CN104684680B - 用于在使用压紧装置的情况下无预制孔地直接螺接至少两个构件的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于在使用压紧装置的情况下无预制孔地直接螺接至少两个构件的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN104684680B
CN104684680B CN201380038554.4A CN201380038554A CN104684680B CN 104684680 B CN104684680 B CN 104684680B CN 201380038554 A CN201380038554 A CN 201380038554A CN 104684680 B CN104684680 B CN 104684680B
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component
screw
pressing device
screwing
rotation
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CN104684680A (zh
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M·F·威廉姆
A·福斯特
M·凯泽
A·佐尼特茨
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J15/00—Riveting
    • B21J15/02—Riveting procedures
    • B21J15/027—Setting rivets by friction heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P19/00—Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes
    • B23P19/04—Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes for assembling or disassembling parts
    • B23P19/06—Screw or nut setting or loosening machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/72—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/78—Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus
    • B29C65/7841—Holding or clamping means for handling purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/21—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being formed by a single dot or dash or by several dots or dashes, i.e. spot joining or spot welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7212—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the composition of the fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/74—Joining plastics material to non-plastics material
    • B29C66/742—Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to metals or their alloys
    • B29C66/7422—Aluminium or alloys of aluminium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • B29C66/742—Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to metals or their alloys
    • B29C66/7428—Transition metals or their alloys
    • B29C66/74283—Iron or alloys of iron, e.g. steel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/832—Reciprocating joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/8322—Joining or pressing tools reciprocating along one axis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/92441—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16B25/00—Screws that cut thread in the body into which they are screwed, e.g. wood screws
