CN104642091B - A kind of method that scan-type automatic flushing device is collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore - Google Patents

A kind of method that scan-type automatic flushing device is collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore Download PDF

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CN104642091B
CN104642091B CN201510077398.3A CN201510077398A CN104642091B CN 104642091 B CN104642091 B CN 104642091B CN 201510077398 A CN201510077398 A CN 201510077398A CN 104642091 B CN104642091 B CN 104642091B
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conchospore
seedling
water
pond
lace curtaining
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CN104642091A (en
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唐兴本
陈百尧
薛学坤
龚琪本
伏光辉
安健
孙苗苗
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Lianyungang marine and Fishery Development Promotion Center
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LIANYUNGANG MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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Abstract

A kind of method that scan-type auto-flushing is collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore, collects seedling period with conchospore before conchospore is collected seedling, carries out situation of the diffusing inspection of conchospore;Using scan-type bath to carry out stimulation by running water for large-area nursery pond in flakes, scan-type bath is multiple spot water spray, and bath dynamics is less than normal, and uniformly, left and right is in line the water spray of formula elapsing the most forward each distributive pipe water spray, and bath point is horizontal the most perpendicular embarks on journey.Can be connected by the full wafer of water main and the raising of water inlet dynamics, increase bath and gather scope and the dynamics of water spray of conchospore.By bath, promote the growth of thread algal filament, expand the growth of algal filament;Promote conchospore maturation with diffuse;The conchospore of heavy property is rushed and is fully contacted with lace curtaining and is attached on lace curtaining, improve diffusing and adhesive rate of conchospore, reduce the waste of conchospore;Lace curtaining is collected seedling uniformly, plunges into the commercial sea in time;Reduce labour cost, reduce Porphyra yezoensis Ueda seedling cost.

Description

The side that a kind of scan-type automatic flushing device is collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore Method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of laver culture technology, particularly a kind of scan-type automatic flushing device is for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda The method that conchospore is collected seedling.
Background technology
Porphyra natural marine food, its delicious flavour, nutritious, and have health care, the most smooth in international market Pin does not wanes, and the enhancing realized health care of food along with the raising of modern life level, particularly our people, people are more and more heavier Depending on the health care of Sargassum, its space, domestic market is very big, and the market competitiveness is stronger.
Along with the development of human civilization, growth in the living standard, the disease such as " affluenza " hypertensive cardio-cerebrovascular is increasingly How to endanger human health.Blood pressure lowering that Thallus Porphyrae is had, strengthen the natural function of blood vessel elasticity, cause the extensive concern of people. Wanting food to sea, want to sea the consciousness of medicine constantly to strengthen, Thallus Porphyrae derived product social need is huge, and along with Its demand of the raising of domestic level is by increasing.
Porphyra yezoensis Ueda is a kind of Sargassum that artificial culture economic worth is the highest in the world at present.Its tame annual value of production is near 3000000000 dollars, account for the 2/3 of whole world artificial culture Sargassum.3 edges of our province are then focused primarily upon at its artificial culture of China Haicheng City, its yield accounts for more than the 90% of the whole nation.
The existing cultured area in Lianyungang about 180,000 mu, practitioner is people more than 6000, seasonal casual labourer 500,000 person-times, More than 140 set of existing automatic laver time processing unit, secondary operations unit 20 multiple stage set.Time processing Thallus Porphyrae 2,000,000,000, Nearly 200,000,000 of secondary operations Thallus Porphyrae, wherein 90% with upper outlet, creates the output value more than 900,000,000 yuan, whole city's Thallus Porphyrae seedlings growing area more than 120,000 Square metre.Thallus Porphyrae had become one of pillar industry of Lianyungang sea-farming already.
Lianyungang laver culture has semi-floating, plugs in pole formula, reversible type, entirely floats the breeding way such as streaming, denidation formula, Being the most multifarious area of China's laver culture mode, no matter how breeding way changes, the disparities between supply and demand of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda seed More and more prominent.
Present stage, in Jiangsu Province, Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore is collected seedling uses the mode of artificial bath more, has problems the most, The existence of problem have impact on yield and the quality of spot laver thallus to a certain extent.
