用的聚合物包括聚(丙交酯-共聚-乙交酯)(PLG)。PLG为水化降解聚合物,经FDA批准用于体内,机械性强。(Thomson RC,Yaszemski MJ,Powers JM,Mikos AG.Fabrication of biodegradable polymerscaffolds to engineer trabecular bone.J Biomater Sci Polym Ed.1995;7(1):23-38;Wong WH.Mooney DJ.Synthesis and properties ofbiodegradable polymers used as synthetic matrices for tissue engineering.In:Atala A,Mooney DJ,editors;Langer R,Vacanti JP,associate editors.Syntheticbiodegradable polymer scaffolds.Boston:Birkhauser;1997.p.51-82)然而,它们是输水的,典型地在相对剧烈的条件下形成,使得要素结合和活细胞卡压具有潜在的挑战性。
另外,多种水凝胶、一类高度水化的聚合物材料(水的质量含量超过30%)用作了支架材料。它们由亲水聚合物链构成,所述聚合物链为合成或天然的。所述水凝胶的结构整体性基于聚合物链间通过不同的化学键和物理作用形成的交联。
例如,美国专利US6586246公开了一种制备多孔水凝胶支架的方法,所述支架可用作组织工程或培养基质的支持物。该方法包括以下步骤:a)将生物可降解的合成聚合物溶于有机溶剂中,制备高粘度的聚合物溶液;b)在该溶液中加入致孔剂(porogen agent);c)将聚合物浇铸在模中;d)去除有机溶剂;e)将不含有有机溶剂的聚合物/盐凝胶浆浸没在热的水性溶液或酸溶液中,使盐在室温下冒泡形成多孔支架。然而,该制备多孔水凝胶的方法涉及使用有机容积与合成聚合物,使得该方法与生物和治疗目的不兼容。
因此,亟需开发一种制备多孔支架基质的方法,可用于生物和治疗的目的。
发明内容
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供一种制备多孔支架的方法,包括下列步骤:
a)制备碱性水溶液,包含一定量的至少一种多糖,一定量的交联剂和一定量的致孔剂;
b)将所述溶液放置在约4℃-约8℃下一段足够的时间,使得所述量的多糖交联,从而将所述溶液转化为水凝胶;
c)将所述水凝胶浸没在水性溶液中;
d)洗涤c)中得到的多孔支架。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种由上述方法得到的多孔支架。
本发明的另一目的是提供本发明所述多孔支架在组织工程、细胞培养和细胞传递中的应用。
定义
此处所用的术语“多糖”是指包括两个或多个单糖单元的分子。
此处所用的术语“碱溶液”是指具有pH大于7的溶液。
此处所用的术语“酸溶液”是指具有pH小于7的溶液。
此处所用的术语“水溶液”是指溶剂为水的溶液。
此处所用的术语“交联”是指通过共价键将一个聚合物链与另一个聚合物链链接。
此处所用的术语“致孔剂”是指任意固体剂,能够在固体结构中形成孔。
此处所用的术语“支架”定义为半固体体系,包括一种或多种多糖链的三维网络。基于所采用的多糖(或多种多糖)的性质,以及基于网络的性质和密度,这些平衡态的结构能够包括不同量的水。
术语“交联剂”包括能够在本发明的多糖链间引起交联的任意制剂。
此处所用的“生物可降解”是指在体内降解为无毒化合物,所述无毒化合物可以被排出或进一步新陈代谢。
多孔支架及其制备方法
本发明的第一个目的涉及制备多孔支架,包括下列步骤:
a)制备碱性水溶液,包含一定量的至少一种多糖,一定量的共价交联剂和一定量的致孔剂;
b)将所述溶液放置在约4-约8℃下一段足够的时间,使得所述量的多糖交联,从而将所述溶液转化为水凝胶;
c)将所述水凝胶浸没在水溶液中;
d)洗涤c)中得到的多孔支架。
在本发明中,可以使用任意类型的多糖。合成或天然的多糖可用于本发明。例如,合适的天然多糖包括但不限于右旋糖苷、琼脂、褐藻酸、透明质酸、菊粉、支链淀粉、肝磷脂、岩藻依聚糖、壳聚糖、小核菌葡萄聚糖、凝胶多糖、淀粉、纤维素及其混合物。可用于制备理想的多糖的单糖包括但不限于核糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、果糖、山梨糖、山梨糖醇、甘露醇、艾杜醇、己六醇及其混合物。可以包括化学修饰的带有如酸基(羧酸、硫酸、磷酸)、氨基(乙胺、二乙胺、二乙氨基乙胺、丙胺)、输水基团(烷基、苄基)的多糖。许多这些化合物为商品,如Sigma-Alrich(St.Louis,Michigan,US)。
优选的多糖的平均分子质量为约10000道尔顿-约2000000道尔顿,更优选为约10000道尔顿-约500000道尔顿,最优选的为约10000道尔顿-约200000道尔顿。
在本发明的一个实施例中,本发明使用的制备支架的多糖为中性多糖如右旋糖苷、琼脂、支链淀粉、菊粉、小核菌葡萄聚糖、凝胶多糖、淀粉、纤维素或它们的混合物。在一个优选的实施例中,支链淀粉和右旋糖苷的混合物用于制备本发明的支架。例如,所述混合物含有25%的右旋糖苷和75%的支链淀粉。