    • F16B25/001—Screws that cut thread in the body into which they are screwed, e.g. wood screws characterised by the material of the body into which the screw is screwed
    • F16B25/0021—Screws that cut thread in the body into which they are screwed, e.g. wood screws characterised by the material of the body into which the screw is screwed the material being metal, e.g. sheet-metal or aluminium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16B11/006—Connecting constructional elements or machine parts by sticking or pressing them together, e.g. cold pressure welding by gluing
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于在使用自成孔和自攻丝螺钉(200)的情况下直接螺接至少两个构件(310，320)的方法，所述螺钉具有头部(210)和成形在该头部(210)上的杆部(220)，该杆部带有自成形的螺纹区段(221)与用于形成旋挤孔的成孔区段(222)，其中，构件(310，320)在旋拧过程期间借助压紧装置(120)相互压贴。本发明规定：压紧装置(120)在旋拧过程期间用以将构件(310，320)相互压贴的压紧力(P)发生变化，所述压紧力(P)在所述至少两个构件中的下部构件(320)中构造旋挤孔期间是最高的。另外，本发明还涉及一种用于实施所述方法的设备(100)。

Description

用于在使用压紧装置的情况下无预制孔地直接螺接至少两个 构件的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在使用自成孔和自攻丝螺钉的情况下直接螺接至少两个构件的方法，其中，所述构件在旋拧过程期间借助压紧装置相互压贴。
另外，本发明涉及一种用于实施所述方法的设备。
背景技术
所说直接螺接应理解为在至少两个要接合的构件之间在没有事先将孔洞或钻孔(所谓的预制孔)加工到这些构件中的情况下形成螺纹连接。在直接螺接时既省去了用于加工预制孔的费用也省去了在定向对准要接合的构件时找孔的费用。
在本发明的范围内应该利用自成孔和自攻丝螺钉进行直接螺接，该螺钉具有头部和成形在该头部上的杆部，该杆部带有自成形的螺纹区段和用于形成旋挤孔(Flieβlochformen，通过塑性流变挤压成型而形成孔)的成孔区段。在所谓的形成旋挤孔的旋拧螺接中，将专门为此构造的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉以其成孔区段在连接位置或者旋拧位置上压靠于要接合的、相互定向对准的且没有预制孔的构件上，并使之旋转。由于产生的摩擦使连接位置局部变热，这样能使得构件材料塑化，所述构件材料于是便沿径向方向和沿轴向方向利用成孔区段发生塑性变形并且最终被穿透。在此，至少在其中一个要接合的构件上还形成出所谓的翻孔(Durchzug，也被称为旋挤孔(Flieβloch))，接下来，所述自成孔和自攻丝螺钉的自成形的螺纹区段嵌接到该翻孔中并且形成在构件之间力锁合的和形状锁合的连接。有益的是，在连接位置处单侧可接近性就足够了。
由DE 39 09 725 C1已知一种用于形成旋挤孔的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉。
在直接螺接中(如前所述)由于构件材料的塑性变形可能导致在构件之间形成不希望有的并且不利的间隙。为了防止这样的间隙形成，在DE 103 48 427 A1中提出了使用一种压紧装置，该压紧装置在旋拧过程期间将构件相互压贴。通过作用的压紧力拟防止在构件之间形成间隙。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提供一种文首述及类型的方法，该方法符合新的要求并且该方法没有或者至少仅仅在减小的范围内具有伴随现有技术所出现的那些缺点。
为此，本发明提供一种用于在使用自成孔和自攻丝螺钉的情况下直接螺接至少两个构件的方法，所述螺钉具有头部和成形在该头部上的杆部，该杆部带有自成形的螺纹区段与用于形成旋挤孔的成孔区段，其中，各构件在旋拧过程期间借助压紧装置相互压贴，其特征在于：所述压紧装置在旋拧过程期间用以将所述构件相互压贴的压紧力发生变化，所述压紧力在所述至少两个构件中的下部构件中构造旋挤孔期间是最高的。
上述目的的解决方案还通过一些发展设计得以延伸，以及延伸至根据本发明的设备。
相应地，本发明还提供一种用于实施如上所述的方法的设备，其包括：