First, Porphyra yezoensis Ueda indoor seed rearing, especially indoor conchospore labour cost of collecting seedling is the highest, such as Porphyra yezoensis Ueda Conchospore is collected seedling period, within 15 days, calculates according to collecting seedling, and everyone is responsible for the management of manually washing by water of 40 square metres, if cultivated 1000 square metres of shell conchocelises, need bath to collect seedling personnel 25 people every day, and according to everyone 100 yuan/day, period of collecting seedling needs Artificial nearly 40,000 yuan of expense of bath, i.e. every square metre shell conchocelis is cultivated and is added 40 yuan of costs, existing according to Lianyungang Cultured area 120,000 square metres calculating, needs artificial nearly 5,000,000 yuan of expense of bath, it is true that in Lianyungang Area, for many years Come, conchospore time of collecting seedling typically at 20 days, up to 40 days, its manually bath collect seedling expense at about ten million yuan.For from For the field man of thing Porphyra yezoensis Ueda nursery, this is many expense.
Second, look for work difficult, personal management is difficult, and artificial bath gathers the conchospore of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda, and its workman's workload is very big, General from 6:00 in morning to 1:30 at noon, have water pump in arms in bath, even if the excellent labour in rural area starts also can feel waist always Acid skelalgia, this work youngster will not do, and the labour in rural area mostly goes out and works, so looking for work difficulty;The personnel called in Woman worker above middle age time many, not bad management of starting working, time length management just difficulty, it is difficult to allow workman fully according to requiring to carry out Bath, somebody leaves or constantly asks for leave in midway, and artificial bath gathers the conchospore of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda, personal management difficulty.
3rd, manually to wash by water, the conchospore attachment of lace curtaining is uneven, causes substantial amounts of conchospore to waste, is delayed conchospore Seeding collecting season, causes loss to Porphyra yezoensis Ueda cultivation.Artificial bath, it is impossible to uniformly, it is a lot of that some places rush, and has Local almost without being flushed to, this results in the loss of two aspects, the place being on the one hand flushed to the most in time or being seldom flushed to, greatly The conchospore diffused on part shell slatterning in vain, on the other hand, due to lace curtaining goes out pond must each local spatfall quantity Reaching certain density, according to such requirement, even if Seedling total amount is a lot of on lace curtaining, lace curtaining also cannot go out pond, so, just makes Become substantial amounts of conchospore to waste, be delayed conchospore seeding collecting season, cause loss to Porphyra yezoensis Ueda cultivation.
4th, broken shell is many, and conchospore waste is many.Workman is during bath gathers conchospore, in order to increase effect of collecting seedling, Workman walks about in Thallus Porphyrae nursery pond, and its result is often that substantial amounts of filamentous shell is tramped, some powderings;? Adopting Seedling when being rinsed, some have the filamentous shell fragment of Seedling to be gone out outside pond with water every time, during it addition, arrange shell, The little filamentous shell fragment of major part has the one side of Seedling, being attached at the bottom of pond, diffusing in a large number even if being attached to the shell at the bottom of pond, but can Timely enter water body little with the conchospore that cultivation lace curtaining contacts, the most virtually cause a large amount of wastes of conchospore, certain journey Plunging into the commercial sea the time of lace curtaining is delayed on degree.
In sum, the most artificial bath is collected seedling, and adds seedling cost, wastes substantial amounts of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore, Delay plunging into the commercial sea the time of lace curtaining, cause loss in various degree to spot laver thallus mariculture, how to solve artificial Bath gathers conchospore problem, is problem present stage needing to solve.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is for the deficiencies in the prior art, it is proposed that a kind of improve diffusing of conchospore Collect seedling uniform scan-type automatic flushing device for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore with adhesive rate, minimizing conchospore waste, lace curtaining The method collected seedling.