在本发明另一个实施例中,本发明使用的制备支架的多糖为带正电荷的多糖,如壳聚糖、DEAE-右旋糖苷及其混合物。
在本发明另一个实施例中,本发明使用的制备支架的多糖为带负电荷的多糖,如褐藻酸、透明质酸、肝磷脂、岩藻依聚糖及其混合物。
在本发明另一个实施例中,本发明使用的制备支架的多糖为中性和带负电荷的多糖的混合物,其中,带负电荷的多糖占混合物的1-20%,优选为5-10%。
在一个特定的实施例中,共价交联剂选自三偏磷酸三钠(STMP)、三氯氧磷(POCl3)、环氧氯丙烷、甲醛、水溶性碳二亚胺、戊二醛或其他任意适合交联多糖的化合物。在一个优选的实施例中,交联剂为STMP。水性溶液中交联剂的浓度(w/v)为约1%-约6%,更优选为约2%-约6%,最优选为约2%-约3%。优选采用交联剂的量使得多糖相对于交联剂的比例为约20∶1-1∶1,优选为约15∶1-1∶1,更优选为约10∶1-1∶1。
许多这些化合物为商品,如Sigma-Aldrich的商品(St.Louis,Michigan,US)
根据不同的应用,含有多糖的水性溶液进一步含有不同的添加剂。优选地,添加剂与多糖兼容,且不影响有效的多糖交联。使用的添加剂的量依赖于特定的应用,本领域技术人员可以采用常用的实验方法容易地确定。
含有多糖的水溶液可选地包括至少一种抗菌剂。合适的抗菌防腐剂为本领域熟知的。合适的抗菌剂的例子包括但不限于烷基对羟基苯甲酸酯,如甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯、乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯、丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯以及丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯;甲酚;氯甲酚;对苯二酚;苯甲酸钠;苯甲酸钾;三氯生和氯己定。其他抗菌剂的例子以及可用的抗菌剂为,(非限定于)利福平、二甲胺四环素、氯己定、银离子剂以及基于银的组合物。
含有多糖的水性溶液还可选地包括至少一种着色剂,以提高溶液的可见度。合适的着色剂包括染料、色素以及天然着色剂。合适的着色剂的例子包括但不限于:阿利新蓝、异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和FITC右旋糖苷。
含有多糖的水性溶液还可选地包括至少一种表面活性剂。此处所用的表面活性剂是指降低水的表面张力的化合物。表面活性剂可以是离子表面活性剂,如硫酸十二烷基钠,或者中性表面活性剂,如聚氧乙烯醚、聚氧乙烯酯、以及聚氧乙烯山梨聚糖。
在一个特定的实施例中,致孔剂可以为能够在酸性条件下转换为气体的制剂,通过从聚合物中过滤出的二氧化碳分子形成孔。这些致孔剂的例子包括但不限于碳酸铵、重碳酸铵、碳酸钠和重碳酸钠、碳酸钙及其混合物。优选地,采用致孔剂的剂量使得多糖相对于致孔剂的比例为6∶1-1∶1,优选为4∶1-1∶1,更优选为2∶1-1∶1。许多这些化合物为商品,如Sigma-Aldrich的商品(St.Louis,Michigan,US)。在一个实施例中,多糖相对于致孔剂的比例为6∶1-0.5∶1,优选为4∶1-0.5∶1,更优选为2∶1-0.5∶1。在另一个实施例中,多糖为带正电荷的多糖,多糖相对于致孔剂的比例为50∶1-1∶1,优选为20∶1-1∶1,更优选为10∶1-1∶1。
在该特定的实施例中,步骤c)中的水性溶液为酸性溶液。该酸可以选自柠檬酸、氯化氢、醋酸、甲酸、酒石酸、水杨酸、苯甲酸和谷氨酸。
或者,致孔剂可以为无机盐,一旦交联的多糖支架浸入水中,能够溶解。该致孔剂的离子剂包括饱和盐溶液,其能够渐渐地溶解。在该特定的实施例中,步骤c)中的水性溶液为水性溶液,优选为水,更优选为蒸馏水。
致孔剂的浓度影响在支架中形成的孔的尺寸,使得孔尺寸可以通过所述致孔剂的浓度调节。
支架的平均孔尺寸为约1μm-约500μm,优选为约150μm-约350μm,更优选为约175μm-约300μm。孔或孔隙率密度为约4%-约75%,优选为约4%-约50%。
在另一个实施例中,本发明的方法可进一步包括一步将d)中得到的支架冷冻干燥的一步。冷冻干燥可以采用本领域已知的任意设备进行。主要有三种冷冻干燥机:旋转蒸发仪、支管冷冻干燥仪(manifold freeze dryers),以及托盘冷冻干燥仪(tray freeze dryers)。这些仪器是本领域熟知的商品,如冷冻干燥仪Lyovac(GT2,STERIS Rotary vane pump,BOC EDWARDS)。基本上,室的真空度为0.1mBar-约6.5mBar。冷冻干燥足够的时间以去除至少98.5%的水,优选为至少99%的水,更优选为至少99.5%的水。