-螺杆，利用所述螺杆能够将压力和转矩施加到要拧入的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉上；和
-压紧装置，所述压紧装置构造为，使该压紧装置能够在旋拧过程期间将可变的压紧力施加到上部构件上。
优选的扩展方案和构造方案对于两个发明主题来说类似地可由下文的说明得出。
根据本发明的方法用于在使用自成孔和自攻丝螺钉的情况下无预制孔地直接螺接至少两个构件，所述螺钉具有头部和成形在该头部上的杆部，该杆部带有自成形的螺纹区段与用于形成旋挤孔的成孔区段，其中，所述构件在旋拧过程或者说旋入过程期间借助压紧装置(在连接位置或者说旋拧位置上)相互压贴，该方法规定：压紧装置在旋拧过程期间用以将构件相互压贴的作用力或者说压紧力在旋拧过程期间发生变化。
关于变化的压紧力，应理解为：压紧装置在旋拧过程期间用以将构件相互压贴或者相互挤压的压紧力不是恒定的，而是在旋拧位移上发生改变，这一点特别是根据一种限定的或者预设的力-位移-曲线来实现。
在此，主题思想如下：压紧装置不是在整个旋拧过程期间，而是仅仅在恰当的时间点或者在比较短的时间间隔期间以用于防止间隙形成的最大需要的压紧力或挤压力压靠所述构件，通过这种方式保护了构件并且特别是压紧装置直接(或者在必要时还间接地)作用到其上的上部构件。通过这种方式特别是可以保护由易损的构件材料或基本材质构成的构件并且防止或者至少减少上部构件上的表面损坏。
特别优选规定：压紧力在下部构件中构造旋挤孔期间是最高的，或者说达到其最高值(最大值)，因为在这个旋拧阶段中，由于被挤出的构件材料之故，间隙形成倾向是特别高的。但是，压紧力也可以在旋拧过程结束时达到其最大值或第二最大值(如下文还将进一步详细阐述的那样)。
关于要螺接的构件，特别可以是用于机动车车身的零件或者构件，诸如板材或者类似的构成物和型材(它们可以作为半成品或者作为空间结构成形的构件存在)，以及实体/立体的构成物诸如铸件等。
优选规定：压紧装置直接安放在最上部的构件上，该构件由非金属材料或者材质，诸如由纤维增强塑料(FVK)并且特别是由碳纤维增强塑料(CFK)构成。根据本发明的方法证明特别是对此是非常有益的，因为避免了上部构件上的过度的、时间上的压力载荷。优选规定：压紧力在旋拧过程期间只有当这一点为了防止间隙形成而绝对必需时才是最大的并且可以在其他旋拧阶段期间具有较低值并且甚至具有零值(即没有压紧力)。另外在这种情况下，通过压紧装置还可以防止或者至少最小化上部构件的由自成孔和自攻丝螺钉引起的损坏，诸如材料断裂和材料剥落。因此，该压紧装置可以具有多重作用。
压紧力可以以优选方式在旋拧过程期间在0N至2000N的范围内变化。在压紧力为0N时，构件在连接位置上未压紧在一起。压紧力也可以具有小于0N的值，通过这种方式例如能够使压紧装置向后退。特别优选规定：压紧力在100N至2000N的范围内并且特别是在1000N以上至2000N的范围内变化。
另外优选规定：压紧装置较为紧密地、特别是如在工艺技术上可行地那么紧密地围绕连接位置或者围绕旋拧位置在特别是圆环形的面内作用到上部构件上。在此，特别优选规定：所述圆环形的面尽可能地大，使得由施加的压紧力产生的单位面积压力很小并且防止或者至少最小化构件上的、并且特别是上部构件上的损坏(例如压紧装置压入表面中)。大的圆环形面的特征例如在于：它的径向环宽度(内圆与外圆之间的径向间距)相应于所使用的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉的头部直径的2至10倍并且特别是3至7倍。特别优选规定：圆环形的面(特别是与螺钉的头部直径相关联地)具有20mm至60mm范围内的外径。压紧装置的接触面也可以以其他形状(即非圆环形地)构造。另外，压紧装置可以在其接触面上构造有用于保护构件和特别是上部构件的保护层等。
优选规定：自成孔和自攻丝螺钉的成孔区段构造成专门用于将孔加工到上部构件中。可以通过成形或造型(即通过塑性材料挤压)和/或通过切削或切入(即材料分离和/或通过切削、刮剃、撕裂等)将孔加工到上部构件中。
特别优选规定：所使用的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉在其成孔区段上具有至少一个切削刃边等，该切削刃边能够在使螺钉沿一个旋转方向旋转时将孔加工或制造且特别是切削到特别是上部构件中，并且该切削刃边在使螺钉沿另一个或者说相反的旋转方向旋转时允许特别是在下部构件中形成旋挤孔。成孔区段上的至少一个切削刃边能够通过首先使螺钉沿一个旋转方向旋转将孔切削地或者在必要时也无切削地制造或者构造到特别是上部构件中，其中，压紧装置在此具有一种辅助功能。通过紧接着使螺钉沿相反的旋转方向旋转可以利用同一成孔区段特别是在下部构件中构造旋挤孔，紧接着，自成形的螺纹区段如文首述及的那样便可以嵌接到该旋挤孔中。通过这种方式特别是也可以使由不同材料构成的构件(例如FVK构件或CFK构件与金属构件，如下文还将进一步详细阐述的那样)机械接合(混合结构)。
上部构件可以由非金属材料或材质构成、优选由塑性的不能或者仅仅很难才可变形的材料构成并且特别是由脆的材料构成。特别优选，上部构件由纤维增强塑料(FVK)并且特别是由碳纤维增强塑料(CFK)构成，如上面所述的那样。下部构件可以由金属材料并且优选由塑性的可变形的或者可延展的构件材料构成。特别优选的是，下部构件由铝材或者钢材构成。
要螺接的构件至少在旋拧位置的区域内可以附加地相互粘接。恰好在此，直接螺接证明是特别有利的，因为不需要特别的准备措施，诸如使预制孔区域无粘合剂，这将导致粘合缝或粘合面中断并因此导致强度受损和/或耐久性受损。还使加工设备或者其工具/模具免遭溢出的粘合剂的污染。另外，通过使用压紧装置(如提出的那样)可以改进构件之间形成的粘接连接的强度和/或稳定性。为此，可以有利的是：压紧力在旋拧过程结束时再次提高或者达到其最大值。因此，可以非常有效地防止在形成间隙情况下构件的所谓松气(Aufatmen)。