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions, a kind of scan-type automatic flushing device The method collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore, is characterized in:
Before and after shell conchocelis nurturing period and conchospore are collected seedling, the change of perusal shell conchocelis color and shell conchocelis are covered with shellfish The degree of shell;Molten shell inspection is carried out with Bai Lan Buddhist nun's liquid;Collect seedling period with conchospore before conchospore is collected seedling, carry out diffusing of conchospore Situation checks;
Scan-type bath is used to carry out stimulation by running water for large-area nursery pond in flakes, Setting up scan-type flushometer on the stalk of pond or under seedling rearing room ceiling support beam, described scan-type flushometer includes being arranged on pond stalk Double track runway above or under seedling rearing room ceiling support beam, equipped with the mobile dolly of remote-controlled walking on double track runway, on mobile dolly Be provided with one with the vertically disposed water main of double track runway, below water main, be axially arranged with row's tapping hole along water main, Being respectively connected with the distributive pipe that Open Side Down is arranged on each tapping hole, water main is by connecting flexible pipe and the bath water pump being located in pond Connect,
(1) stimulation by running water during cultivating
During Porphyra yezoensis Ueda shell conchocelis is cultivated, carry out stimulation by running water by opening auto-flushing facility, promote shell conchocelis Growth, expanding the Rapid development of algal filament, conchospore and formed with ripe, stimulation by running water shell conchocelis, stimulation time is every day 3h—12h;
(2) stimulation by running water shell conchocelis gathers conchospore The water temperature of Thallus Porphyrae seedling rearing room is controlled more than 24 DEG C, and indoor light is controlled at below 200lux, every morning, right Each pond mouth shell conchocelis will diffuse inspection, Gather conchospore the previous day, by shell conchocelis towards upper, be emitted on uniformly in nursery pond;Lay lace curtaining, with every square metre Shell lay lace curtaining 0.05 mu is advisable to 0.2 mu;The water level of each Chi Kou has just covered lace curtaining and has been advisable with the water surface;Each pond is equipped with One water pump, every 100m2Bath area is equipped with the water pump of 2.5kw;After having spread lace curtaining in pond, then on lace curtaining in put 200 Mesh sieve thin,tough silk, bolting silk is buckled on sample rope and floats on the surface, Open auto-flushing facility stimulation by running water, promote that conchospore maturation is diffused;
(3) collecting seedling period, flowing water promotes that conchospore maturation is diffused Collected seedling the same day, opend the window aeration-cooling, regulated illumination and salinity, During gathering conchospore, it is continuing with auto-flushing facility, the shell on stimulation by running water shell conchocelis, and running check bolting silk Spore release and adhesion condition, the conchospore adhesion condition on bolting silk has indirectly reacted the conchospore adhesion condition on lace curtaining, uses 10 × 10 camera lenses check bolting silk, and the conchospore that each camera lens averagely adheres to is 10 40, it is impossible to be the free visual field, By taking a sample to check, find that the conchospore quantity sprouted on lace curtaining just can arrange out pond, support temporarily, plunges into the commercial sea after reaching requirement; Went out the pond of lace curtaining to continue the new lace curtaining of lay and carry out conchospore and collect seedling.
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention can also be come to realize further by the following technical programs, collects seedling under every day period At the noon, no matter whether lace curtaining goes out pond, will be emitted on uniformly in nursery pond by shell conchocelis towards upper, reduce shellfish as far as possible Shell is piled up, is crushed;On the same day, conchospore is collected seedling after end, be carried out changing water.
Compared with prior art, the bath that nursery pond carries out lateral probe movement formula carries out stimulation by running water to the present invention, and makes bath Gradually push ahead;Scan-type bath is mobile dolly horizontal movement, drives pipeline that nursery pond carries out the bath of horizontal sweep formula, Scan-type bath is multiple spot water spray, and bath dynamics is less than normal, each distributive pipe water spray uniformly, left and right be in line formula water spray and gradually to Front passage, horizontal in a row the erecting of bath point is embarked on journey.Scan-type bath adapts to the bath of the large-area mouth of nursery pond in flakes, can be by main water The full wafer of pipe connects and the raising of water inlet dynamics, increases bath and gathers scope and the dynamics of water spray of conchospore.By bath, promote Enter the growth of thread algal filament, expand the growth of algal filament;Promote conchospore maturation with diffuse;Rush by the conchospore of heavy property with Lace curtaining is fully contacted and is attached on lace curtaining, improves diffusing and adhesive rate of conchospore, reduces the waste of conchospore;Lace curtaining is adopted Seedling is uniform, plunges into the commercial sea in time;Reduce labour cost, reduce Porphyra yezoensis Ueda seedling cost.