在另一个实施例中,本发明的方法进一步包括将根据本发明制备的支架水化的步骤。所述水化可以通过将支架浸渍在水性溶液(如去离子水、通过反渗透过滤的水、盐溶液或含有何时的活性成分的水性溶液)一段时间从而得到具有理想水含量的支架。例如,当需要含有最大量水的支架时,支架浸渍在水性溶液中足够长的时间,使其膨胀至最大尺寸或体积。通常,支架浸渍在水性溶液中至少约1小时,优选至少为约2小时,更优选约4小时-约24小时。应理解的,足以水化支架酯理想水皮功能的时间依赖于几个因素,如所用的多糖组合物,支架的尺寸(如厚度),水性溶液温度,以及其他因素。
在一个特定的实施例中,水化支架含有80%的水,优选为90%的水,最优选为95%的水。
在另一个特定的实施例中,步骤a)的水性溶液可以在步骤b)之前倒入模具中,使得本发明方法得到的多孔支架能够得到理想的形式。根据本发明,可以采用任意几何模具。可以想象各种尺寸。例如,通常,水性溶液可以倒入具有中心轴的管状模具,使得多孔支架为具有理想外径和内经的管状。模具可以由任意材料制成,优选的材料包括非粘性表面如Teflon。
或者,本发明的支架可以被切削并得到理想的尺寸和形式。
本发明的方法可以进一步包括使用任意合适的过程消毒支架的步骤。支架可以在任意合适的时候消毒,优选为在支架水化前消毒。合适的辐射消毒技术例如用铯137、35灰照射10分钟。合适的非辐射消毒技术包括但不限于:紫外线照射、气体等离子体或乙撑氧方法,在本领域是已知的。例如,支架可以采用消毒体系消毒,所述消毒体系为商标为PlazLyte的Abotox,Inc of Mundelein,Illinois的产品,或者根据US-5413760和US-5603895中公开的气体等离子体消毒方法消毒。
用本发明的方法制备的支架可以用任意合适的包装材料包装。理想地,直到破坏包装材料为止,包装材料保持支架的无菌性。
在另一个实施例中,可以在多孔支架上结合一个或多个生物分子。所述生物分子可以包括,在另一些实施例中,药物、激素、抗生素、抗菌素、染料、放射性物质、荧光物质、抗细菌物质、化学品或药剂,包括上述任意组合。采用这些物质以提高治疗效果,提高可见度,标明合适的变化趋势(orientation),抗感染,促进愈合,增加柔软度或任意其他的效果。在所述实施例中,本发明的支架,如上所述含有一个或多个生物分子,可以用作活性剂的可控释放体系。
通过本发明的方法制备的支架不含有生长银子和其他生长激素。在一个实施例中,生物分子可以含有趋化剂、抗生素、甾族或非甾族止痛剂、抗炎剂、免疫抑制剂、抗癌药物、各种蛋白(如短链肽、骨形态蛋白、醣蛋白和脂蛋白);细胞结合介体;生物活性配合体;整合素结合序列(integrinbinding sequence);配合体,多种生长和/或分化剂(如表皮生长因子、IGF-I、IGF-II、TGF-[beta]、生长和分化因子、stromal衍生因子SDF-I;动脉内皮生长因子、纤维原细胞生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子、胰岛素衍生生长因子和转化生长因子、甲状旁腺激素、甲状旁腺激素有关的肽、bFGF;TGF[beta]总科因子;BMP-2;BMP-4;BMP-6;BMP-12;shh蛋白;GDF5;GDF6;GDF8;PDGF);影响特定生长因子上调的小分子;肌糖蛋白-C;透明质酸;硫酸软骨素;纤维连接蛋白;核心蛋白聚糖;thromboelastin;凝血酶衍生肽;肝磷脂结合域(heparin-binding domains);肝磷脂;硫酸肝磷脂;DNA片段、DNA质粒、Si-RNA、转染剂或任意组合。
在一个实施例中,生长因子包括肝磷脂结合生长因子(HBGF),转化生长因子α或β(TGF.beta)、α纤维原细胞生长因子(FGF)、表皮生长因子(TGF)、动脉内皮生长因子(VEGF)、以及SDF-1,其中部分也是血管生成因子。在另一个实施例中,因子包括激素如胰岛素、胰高血糖素和雌激素。在一些实施例中,理想的结合因子如神经生长因子(NGF)或肌肉成形因子(MMF)。在一个实施例中,结合了TNFα/β,或基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)。
此外,本发明的支架可选地包括抗炎剂,如消炎痛、水杨酸醋酸盐、异丁苯丙酸、舒林酸、吡罗昔康和甲氧萘丙酸;凝血酶原剂,如凝血酶、纤维蛋白原、高半胱氨酸和雌二醇氮芥;以及放射线不能穿透的化合物,如硫酸钡、金颗粒和氧化铁纳米颗粒(USPIOs)。
此外,本发明的支架可选地含有抗血栓剂如抗维生素K或阿司匹林,抗血小板剂如阿司匹林、噻吩并吡啶、双嘧达莫或氯吡格雷(选择性且不可逆地抑制二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚合)或抗凝血剂如肝磷脂或岩藻依聚糖。肝磷脂(抗凝血剂)和tirofiban(抗血小板剂)的组合显示出有效降低血栓和血栓栓塞的作用,可以结合。染料木黄酮,一种潜在异黄酮,具有基于剂量的抗血小板剂和抗增殖性质,抑制骨胶原诱导的主要引起血栓的血小板聚合,也可以结合。
使用本发明支架的方法