根据本发明的用于实施本发明的方法的设备至少包括：
-螺杆，利用所述螺杆能够在旋拧过程期间将压力和转矩(通过随之发生的螺钉的旋转)施加到要拧入的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉上；和
-压紧装置，所述压紧装置构造为，使该压紧装置能够在旋拧过程期间将可变的压紧力施加到上部构件上。
优选规定：根据本发明的设备具有至少一个可调节的或者可控制的用于压紧装置的伺服驱动装置，该伺服驱动装置用于产生压紧装置运动和/或压紧力。优选是电子机械的伺服驱动。作为可选或者补充，也可以设置液压的和/或气动的伺服驱动装置来代替电子机械的伺服驱动装置。特别规定：为了在旋拧过程期间调节或者控制或改变压紧力，能够通过配属于所述设备的控制装置电子地或者在必要时还液压地或气动地控制这个伺服驱动装置。
另外，还可以设定在旋拧过程期间对压紧力和/或螺杆的旋转速度或者说转数的调整。在旋拧过程期间也可以与轴向作用的拧力(这是在旋拧过程中由螺杆沿轴向施加到螺钉上的压力)相关联地调节或者调整压紧力，其中，在旋拧过程期间该轴向作用的拧力(也被称为钻力)自身可以是变化的并且特别是可以控制的或调整的。
另外，优选规定：螺杆以及特别是还有其驱动装置，除了用于使转速和/或施加在到螺钉上的转矩变化的可能性之外，还设计或构造为用于就旋转方向而言可选择地向右运转或向左运转，或者用于旋转方向逆转并且特别是用于快速转换的向右运转或向左运转。螺杆的转速优选处于100至7000转每分钟的范围内并且也可以在这个范围内改变和/或调整。
附图说明
下文将参照示意性的和并非按正确比例的附图示例性地和以非限定的方式进一步详细地阐述本发明。附图中示出的和/或下文中阐述的特征可以(与具体的特征组合无关地)是本发明的一般性特征。
图1示出了根据本发明的设备的示意性剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于在使用自成孔和自攻丝螺钉200的情况下直接螺接至少两个构件310和320的设备100。螺钉200具有头部210和成形在该头部210上的杆部或者栓部220。在杆部220上构造有自成形的螺纹区段221。自成形的螺纹区段221尤其是自开槽的(或者作为可选是自切削的)螺纹区段。杆部220在其自由的轴向端部的区域内构造有用于形成旋挤孔的成孔区段222。成孔区段222具有一个倒圆的螺钉尖部和多个切削刃边223。
上部构件310(第一接合匹配件)由纤维增强塑料诸如碳纤维增强塑料构成。下部构件320(第二接合匹配件)由铝材或者钢材构成。所示出的类似板材的构造仅仅是示例性的。连接位置或者旋拧位置上构件310与320之间的可选的粘合材料层标记为330。
该设备100包括螺杆110，利用该螺杆可以通过随之发生的具有旋转方向D的旋转(右旋)将压力F和转矩施加到要拧入构件310和320中的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉200上。螺杆110还可以在旋拧过程的准备中用于支承和/或固定螺钉200。可以利用未示出的驱动装置(例如利用电动机和进给单元)进行对螺杆110的作用力加载和旋转驱动。
另外，该设备100还包括压紧装置120，该压紧装置在旋拧过程期间将构件310和320相互压贴或者相互压靠，为此，压紧装置120特别是在紧密地围绕连接位置或者旋拧位置的圆环形面内作用到上部构件310上。压紧装置120中的套筒状的内空隙部125特别是在旋拧过程的准备中可以用于螺钉200的导向。但是，在这个内空隙部中也至少在旋拧过程期间容纳并轴向导引螺杆110。
压紧装置120可以一件式地或多件式地构造。压紧装置120的多件式构造能够简单地与不同的螺钉类型和旋拧过程相匹配。用于压紧装置120的伺服驱动装置标记为130，该伺服驱动装置用于产生将压紧装置120压到上部构件310上的压紧装置运动和/或压紧力P。特别是电子机械的或者在必要时也是气动的或者液压的伺服驱动装置130。未示出配属于设备100的底座等，下部构件320在旋拧过程期间可以安放在该底座上。另外，压紧装置120可以在其构成接触面的底侧上设置保护盖、保护层等(例如弹性体等)，以便保护上部构件310。
在图1中所示的图示示出了旋拧过程的开始。拧入方向以E标出。通过以力F将螺钉200轴向压到上部构件310上和通过同时使螺钉200绕纵轴线或拧入轴线L旋转D(沿右旋)在旋拧位置或者连接位置上产生摩擦热。旋拧位置上由此提高的温度能使得以锥状的或者圆锥形的成孔区段222无预制孔地穿透构件310和320，其中，在下部构件320的出口侧上由于塑性的材料特性而构成翻孔或者旋挤孔。在翻孔形成之后，借助自成形的螺纹区段221将螺纹成形到下部构件320中。现在通过进一步拧入螺钉200可以制成构件310与320之间的机械的连接或者螺纹连接。最后通过以限定的转矩上紧螺钉200而结束旋拧过程，接下来还对连接位置进行冷却，其中，在下部构件320内攻出的螺纹特别紧密地贴靠到螺钉200的自成形的螺纹区段221上。在旋拧过程期间轴向的压紧力或者进给力F、转矩和/或旋转速度典型地发生变化。
在DE 103 48 427 A1中也对旋拧过程的各个阶段进行了清楚的阐述。此外，也可以在螺钉200与上部构件310之间产生螺纹啮合。为了容纳上升的构件材料，螺钉200的头部210可以在其底侧上构造有环绕杆部220的槽(或者空隙部或下头槽(Unterkopfnut))212。