Scan-type bath is mobile dolly horizontal movement, drives pipeline that nursery pond carries out the bath of horizontal sweep formula, scanning Formula bath is multiple spot water spray, and bath dynamics is less than normal, and uniformly, left and right is in line the water spray of formula pushing away the most forward each distributive pipe water spray Moving, bath point horizontal stroke is the most perpendicular embarks on journey.
Detailed description of the invention
A kind of method that scan-type automatic flushing device is collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore:
Before and after shell conchocelis nurturing period and conchospore are collected seedling, the change of perusal shell conchocelis color and shell conchocelis are covered with shellfish The degree of shell;Molten shell inspection is carried out with Bai Lan Buddhist nun's liquid;Collect seedling period with conchospore before conchospore is collected seedling, carry out diffusing of conchospore Situation checks;
Scan-type bath is used to carry out stimulation by running water for large-area nursery pond in flakes, Setting up scan-type flushometer on the stalk of pond or under seedling rearing room ceiling support beam, described scan-type flushometer includes being arranged on pond stalk Double track runway above or under seedling rearing room ceiling support beam, equipped with the mobile dolly of remote-controlled walking on double track runway, on mobile dolly Be provided with one with the vertically disposed water main of double track runway, below water main, be axially arranged with row's tapping hole along water main, Being respectively connected with the distributive pipe that Open Side Down is arranged on each tapping hole, water main is by connecting flexible pipe and the bath water pump being located in pond Connect,
(1) stimulation by running water during cultivating
During Porphyra yezoensis Ueda shell conchocelis is cultivated, carry out stimulation by running water by opening auto-flushing facility, promote shell conchocelis Growth, expanding the Rapid development of algal filament, conchospore and formed with ripe, stimulation by running water shell conchocelis, stimulation time is every day 3h—12h;
(2) stimulation by running water shell conchocelis gathers conchospore
The water temperature of Thallus Porphyrae seedling rearing room is controlled more than 24 DEG C, and indoor light is controlled at below 200lux, every morning, right Each pond mouth shell conchocelis will diffuse inspection, Gather conchospore the previous day, by shell conchocelis towards upper, be emitted on uniformly in nursery pond;Lay lace curtaining, with every square metre Shell lay lace curtaining 0.05 mu is advisable to 0.2 mu;The water level of each Chi Kou has just covered lace curtaining and has been advisable with the water surface;Each pond is equipped with One water pump, every 100m2Bath area is equipped with the water pump of 2.5kw;After having spread lace curtaining in pond, then on lace curtaining in put 200 Mesh sieve thin,tough silk, bolting silk is buckled on sample rope and floats on the surface, Open auto-flushing facility stimulation by running water, promote that conchospore maturation is diffused;
(3) collecting seedling period, flowing water promotes that conchospore maturation is diffused
Collected seedling the same day, opend the window aeration-cooling, regulated illumination and salinity, During gathering conchospore, it is continuing with auto-flushing facility, the shell on stimulation by running water shell conchocelis, and running check bolting silk Spore release and adhesion condition, the conchospore adhesion condition on bolting silk has indirectly reacted the conchospore adhesion condition on lace curtaining, uses 10 × 10 camera lenses check bolting silk, and the conchospore that each camera lens averagely adheres to is 10 40, it is impossible to be the free visual field,
By taking a sample to check, find that the conchospore quantity sprouted on lace curtaining just can arrange out pond, support temporarily, plunges into the commercial sea after reaching requirement.
Went out the pond of lace curtaining to continue the new lace curtaining of lay and carry out conchospore and collect seedling.
Collecting seedling afternoon every day period, no matter whether lace curtaining goes out pond, will be emitted on uniformly by shell conchocelis towards upper In nursery pond, reduce shell as far as possible and pile up, crush.
On the same day, conchospore is collected seedling after end, according to the mud scum situation on shell, the cloudiness of nursery pool inner water, adapted The situation of water, suitably changes water, the most entirely changes, and diffuses peak period at conchospore and does not change water.