本发明的支架特别适合于组织工程、修复或再生。孔隙率的差异可以有助于不同细胞类型迁移至支架的合适的区域。在另一个实施方式中,孔隙率的不同有助于构成支架的细胞类型间合适的细胞至细胞连接的发育,这是发育/修复/再生组织合适的结构化所要求的。例如,可以通过改变支架材料的孔隙率而更适当的配合细胞过程延伸。因此,支架可以含有任何组织细胞。
在一个具体实施方式中,细胞接种到所述支架上。在另一个实施方式中,本发明的支架浸没到培养溶液中足够的时间以使细胞的穿透贯穿整个支架,所述培养溶液含有理想的细胞。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的支架能够在长时间内在培养物中支持接种细胞的活性和生长,而不导致分化。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的支架提供未刺激细胞生长(未被生长刺激物活化)的环境。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的支架可以用于研究生理和病理过程,例如组织生长、骨重新塑造、伤口愈合、肿瘤转移(包括迁移和入侵)、分化和血管生成。支架能够产生定义的和控制的环境,其中特定的过程可以不含有内源性因子的控制方式调控和研究。
特别地,本发明的支架可用于诊断或者毒理学药量的3D培养。在这个实施方式中,本发明的支架可以直接在3D环境中存在的细胞上评估产品的毒性。在所述实施方式中,本发明的支架用于培养细胞,所述细胞可用于评估产品的毒理和/或药理学,例如肝细胞、胚胎干细胞、上皮细胞、角化细胞或者被诱导的多能性干细胞(iPS细胞)。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的支架能够在体外和体内支持细胞类型的生长和分化。
在另一个实施方式中,细胞是干细胞或者祖细胞。在另一个实施方式中,细胞可以包括但不限于软骨细胞、纤维软骨细胞、骨细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、滑膜细胞、骨髓细胞、间叶细胞、上皮细胞、肝细胞、肌肉细胞、基质细胞、干细胞、胚胎干细胞、衍生自脂肪组织的前体细胞、外周血祖细胞、分离自成人组织的干细胞、被诱导的多能性干细胞(iPS细胞)和遗传转化的细胞、软骨细胞和其它细胞的组合、骨细胞和其它细胞的组合、滑膜细胞和其它细胞的组合、骨髓细胞和其它细胞的组合、间叶细胞和其它细胞的组合、基质细胞和其它细胞的组合、干细胞和其它细胞的组合、胚胎干细胞和其它细胞的组合、分离自成人组织的祖细胞和其它细胞的组合、外周血祖细胞和其它细胞的组合、分离自成人组织的干细胞和其它细胞的组合以及遗传转化的细胞和其它细胞的组合。
在另一个实施方式中,支架中使用的任何细胞以及本发明的方法可以被遗传工程以表达理想的分子,例如绿荧光蛋白(FGP)、报告基因(荧光素酶、磷化碱)、肝素结合生长因子(HBGF)、转化生长因子α或β(TGF.β.)、α成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、表皮生长因子(TGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和SDF-1,其中有些也是血管生成因子。在另一个实施方式中,所表达的因子包括激素,例如胰岛素、高血糖素和雌激素。在另一个实施方式中,表达神经生长因子(NGF)或者肌肉成形因子(MMF),或者在另一个实施方式中,表达TNFα/β。
在一个特定的实施方式中,本发明的支架适合于制备血管替代物以代替受损害的动脉,如Chaouat等人所述(Chaouat M,Le Visage C,Autissier A,Chaubet F,Letourneur D.The evaluation of a small-diameterpolysaccharide-based arterial graft in rats.Biomaterials.2006Nov;27(32):5546-53.Epub 2006 JuI 20.)。这些替代物可以使用如前面描述的模具根据本发明的方法制备。这些替代物可以然后含有一定量的细胞以在体外或体内重建血管。在另一个实施方式中,细胞可以包括但不限于间充质干细胞(MSC)、内皮祖细胞(EPCs)、内皮细胞、成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞。
在另一个具体实施方式中,本发明的支架适合于制备软骨或骨植入物。用这种方式时,本发明的支架可以加载软骨细胞、骨细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、血管细胞或其混合物,以及可以在分化药物的存在下培养。
植入的位点取决于需要治疗的患病/损伤组织。例如,为治疗关节软骨、半月板和骨的结构缺陷,接种细胞的复合支架将置于缺陷位点以促进损伤组织的修复。
在中枢神经系统(CNS)损伤时,复合支架可以接种成人神经干细胞、胚胎干细胞、神经胶质细胞和唯支持细胞的组合。在优选的实施方式中,复合支架可以接种衍生自转化细胞系、异种或异基因来源的唯支持细胞和神经干细胞的组合。在加入干细胞以及随后的植入受伤位点之前,唯支持细胞可以和复合支架共同培养一段时间。这种方法能够防止CNS应用的细胞治疗的主要障碍之一,即干细胞在移植后的存活。捕获大量唯支持细胞的复合支架可以提供干细胞存活更顺应的环境。