可以规定：螺钉200在其成孔区段222上构造有至少一个切削刃边223，该切削刃边能够通过使螺钉100沿相反的旋转方向-D(即沿左旋)旋转将孔加工到并且特别是切削到上部构件310中。大体上当成孔区段222上的螺钉尖部触碰到下部构件320时，旋转方向逆转以及如上所述的那样(即沿右旋)进行进一步的旋拧过程。右旋和左旋在此也可以互换。为此，螺杆装置110和它的驱动装置设计为就旋转方向而言向右运转或向左运转，或者用于旋转方向逆转。
为了在旋拧过程期间避免在构件310与320之间形成间隙而设置有压紧装置120，其中，根据本发明，通过该压紧装置120出于将构件310与320相互压贴之目的施加到上部构件310上的压紧力P发生变化，即，不是恒定的。压紧装置120则不是在整个旋拧过程期间，而是仅仅在恰当的时间点或者在比较短的时间间隔期间以用于防止间隙形成的最大需要的压紧力或挤压力P压向上部构件310。
优选规定：压紧力P在下部构件320中构造旋挤孔期间是最高的或者达到其最高值(最大值)，因为在这个旋拧阶段中间隙形成倾向是特别高的。但是，压紧力P也可以在旋拧过程结束时达到其最大值或第二最大值，这特别是当在构件310与320附加地粘接时具有优点，如上面所述的那样。伺服驱动装置130设计用于产生变化的压紧力P。可以通过未示出的控制装置实现对变化的压紧力P的控制，其中，特别是设置有电子的或者在必要时还有气动的或液压的控制装置。
利用根据本发明的方法和/或利用根据本发明的设备100，例如可以借助无预制孔的直接螺接制造由纤维增强塑料(FVK)并且特别是由碳纤维增强塑料(CFK)与金属材料构成的的机械式的混合结构连接(尽管预制孔也是完全可以的)。另外，防止或者至少减少了FVK构件或者CFK构件的损坏。也就是说，借助未预制孔的机械接合技术能实现FVK构件或者CFK构件与钢构件和铝构件(等)的连接。与很多其他的接合技术不同，在一侧的可接近性就足够了。
利用根据本发明的方法和/或根据利用本发明的设备100也可以使多于两个的构件实现接合。另外，本发明并不局限于所描述的构件材料或者说材质和材料组合。

Claims (12)

1.用于在使用自成孔和自攻丝螺钉(200)的情况下直接螺接至少两个构件(310，320)的方法，所述螺钉具有头部(210)和成形在该头部(210)上的杆部(220)，该杆部带有自成形的螺纹区段(221)与用于形成旋挤孔的成孔区段(222)，其中，各构件(310，320)在旋拧过程期间借助压紧装置(120)相互压贴，其特征在于：所述压紧装置(120)在旋拧过程期间用以将所述构件(310，320)相互压贴的压紧力(P)发生变化，所述压紧力(P)在所述至少两个构件中的下部构件(320)中构造旋挤孔期间是最高的。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述压紧装置(120)直接安放在所述至少两个构件中的上部构件(310)上，该上部构件由非金属材料构成。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于：所述上部构件由纤维增强塑料构成。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于：所述上部构件由碳纤维增强塑料构成。
5.如权利要求1至4之任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：使所述压紧力(P)在旋拧过程期间在0N至2000N的范围内变化。
6.如权利要求1至4之任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：所述压紧装置(120)紧密地围绕旋拧位置在圆环形的面内作用到上部构件(310)上。
7.如权利要求1至4之任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：所使用的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉(200)在其成孔区段(222)上具有至少一个切削刃边(223)，该切削刃边能够在使所述螺钉(200)沿一个旋转方向(-D)旋转时加工孔并且该切削刃边在使所述螺钉沿另一旋转方向(D)旋转时允许形成旋挤孔。
8.如权利要求1至4之任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：所述构件(310，320)至少在旋拧位置的区域内附加地相互粘接。
9.用于实施如权利要求1至8之任一项所述的方法的设备(100)，其包括：
-螺杆(110)，利用所述螺杆能够将压力和转矩施加到要拧入的自成孔和自攻丝螺钉(200)上；和
-压紧装置(120)，所述压紧装置构造为，使该压紧装置能够在旋拧过程期间将可变的压紧力(P)施加到上部构件(310)上。
10.如权利要求9所述的设备(100)，其特征在于：该设备具有至少一个用于所述压紧装置(120)的可调节的伺服驱动装置(130)。
11.如权利要求10所述的设备(100)，其特征在于：所述可调节的伺服驱动装置(130)为了控制所述压紧力(P)而能够通过配属于该设备的控制装置进行电子控制。
12.如权利要求9至11之任一项所述的设备(100)，其特征在于：所述螺杆(110)设计为用于就旋转方向而言可选择地向右运转或向左运转。
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