CN104520472B - TiAlN‑涂层工具 - Google Patents
TiAlN‑涂层工具 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104520472B CN104520472B CN201380041300.8A CN201380041300A CN104520472B CN 104520472 B CN104520472 B CN 104520472B CN 201380041300 A CN201380041300 A CN 201380041300A CN 104520472 B CN104520472 B CN 104520472B
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- 229910010037 TiAlN Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 52
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 147
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011195 cermet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000004224 protection Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 58
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 35
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 229910004349 Ti-Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910004692 Ti—Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910010038 TiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005068 cooling lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000168 high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010058155 Heart alternation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005270 abrasive blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- -1 carbonitride Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005566 electron beam evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000608 laser ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- QIZNWMMOECVGAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N reserpiline oxindole-A Natural products O=C1NC2=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C2C11CCN2CC3C(C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)C3CC21 QIZNWMMOECVGAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
- B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
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- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
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- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
- C23C28/044—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material coatings specially adapted for cutting tools or wear applications
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- C23C28/40—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B2228/00—Properties of materials of tools or workpieces, materials of tools or workpieces applied in a specific manner
- B23B2228/08—Properties of materials of tools or workpieces, materials of tools or workpieces applied in a specific manner applied by physical vapour deposition [PVD]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C2228/00—Properties of materials of tools or workpieces, materials of tools or workpieces applied in a specific manner
- B23C2228/08—Properties of materials of tools or workpieces, materials of tools or workpieces applied in a specific manner applied by physical vapour deposition [PVD]
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Abstract
一种工具,所述工具具有基体和以PVD工艺施加至所述主体的单层或多层的耐磨保护性涂层,所述基体由硬质金属、金属陶瓷、陶瓷、钢或高速钢制成,其中所述耐磨保护性涂层中的至少一层是其中x+y=1的钛铝氮化物TixAlyN层,该层取决于使用的工艺可含有最高达5重量%的其它金属,其特征在于所述TixAlyN层为具有多个周期性交替的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的多涂层亚结构,其中x(A)+y(A)=1,x(B)+y(B)=1,其中涂层(B)中的Al浓度y(B)最多是70原子%(y(B)≤0.70),和其中涂层(B)中的Al浓度y(B)比涂层(A)中的Al浓度y(A)高10至25原子重量%(y(B)=(y(A)+0.10)至(y(A)+0.25))。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种工具,所述工具包含由硬质金属、金属陶瓷、陶瓷、钢或高速钢制成的基体和以PVD工艺施加至所述基体的单层或多层耐磨保护涂层,所述耐磨保护涂层中的至少一层是钛铝氮化物TixAlyN层,其中x+y=1。
背景技术
切削工具,尤其是金属切削工具,由例如由硬质金属、金属陶瓷、陶瓷、钢或高速钢制成的基体构成。为了增加工具寿命或改进切削特性,经常通过CVD或PVD工艺将单层或多层的由硬质材料制成耐磨保护涂层施加到所述基体上。在PVD工艺中,在不同的工艺变体例如磁控溅射、电弧蒸发(电弧PVD)、离子镀、电子束蒸发和激光烧蚀之间存在区别。PVD工艺中最常用于涂层工具的要数磁控溅射和电弧蒸发。在个别的PVD工艺变体中,又有多种的改性,例如非脉冲或脉冲磁控溅射或者非脉冲或脉冲电弧蒸发等。
在PVD工艺中的靶材可由纯金属或者两种或更多种金属的组合构成。如果所述靶材包含多种金属,则所有这些金属同时被引入涂层的、以PVD工艺构建的层中。所构造层中金属相互之间的相对比例将取决于所述靶材中的所述金属的比例,但因为与其它金属相比,一些金属在特定条件下以更大的量从靶材释放和/或以更大的量沉积到基底上,因此也将取决于PVD工艺中的条件。
为了生产特定的金属化合物,将反应气体进料到PVD工艺的反应室中,这样的反应气体例如是用于生产氮化物的氮气、用于生产氧化物的氧气、用于生产碳化物的含碳化合物或者用于生产相应混合化合物例如碳氮化物、氧碳化物等的这些气体的混合物。
WO 96/23911A1描述了在基底上的耐磨保护层,其由直接施加到基底上的硬质材料的涂层和施加到其上的一系列10到1000个另外的单个涂层构成,所述一系列涂层由具有1-30nm的单层厚度的金属硬质材料和共价硬质材料交替构成。通过周期性交替设置金属硬质材料和共价硬质材料的单个涂层,旨在改进所述耐磨保护层的机械和化学特性。
WO 2006/041367A1描述了一种涂层切削工具,其由硬质金属基底和以PVD工艺沉积的涂层构成,所述涂层包含至少一个具有1.5至5μm厚度和>4至6GPa的残余压应力的TiAlN涂层。据称,与已知涂层相比,该TiAlN涂层更有效地粘合至基底。
EP 2 298 954A1描述了一种用于制造涂层切削工具的方法,其中通过PVD工艺将硬质材料涂层例如TiAlN、TiAlCrN或TiAlCrSiN施加至基底,基底的偏压在沉积工艺期间变化。据称,该方法提供了工具的改进的耐磨性和较长的使用寿命。
在特定的金属加工操作,例如铣削和车削中,对工具加以特别苛刻的要求。这种类型工具的重要参数是高度的硬度、高弹性模量(E模量,杨氏模量)和低表面粗糙度。用于所描述用途的已知切削工具具有TiAlN涂层,该涂层以PVD工艺施加并通常具有小于400GPa的弹性模量和最高达3500HV的维氏硬度。因铝的熔化温度低,所以当这种类型的TiAlN层以电弧工艺沉积时,它们倾向于在层上和层中形成不利地影响涂层性能的所谓的小滴。合适地选择沉积工艺的参数可在PVD工艺中提高硬度和弹性模量,但是这通常在层中导致约>3GPa的高残余压应力,其不利地影响切削刃的稳定性。当经受高应力时,切削刃易于在早期崩裂,由此导致工具的快速磨损。