相应地,根据本发明制备的多孔多糖支架,可以有效地用作制造人工组织或器官的原材料,例如人工血管、人工食道、人工膀胱、人工心脏、人工心脏瓣膜、人工皮肤、整形植入物、人工肌肉、人工韧带、人工呼吸器官等。而且,本发明的多孔聚合物支架可以杂交组织的形式制备,这是通过混合或者结合在其它类型生物材料上或者内部以及带有衍生自组织或器官的功能性细胞。它也可以有多种生物医学应用,例如维持细胞功能、组织再生等。
或者,本发明的支架可用于治疗使用的细胞输送。实际上,本发明的支架可用作制备细胞输送系统的原材料,所述细胞输送系统可以为治疗或者诊断目的给予主体。在一个具体实施方式中,本发明的支架可以用于制备能够加载细胞的补丁、生物膜或者敷料,优选自体同源细胞。人和动物细胞可以在细胞培养后以及直接从冷冻的细胞库获得。例如,本发明的支架可用于制备含有细胞的敷料,所述敷料可以应用到皮肤,以重建或者愈合皮肤。或者,所述敷料可以用在主体的心脏上以治疗局部缺血(心肌梗塞)。在这些实施方式中,支架捕获的细胞可以因此迁移至目标组织或器官。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的支架可用于培养细胞。细胞可以然后通过加入合适的生长因子刺激以进行分化生长或其它生理过程。含有一种或多种细胞因子、生长因子、激素或其组合的培养介质,可用于使细胞维持在非分化状态,或者用于分化细胞进入特定的方向。
更特别地,本发明的支架可用于生成有用的分子。实际上,本发明的支架可以用于提供生物环境,用于在生物反应器内固定细胞,从而细胞能够生产理想的分子。本发明的支架提供培养细胞的机械和生化保护。
支架因此可用作细胞储库以生成理想的分子,例如蛋白质、有机分子和核酸。例如,有用的蛋白质包括但不限于生长因子、激素、信号分子、细胞生长抑制剂和抗体。本发明的支架特别有利于制造单克隆抗体。本发明的支架也可用于生产有机分子,例如香料、治疗性分子……
为了这种目的,本发明的支架可以加载任何类型的细胞,包括原核或真核细胞。例如,本发明的支架可以加载细菌、酵母细胞、哺乳动物细胞、昆虫细胞、植物细胞等。具体的例子包括E.coli,Kluyveromyces或Saccharomyces酵母、哺乳动物细胞系(例如Vero细胞、CHO细胞、3T3细胞、COS细胞等)以及原代或者建立的哺乳动物细胞培养物(例如由成淋巴细胞、成纤维细胞、胚胎细胞、上皮细胞、神经细胞脂肪细胞等生产)。更特别地,本发明包括已建立的细胞系的使用,例如杂交瘤细胞。或者,细胞可以遗传工程化以表达如上所述的理想的分子。
本发明的支架可以加载细胞,所述细胞培养一段时间然后细胞可以从支架回收/提取/分离以进一步使用,例如治疗或诊断性应用或者细胞分析。从支架分离细胞可以包括能够降解支架的酶的使用,例如支链淀粉酶,和/或能够脱附细胞的酶的使用,例如胶原酶、弹性酶或者胰蛋白酶或者细胞脱附溶液的使用,例如EDTA。
附图说明
本发明进一步通过下列附图和实施例说明。
图1:如实施例1得到的多孔支架(比例尺:6mm)
图2:如实施例1得到的多孔支架:支架的扫描电子显微镜分析(右图像,比例尺:200微米)
图3:第一天的甲吸光度(570nm),是多孔支架上接种的初始细胞数量的函数。
具体实施方式
实施例1:基于多糖的支架制备
基于多糖的支架,采用支链淀粉/右旋糖苷75∶25(支链淀粉分子量200000,Hayashibara Inc.,Okayama,Japan;右旋糖苷分子量500000,Pharmacia)混合物制备。制备多糖溶液,在40mL蒸馏水中溶解9g支链淀粉和3g右旋糖苷。向多糖溶液中加入碳酸钠(8g),保持搅拌直到得到均一的混合物。采用交联剂三偏磷酸三钠STMP(Sigma,St.Louis)在碱性条件下进行多糖的化学交联。简要地,将1毫升10M氯化钠加入10g的多糖溶液中,再加入含有300mg的STMP的1毫升水。混合物倒入培养皿在50℃下培养15分钟。得到的水凝胶立刻浸入含有20%醋酸溶液的大烧杯中30分钟。得到的支架用pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲溶液充分清洗,然后用蒸馏水清洗至少2天。在冷冻干燥步骤之后,多孔支架在室温下储藏直到使用为止。扫描电子显微镜分析证实了支架的孔隙率。(图1和2)
实施例2:多糖的种类
多孔支架如实施例1制备,采用不同类型和比例的多糖,同时保持多糖的总量保持不辨。多糖为支链淀粉、右旋糖苷500、岩藻依聚糖LMW(低分子量)以及岩藻依聚糖HMW(高分子量)。
得到的多糖溶液的溶解性(+++代表多糖完全溶解)和粘性(+++代表溶液粘性非常高)由观察评估。在所有情况下,多孔支架在实验方案最后得到。
实施例3:孔量
多孔支架如实施例1制备,同时改变致孔剂的量。简要地,在支链淀粉/右旋糖苷溶液中加入2、4或8g碳酸钠。
致孔剂 | 溶解性 | 粘性 | 孔隙率 |
2g | ++ | ++ | + |
4g | ++ | ++ | ++ |