Adopt after the cultivation lace curtaining of conchospore plunges into the commercial sea, the sprouting of conchospore and thallus growth change with ocean temperature associate close Cutting, when ocean temperature is at 19 ± 1 DEG C, the germination physiology of conchospore is preferable, after, the optimum life of spot laver thallus Long temperature increases also with thallus length or width and is gradually lowered, and this is the result that Porphyra yezoensis Ueda adapts to for a long time with natural environment; If the lace curtaining adopting conchospore is plunged into the commercial sea, water temperature is higher, and conchospore can not sprout production in time, and lace curtaining is for a long time at wave Under impact, conchospore has a large amount of leakage;Meanwhile, when ocean temperature is higher, the mating period of the miscellaneous algae such as Entermorpha just, greatly The Entermorpha etc. of amount is attached on lace curtaining, if so, the lace curtaining enclosing a large amount of Entermorpha just cannot carry out laver culture again, it damages Mistake is conceivable;If water temperature is on the low side when lace curtaining is plunged into the commercial sea, the sprouting of conchospore misses optimum temperature, and conchospore germination is slow, Growth is slower later, and a so-called step is unable to catch up with, and is unable to catch up with step by step, the yield of laver culture and quality (dish quality is good in early days) Impact in various degree will be received;Lace curtaining is plunged into the commercial sea the slowest, and its culture efficiency is the poorest, and the lace curtaining even adopting conchospore is probably Abortive haul.The time period that lace curtaining is plunged into the commercial sea so collecting seedling is critically important, and according to the experience of the author, in Jiangsu Province, it is optimal that lace curtaining is plunged into the commercial sea Time slightly should adjust to October 5, this time along with the water temperature of different year changes in annual JIUYUE on the 26th.
Bath, can promote growth and the growth of filamentous;The maturation of conchospore can be promoted and diffuse;Can be by heavy property Conchospore punching get up to be fully contacted with lace curtaining and be attached on lace curtaining, etc..Dynamics, the uniformity and the mode of bath directly affect The maturation of overall shell goes out the pond time with the uniformity and lace curtaining diffusing, affecting lace curtaining upper casing Spore adhesion, affects the heap of filamentous Long-pending or broken degree, affect the overall utilization rate of conchospore, affect time that lace curtaining plunges into the commercial sea and mariculture thallus of porphyra Success or failure.
On the stalk of pond or under seedling rearing room support beam, turn double track runway by angle bar peace;Weld with the stainless steel tube of 20mm and grow up Cube frame, in four small wheels of base four welded corner joint, can run on the double track runway that angle bar is made;Cuboid frame adds base And with fixed motor (400W--600KW);One groove of welding in the middle of framework upper surface, is used for supporting bath supervisor; Remote sensing switch is installed, to control turning to of whole framework at the two ends of double track runway.
With the pvc pipe of a diameter 50mm (concrete length according to seedling rearing room, nursery pond and produce it needs to be determined that), On pvc pipe, often it is separated by 10cm, bores the circular hole of a 10mm;Connect the thin pvc pipe of length 10cm, do bath in a row Distributive pipe, notes punching in the surface of the water surface to pvc pipe, doing distributive pipe;According to the size of water pump, that obstructs in pond is upper Punching to pvc pipe in side, does the pvc pipe head of water pump water supply hose.
PVC water pipe being fixed in the groove above motor rack, if worrying that pvc pipe is soft or gives a discount, fixing with reinforcing bar Pvc pipe;In conjunction with practical situation, every 8m-12m, on the stalk of pond or under seedling rearing room support beam, a motor is installed, so, The bath distributive pipe of one row just can be scanned the bath of formula to nursery pond shell conchocelis.
Can also main pvc pipe be made multiple rows of, and be connected to become an entirety, and reasonable disposition, installation by pvc pipe Motor, by water pipe being fixed in the groove above motor rack steadily, the entirety that pvc pipe connects into, passes through distributive pipe Bath, promotes that the conchospore of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda is ripe, diffuses, attachment etc..