发明内容
要解决的技术问题
本发明的目的是提供一种工具,与现有技术相比,所述工具具有更好的涂层,该涂层具有高度的硬度、高弹性模量,且同时具有可接受的残余应力和切削刃的改进的稳定性。
技术方案
通过如下的工具实现这种目的,所述工具包含基体和以PVD工艺施加至所述基体的单层或多层耐磨保护性涂层,所述基体由硬质金属、金属陶瓷、陶瓷、钢或高速钢制成,所述耐磨保护性涂层中的至少一层是其中x+y=1的钛铝氮化物TixAlyN层,该层根据工艺可含有最高达5重量%的其它金属,所述TixAlyN层是具有多个周期性交替的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的多涂层亚结构,其中x(A)+y(A)=1,x(B)+y(B)=1,涂层(B)中的Al浓度y(B)最多占70原子%(y(B)≤0.70),和涂层(B)中的Al浓度y(B)比涂层(A)中的Al浓度y(A)高10至25原子%(y(B)=(y(A)+0.10)至(y(A)+0.25))。
因此,涂层(B)中的Ti浓度x(B)比涂层(A)中的Ti浓度x(A)低10至25原子%(x(B)=(x(A)-0.10)至(x(A)-0.25))。
已经令人预料不到地发现,具有周期性交替的具有不同Ti与Al浓度比的TiAlN涂层的根据本发明的类型的TiAlN层,与不具有交替浓度比的常规TiAlN涂层相比,具有更高程度的硬度和更高的弹性模量,而同时没有如现有技术已知TiAlN层中观察到的在所述层中残余压应力的显著增加。
涂层(B)中的最大Al浓度y(B)为70原子%。因为涂层(B)中的Al浓度y(B)比涂层(A)中的Al浓度y(A)高10至25原子%,因此在整个钛铝氮化物TixAlyN层中的Al浓度小于70原子%。如果Al的浓度太高,就会不利地形成相对软的相。
在本发明人不希望使他们自身束缚于一种理论的情况下,据推测,因与钛相比,铝的尺寸更小,所以与涂层(A)相比,涂层(B)中较高比例的铝导致立方面心晶格中较小的晶格常数,并由此导致残余应力比中的相应变化,这在与没有交替浓度比沉积的常规TiAlN涂层相比的较低残余压应力中得以证实。根据本发明的工具的突出之处在于较高的磨损耐性和较长的使用寿命,并特别是在于在切削刃处的较少的涂层崩裂。
当使用较少的周期性交替的根据本发明的具有不同Ti与Al浓度比的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)时,仍然证实了所述TiAlN层的根据本发明的涂层结构具有有利效果。在本发明的一种优选实施方式中,所述耐磨保护性涂层中的所述至少一个TixAlyN层具有至少40个周期性交替的TiAlN涂层(A)和TiAlN涂层(B)。因此,在这种实施方式中,整个TiAlN层包含至少40个TiAlN涂层(A)和至少40个TiAlN涂层(B),即总共至少80个TiAlN涂层。使用少于40个周期性交替的TiAlN涂层(A)和(B)的缺点在于,没有实现本发明的比现有技术更高的硬度和弹性模量。
在本发明不束缚于随后理论的情况下,据推测本发明的优点特别是基于如下事实:局部非常受限制的高残余应力沿着所述涂层交替在TiAlN涂层(A)和(B)之间的界面处累积,然而该应力无法外部测量,且不影响所述涂层至所述基底的粘合。如果周期性交替的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的数量太低,则无法实现通过涂层交替而可实现的效果。
在本发明的另一种优选实施方式中,所述耐磨保护性涂层中的所述至少一个TixAlyN层具有至多300个周期性交替的TiAlN涂层(A)和TiAlN涂层(B)。因此,在这种实施方式中,整个TiAlN层包含至多300个TiAlN涂层(A)和至多300个TiAlN涂层(B),即总共至多600个TiAlN涂层。使用多于300个周期性交替的TiAlN涂层(A)和(B)的缺点在于,它们仅可以以非常其高的费用和与其相关的高成本下进行商业化生产。
在本发明的另一种优选实施方式中,所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)具有的厚度在2至40nm,优选4至15nm的范围内,和所述Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)具有的厚度在1至20nm,优选2至7nm的范围内。所述TiAlN涂层(A)的厚度适当地是所述TiAlN涂层(B)的厚度的1.5至3.0倍,优选约2倍。因此,具有增加的铝含量的较薄的TiAlN涂层(B)跟着较厚的TiAlN涂层(A)。
在本发明不束缚于随后理论的情况下,据推测,本发明的优点特别是基于如下的事实:较厚的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)在较薄Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)中产生相稳定化。在Al较富集的Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的情况下,风险在于除立方TiAlN之外,另外还产生了具有非常低的硬度和强度的六方AlN。如果这些层如在上述范围内的保持为薄,则邻近的Ti较富集的较厚Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)使Al较富集的较薄Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)中的立方TiAlN相稳定化。