8g | ++ | ++ | ++ |
得到的多糖溶液的溶解性(+++代表多糖完全溶解)和粘性(+++代表溶液粘性非常高)由观察评估。对于由最低量的致孔剂(2g)制备的支架,相对于由4g和8g致孔剂得到的冒泡相比,过程相对缓和。在所有情况下,多孔支架在实验方案最后得到。
实施例4:交联剂浓度
多孔支架如实施例1所述方法制备,同时改变交联剂的浓度由200mg-500mg。
交联剂 | 溶解度 | 粘度 | 孔隙率 |
200mg | ++ | ++ | ++ |
300mg | ++ | ++ | ++ |
400g | ++ | +++ | ++ |
500mg | ++ | +++ | + |
得到的多糖溶液的溶解性(+++代表多糖完全溶解)和粘性(+++代表溶液粘性非常高)由观察评估。在所有情况下,多孔支架在实验方案最后得到。
实施例5:在多孔支架内加载细胞
在如实施例1制备的支架上培养人类骨髓间充质干细胞。使用圆形冲压机切削直径6mm厚度1mm的圆形多孔支架。培养介质由低糖DMEM(Gibco,Life Technology,New York)与10%的胎牛血清以及1%盘尼西林/链霉素(Sigma)组成。胰蛋白酶化作用后,用20μl的细胞分散系(106细胞/支架)重新水化干燥的支架。样本在1mL的培养介质中保持1星期。未接种的多孔支架在培养介质中培养,作为空白实验。
采用新陈代谢分析(MTT,3-(4,5-二甲基二恶唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基噻唑蓝,Sigma)评估细胞活性。简略地,将5mg/mL MTT(Sigma)原液以1∶10与DMEM混合。支架在37℃下与1mL反应溶液培养3小时。用PBS洗涤支架后,甲晶体(formazan crystal)溶解于0.3mL 0.04M的异丙醇/HCl中。用微孔板读数器(Multiskan,Thermo Electron Corporation,Waltham,MA)记录在590nm测定吸收度。第一天的吸收度与接种于支架上的初始细胞数量直接成比例。(图3)
成功完成了采用其他细胞类型的类似的实验,如动物和人类的主动脉平滑肌细胞(primary vascular smooth muscle cell)和内皮细胞。
实施例6:对细胞在多孔支架中的行为的共焦分析
如实施例1制备荧光支架,通过在多糖溶液中加入少量(5mg)FITC-右旋糖苷得到。荧光支架如实施例5接种,hMSC用荧光标记(根据生产商介绍,PKH26,Sigma P9691)。共焦成像确认了支架的多孔结构。
实施例7:通过存活和死亡分析细胞活性
基于使用测量细胞膜渗透性的两种荧光探针,采用共焦成像采用存活/死亡分析(Calbiochem,San Diego,CA)评估细胞活性:一种细胞渗透的绿色荧光染料染色存活细胞(钙黄绿素AM),一种细胞非渗透红色荧光染料(碘化吡啶)染色死亡细胞。第七天,大部分细胞为存活细胞,在支架中只找到小部分死亡细胞。
实施例8:致孔剂对支架孔隙率的影响
如实施例1制备多孔支架,同时改变致孔剂的量和性质。对于荧光多孔支架分析,在多糖溶液中加入5mg的FITC-右旋糖苷。采用装备了10×Plan-NeoFluar物镜(数值孔径0.3)(Carl Zeiss)的Zeiss LSM 510共焦显微镜(Carl Zeiss,Oberkochen,Germany)得到光学分析部分。FITC-采用氩激光在488nm激发右旋糖苷,其荧光发射由505-530nm的带通滤镜选择。采用软件评估孔径。孔隙容积采用软件的统计/体积测量模块计算,结果用相对于支架体积的百分比表示。
实施例9:带正电荷的多糖
采用DEAE-右旋糖苷作为惟一的多糖制备带正电荷的多孔支架。简略地,将1g DEAE-右旋糖苷(Fluka,索引号#30461)溶于1.5mL蒸馏水中制备DEAE-右旋糖苷溶液。将碳酸钠(100mg)加入多糖溶液中,保持搅拌,直到得到均一的混合物。采用交联剂三偏磷酸三纳STMP(Sigma,St.Louis)在碱性条件下化学交联多糖。简略地,将150μL 10M氢氧化钠加入多糖溶液中,之后加入含有45mg STMP的150μL谁。混合物倒入培养皿在50℃下培养15分钟。得到的水凝胶立刻浸入含有20%醋酸溶液的大烧杯中至少30分钟。得到的支架用pH 7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液彻底清洗,之后用蒸馏水清洗至少2天。在冷冻干燥步骤之后,得到多孔支架,并在室温下保存直到使用。
实施例10:带负电荷的多糖
在支链淀粉/右旋糖苷混合物中加入岩藻依聚糖(Sigma索引号#F5631)制备带负电荷的多孔支架。简略地,将9g支链淀粉和3g右旋糖苷加入40mL的蒸馏水中制备多糖溶液,将1.2g岩藻依聚糖加入多糖溶液中。将碳酸钙(8g)加入多糖溶液中,如实施例1进行交联过程,得到含有带负电荷的多糖的3D多孔支架。
实施例11:在3D支架中人类间充质干细胞分化为chondrocyte-like细胞