Can be by the water inlet wattage of water pump, number, the flow velocity of regulation distributive pipe and bath strength;By blocking distributive pipe, Carry out the bath of part Seedling pond;Can be adjusted by motor, adjust the bath frequency gathering conchospore;Can by the height of runway, Increase bath strength, etc..
If installing runway on the stalk of pond, set up bath facility, it should be noted that electrical equipment and the waterproof work of hardware.

Claims (2)

1. the method that a scan-type automatic flushing device is collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore, it is characterised in that:
Before and after shell conchocelis nurturing period and conchospore are collected seedling, the change of perusal shell conchocelis color and shell conchocelis are covered with shellfish The degree of shell;Molten shell inspection is carried out with Bai Lan Buddhist nun's liquid;Collect seedling period with conchospore before conchospore is collected seedling, carry out diffusing of conchospore Situation checks;
Scan-type automatic flushing device is used to carry out stimulation by running water for large-area nursery pond in flakes,
Setting up scan-type automatic flushing device on the stalk of pond or under seedling rearing room ceiling support beam, described scan-type automatic flushing device includes setting Put the double track runway on the stalk of pond or under seedling rearing room ceiling support beam, equipped with the mobile dolly of remote-controlled walking on double track runway, move Dynamic dolly be provided with one with the vertically disposed water main of double track runway, below water main, be axially arranged with a row along water main Tapping hole, each tapping hole is respectively connected with the distributive pipe that Open Side Down is arranged, and water main is by connecting flexible pipe and being located in pond Bath water pump connects,
(1) stimulation by running water during cultivating
During Porphyra yezoensis Ueda shell conchocelis is cultivated, carry out stimulation by running water by opening scan-type automatic flushing device, promote shell silk The growth of shape body, expanding the Rapid development of algal filament, conchospore and formed with ripe, stimulation by running water shell conchocelis, stimulation time is Every day 3h 12h;
(2) stimulation by running water shell conchocelis gathers conchospore
The water temperature of Thallus Porphyrae seedling rearing room is controlled more than 24 DEG C, and indoor light is controlled at below 200lux, every morning, right Each pond mouth shell conchocelis will diffuse inspection,
Gather conchospore the previous day, by shell conchocelis towards upper, be emitted on uniformly in nursery pond;Lay lace curtaining, every square metre of shellfish Shell lay lace curtaining 0.05 mu to 0.2 mu;The water level water surface of each Chi Kou has just covered lace curtaining;Each pond is equipped with a water pump, often 100m2Bath area is equipped with the water pump of 2.5kw;After having spread lace curtaining in pond, then on lace curtaining in put 200 mesh sieve thin,tough silk, bolting silk It is buckled on sample rope and floats on the surface,
Open scan-type automatic flushing device stimulation by running water, promote that conchospore maturation is diffused;
(3) collecting seedling period, flowing water promotes that conchospore maturation is diffused
Collected seedling the same day, opend the window aeration-cooling, regulated illumination and salinity,
During gathering conchospore, it is continuing with scan-type automatic flushing device, stimulation by running water shell conchocelis, and running check bolting silk On conchospore diffuse and adhesion condition, the conchospore adhesion condition on bolting silk indirectly reacted on lace curtaining conchospore attachment feelings Condition, checks bolting silk with 10 × 10 camera lenses, and the conchospore that each camera lens averagely adheres to is 10 40, it is impossible to be the free visual field, By taking a sample to check, find that the conchospore quantity sprouted on lace curtaining just can arrange out pond, support temporarily, plunges into the commercial sea after reaching requirement; Went out the pond of lace curtaining to continue the new lace curtaining of lay and carry out conchospore and collect seedling.
The method that scan-type automatic flushing device the most according to claim 1 is collected seedling for indoor Porphyra yezoensis Ueda conchospore, it is special Levying and be: collect seedling afternoon every day period, no matter whether lace curtaining goes out pond, will be emitted on uniformly by shell conchocelis towards upper In nursery pond, reduce shell as far as possible and pile up, crush;On the same day, conchospore is collected seedling after end, be carried out changing water.
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CN103931482B (en) * 2014-04-26 2015-11-11 宁波大学 A kind of Porphyra haitanensis shell conchocelis accelerating and the method for collecting seedling
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