所述周期性交替的根据本发明的具有不同Ti与Al浓度比的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)尽管其厚度低,但可以通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行检测。该技术对于本领域普通技术人员是充分公知的。
在本发明的另一种优选实施方式中,所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)中Ti与Al浓度比x(A):y(A)为0.40:0.60至0.60:0.40。更优选地,该浓度比x(A):y(A)为0.45:0.55至0.55:0.45,特别优选地x(A):y(A)为约0.50:0.50。如果Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)中的Al比例太低,则所述涂层的热稳定性不利地受到影响,且因此例如在高温下金属加工期间或温度变化期间所述工具的耐久性则不利地受到影响。然而,所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)中过高的Al比例不利地影响所述涂层的硬度和弹性模量。
根据本发明的TiAlN层以一种或多种以下提到的PVD工艺进行沉积。由于不同的TiAl混合靶材以Ti与Al的不同浓度比布置在PVD装置中,且引导基底周期性地经过不同的混合靶材,因此可有利地实现所沉积涂层中铝浓度的变化。相应的TiAl混合靶材优选通过电弧蒸发、通过磁控管、双磁控管或HIPIMS工艺进行沉积。合适的混合靶材对于涂层(A)例如以50:50的比例包含Ti和Al,和对于涂层(B)例如以33:67的比例包含Ti和Al。为了实现沉积涂层中Ti和Al的不同浓度比,混合靶材中的其它浓度比自然也是可选的。可选地,在磁控管、双磁控管或HIPIMS工艺中,也可以使用纯铝靶材或具有高铝含量的靶材代替具有增加的铝含量的混合靶材。电弧蒸发较不适合用于纯铝靶材或具有高铝含量的靶材,因为这种PVD工艺因铝的低熔点而具有形成小滴的风险。
在根据本发明的工具的一种优选实施方式中,所述具有多涂层亚结构的TiAlN层是在金属加工期间与工件相接触的耐磨保护涂层的最外层。可选地,可以在所述TiAlN层上设置另外的硬质材料的层。
在另一种可选实施方式中,在所述TiAlN层上至少在特定区域设置薄的磨损检测层,优选TiN或CrN层,其具有0.1至1.5μm的厚度。前述类型的磨损检测层本身是已知的且主要充当装饰层和/或它们表明工具是否已经被使用和使用到何种程度以及已经在使用过程中发生的磨损程度。该薄的磨损检测层在工具的使用过程中以可检测的方式被磨掉,且当存在相对强的磨损时,下面的通常为不同颜色的耐磨保护层变得可见。
在根据本发明的工具的另一种优选实施方式中,所述TiAlN层具有的维氏硬度HV为2500至4000HV 0.015,优选3000至3500HV 0.015。根据本发明的TiAlN层的高度的硬度在金属加工,尤其车削和铣削工艺中具有特殊的优势,这是因为在使用几何学限定的切削刃的这些切削过程中,存在就硬度、韧性、耐磨性和热稳定性方面对切削材料施加最苛刻要求的过程。太低的硬度具有涂层耐磨性降低的缺点。太高的硬度具有涂层韧性降低和涂层变脆的缺点。
在根据本发明的工具的另一种优选实施方式中,所述TiAlN层具有的弹性模量为380GPa至470GPa,优选420GPa至460GPa。当所述工具在机械加工期间被外部施压时,在所述层和在所述基底中产生机械应力,所述应力在弹性模量之上的程度与引入的弹性形变相关。如果所述层的弹性模量太低,则在使用期间所述工具机械变形时在所述层内产生低应力,这与该层也仅可吸收小部分的切削力的缺点相关。然而,太高的弹性模量具有的缺点在于,在机械变形期间,在该层上转移过多的力,结果所述层被过早地损毁。
如已经陈述的,对于特定的金属加工应用,特别是车削和铣削,最特别是在使用断续切削的金属加工应用中,高度的硬度和高弹性模量的组合是特别有利的。高度的硬度保证高耐磨性。然而,高度的硬度通常伴随着增加的脆性。高弹性模量同时保证所述材料具有相对低的脆性且例如能够更好地补偿在断续切削期间产生的高的机械交替应力。根据本发明的TiAlN层提供具有这些有利特性的工具的耐磨保护性涂层。
通过纳米压痕法测量硬度和E-模量(更精确地为所谓的约化E-模量)。在这种测量中,将根据维氏的钻石测试体压进该层中,并且在测量期间记录力-路径曲线(Kraft-Weg-Kurve)。然后,从这种曲线中可以计算测试体的机械特性值,特别是硬度和(约化)E-模量。为了确定根据本发明的层的硬度和E-模量,使用由德国辛德尔芬根Helmut Fischer股份有限公司制造的H100XYp。应指出压痕深度不应多于层厚度的10%,否则基底的特性会歪曲所述测量。
可通过x-射线衍射检查根据本发明的层中的残余应力。在这方面,可以在一级、二级和三级残余应力之间作出区分,所述应力在它们的范围方面不同且因此在它们对层粘合的影响方面不同。已经证实如果所述层中的一级和二级残余应力不变得过多,合适地不超过-5GPa(压应力),则对于该层到所述工具的粘合是有利的。