如实施例1,在支架上无介质的软骨介质(chondrogenic medium)中培养人类骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSC)。软骨介质由DMEM以及10g/ml的TFG-β3(Oncogene,Cambridge,MA)、100nm的地塞米松(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)、170μM的抗坏血酸维生素C 2-磷酸盐(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)以及5mLITS-plus(Collaborative Biomedical Products,Bedford,MA)组成。3星期的培养后,接种的支架在10%甲醛中固定之后共溶形成晶体(cryosectioned)。采用0.05%(w/v)的甲苯胺蓝或0.1%的藏红O溶液染色冷冻部分。观察到用于细胞外基质合成的强阳性着色,显示出MSC分化为软骨细胞。
实施例12:肝实质细胞的3D培养
如实施例1,在支架上,HepG2细胞、人类肝癌细胞在低糖DMEM(Gibco,Life Technology,New York,USA)与10%胎牛血清和1%的盘尼西林/链霉素(Sigma)中培养。采用圆形冲压机切削6mm直径和1mm厚度的圆形多孔支架。
细胞胰蛋白酶化作用之后,用20μL细胞分散系(85000细胞/支架)使干燥的支架再次水化。将样本在1mL培养介质中保存1星期。未接种的多孔支架在培养介质中培养作为空白实验。培养4天后,观察到形成肝细胞球体。采用钙黄绿素AM(Calbiochem,San Diego,CA,USA)分析细胞在球体中的活性,其中,根据生产商的介绍,所述钙黄绿素AM为聚阴离子染料,由活细胞水化,从而产生强烈均一的绿色荧光(波长485-535nm)。接种的支架含有活的肝细胞,适于药学-毒物学分析。
Claims (19)
1.一种制备多孔支架的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)制备碱性水溶液,其含有一定量的至少一种多糖、一定量的共价交联剂,以及一定量的致孔剂;
b)将所述溶液在4℃-80℃的温度下放置足够的时间,使得所述量的多糖交联,从而将溶液转化为水凝胶;
c)将所述水凝胶浸没于水溶液中;
d)洗涤步骤c)得到的多孔支架。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述多糖选自右旋糖苷、琼脂、藻酸、透明质酸、支链淀粉、菊粉、肝素、岩藻依聚糖、壳聚糖或其混合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述共价交联剂选自三偏磷酸三钠(STMP)、三氯氧磷(POCl3)、环氧氯丙烷、甲醛、水溶性碳二亚胺或戊二醛。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述致孔剂选自碳酸铵、重碳酸铵、碳酸钙、碳酸钠、重碳酸钠或其混合物,以及步骤b)中的液体为酸性溶液。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,多糖与致孔剂的重量比为6∶1-1∶1。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,多糖与交联剂的重量比为15∶1-1∶1。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,步骤a)的溶液在步骤b)之前倒入模具中。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述支架是成型的。
9.能够根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的方法得到的多孔支架。
10.根据权利要求9所述的多孔支架,其中,孔径为1μm-500μm。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的多孔支架,其中,孔隙率为4%-50%。
12.根据权利要求9或10所述的多孔支架,其载有一定量的细胞。
13.根据权利要求12所述的多孔支架,其中,所述细胞选自酵母细胞、哺乳动物细胞、昆虫细胞或植物细胞。
14.根据权利要求13所述的多孔支架,其中,所述哺乳动物细胞选自软骨细胞、纤维软骨细胞、骨细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、滑膜细胞、骨髓细胞、上皮细胞、肝细胞、间叶细胞、基质细胞、肌肉细胞、干细胞、胚胎干细胞、衍生自脂肪组织的前体细胞、外周血祖细胞、分离自成人组织的干细胞或遗传转化的细胞。
15.根据权利要求9或10所述的多孔支架,其用于组织工程、细胞培养和细胞输送。
16.用权利要求9-12任一项所述的支架制造的血管替代物。
17.用权利要求9-12任一项所述的支架制造的软骨或骨植入物。
18.权利要求9-12任一项所述的支架的用途,用于评估产品的毒性和/或药理学。
19.用权利要求9-12任一项所述的支架制造的活性药物的控制释放系统。
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CN106512088A (zh) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-03-22 | 中国医学科学院生物医学工程研究所 | 磷脂‑糖胺聚糖仿生细胞外基质纳米膜及其制备方法与应用 |
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CN107955188B (zh) * | 2017-12-15 | 2020-10-16 | 武汉理工大学 | 一种改性羟乙基纤维素超吸水凝胶及其制备方法和应用 |
CN107955188A (zh) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-04-24 | 武汉理工大学 | 一种改性羟乙基纤维素超吸水凝胶及其制备方法和应用 |
CN109316623B (zh) * | 2018-09-19 | 2021-08-27 | 华熙生物科技股份有限公司 | 一种包覆有活性分子的双层多孔生物可降解材料及其制备方法和应用 |
CN109316623A (zh) * | 2018-09-19 | 2019-02-12 | 华熙福瑞达生物医药有限公司 | 一种包覆有活性分子的双层多孔生物可降解材料及其制备方法和应用 |
CN111658825A (zh) * | 2020-06-15 | 2020-09-15 | 四川大学 | 一种具有长效抗血栓性能的瓣膜材料及其制备方法 |
CN111658825B (zh) * | 2020-06-15 | 2021-03-30 | 四川大学 | 一种具有长效抗血栓性能的瓣膜材料及其制备方法 |
CN112245662A (zh) * | 2020-10-10 | 2021-01-22 | 中山大学附属第五医院 | 一种Hep-HA复合多孔材料的制备方法及其在构建根管内置支架中的应用 |
CN112778543A (zh) * | 2020-12-30 | 2021-05-11 | 江南大学 | 一种用于肌肉干细胞培养的交联水凝胶的制备方法及应用 |
CN112778543B (zh) * | 2020-12-30 | 2021-12-03 | 江南大学 | 一种用于肌肉干细胞培养的交联水凝胶的制备方法及应用 |
US11629236B2 (en) | 2020-12-30 | 2023-04-18 | Jiangnan University | Preparation method and use of crosslinked hydrogel for muscle stem cell culture |
CN115671367A (zh) * | 2022-11-04 | 2023-02-03 | 河北本源生物科技有限公司 | 含有间充质干细胞的活性因子敷料及其制备方法 |
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WO2009047346A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
HK1144182A1 (en) | 2011-02-02 |
CA2701858A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
US20200016294A1 (en) | 2020-01-16 |
JP2011500118A (ja) | 2011-01-06 |
JP5579609B2 (ja) | 2014-08-27 |
KR20100080924A (ko) | 2010-07-13 |
CN101848738A (zh) | 2010-09-29 |
KR101474852B1 (ko) | 2014-12-23 |
EP2203194A1 (en) | 2010-07-07 |
US11511016B2 (en) | 2022-11-29 |
CA2701858C (en) | 2016-05-24 |
US20100221303A1 (en) | 2010-09-02 |
US20170080123A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
JP6005685B2 (ja) | 2016-10-12 |
EP2203194B1 (en) | 2013-04-10 |
JP2014140381A (ja) | 2014-08-07 |
US9522218B2 (en) | 2016-12-20 |
ES2408554T3 (es) | 2013-06-21 |
SG185279A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
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