在根据本发明的工具的另一种优选实施方式中,所述TiAlN层在10μm长度上测量的平均表面粗糙度≤1.0μm,优选≤0.5μm。PVD工艺中沉积参数的合适选择可造成所沉积TiAlN涂层的小滴频率的显著下降,结果给沉积的层提供了低的平均表面粗糙度Ra。因此,在所述表面之后的平滑化步骤期间显著减少的工作足以在涂层后实现机械加工的最佳条件。使用相应的硬质和精细材料的已知喷射方法、研磨或涂刷法适合用于在层沉积后平滑化所述工具的表面。
例如,用于平滑化所述工具表面的合适方法为在约2.5巴压力下使用玻璃珠的湿喷射,其使用由50%的具有70-110μm直径的玻璃珠和50%的具有40-70μm直径的玻璃珠构成的喷射介质。通过检查所期望的表面光滑度,确定合适的喷射持续时间。例如,就具有10mm直径的整体硬质金属铣削工具而言,加工时间为约10秒。
用于平滑化所述工具表面的另一种合适方法为拖曳打磨。合适的磨料例如为椰子壳颗粒化材料,其具有精细金刚石粉作为磨料,和粘合油。
使用具有例如280/320晶粒度的金刚砂和在液体中约18%的喷射磨料浓度的湿喷射特别适合用于后处理。在此,适当地使用约1.5至2巴的喷射压力,喷射方向和角度根据所述工具的类型和大小进行设置。
使用由德国施文宁根HOMMEL-ETAMIC股份有限公司制造的测量装置Hommel-ETAMIC TURBO WAVE V7.32在抛光的测试可转位刀具刀片上测量表面粗糙度(探针:TKU300–96625_TKU300/TS1;测量范围:80μm;测试路径:4.8mm;速度:0.5mm/s)。
在本发明的另一种优选实施方式中,所述工具具有圆化的切削刃,其具有的刃口半径在3至10μm,优选5至7μm的范围内。具有太小半径的切削刃遭受刃会很快断裂的风险。过大的切削刃半径需要非常高的切削力,这不利地影响所述工具的寿命和切屑形状。
根据本发明的工具可被构造为涂层的整体硬质金属工具或涂层的可转位刀具刀片。
具体实施方式
基于以下实施例,将更加详细地描述本发明的其它优点、特征和实施方式。
实施例
实施例1–柄工具(Schaftwerkzeuge)
在这一实施例中,对整体硬质金属(SHM)端铣刀(所谓的“硬汉子”(Tough Guy))设置根据本发明的涂层和根据现有技术的对比涂层,并在切削测试中比较所述涂层工具。
整体硬质金属(SHM)端铣刀的规格
在涂层前,通过使用玻璃珠的湿喷射,首先使基底经受切削刃圆化步骤至7μm的半径。
本发明涂层的生产
首先从Ti-Al混合靶材(Ti:Al=50:50)经电弧蒸发在基底表面上沉积0.2μm厚的TiAlN中间涂层(偏压:100V,4Pa氮气,0.8A/cm2的比蒸发器流量,沉积温度:550℃)。其上还通过电弧蒸发沉积根据本发明的耐磨保护涂层,总的层厚度为2μm。从具有50:50的Ti:Al比的4个Ti-Al混合靶材和从具有33:67的Ti:Al比的2个Ti-Al混合靶材同时发生沉积(偏压:60V,4.5Pa氮气,两种类型的靶材均为0.8A/cm2的比蒸发器流量,沉积温度:550℃)。在旋转台上引导基底通过不同类型的靶材。总的来讲,90个其中Ti:Al=50:50的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和90个其中Ti:Al=33:67的Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)以周期性交替方式进行沉积,Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)分别具有约15-19nm的厚度且Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)分别具有约3-6nm的厚度。之后,还从具有33:67的Ti:Al比的Ti-Al混合靶材经电弧蒸发以0.1μm的层厚度沉积最终的最外面的涂层(偏压:40V,3.0Pa氮气,0.8A/cm2的比蒸发器流量,沉积温度:550℃)。
对比涂层的生产
从具有33:67的Ti:Al比的Ti-Al混合靶材经电弧蒸发将单层的TiAlN耐磨保护涂层沉积在基底表面上,总的层厚度为2.5μm(偏压:80V,1.5Pa氮气,沉积温度:550℃,2A/cm2的比蒸发器流量)。
切削测试1
在铣削测试中对所述涂层工具进行比较,从每种情况下的两次测试以平均方式确定平均后刀面磨损Vb和最大后刀面磨损Vb最大。在下表1中陈述测试的结果。
工件:1.7225号42CrMo4钢,硬化和钢化至约850N/mm2
切削条件:齿进给量fz=0.07mm
切削速度vc=170m/分钟
切削宽度ae=4mm
切削深度ap=8mm
用CL 5%冷却
(=冷却润滑剂,含有5%油的油包水乳液)
在Vb>0.2mm的平均后刀面磨损或Vb最大>0.25mm的最大后刀面磨损时中断机械加工,然后在结果中鉴定为(./.)。
表1
实施例2–柄工具
在这一实施例中,正如在实施例1中一样,对整体硬质金属(SHM)端铣刀(所谓的“硬汉子”)设置根据本发明的涂层和根据现有技术的对比涂层,并在切削测试中比较所述涂层工具。与实施例1相比,所述涂层端铣刀仅具有不同的形状。
在涂层前,通过使用玻璃珠的湿喷射,也使该基底首先经受切削刃圆化步骤至7μm的半径。
整体硬质金属(SHM)端铣刀的规格
切削测试2
在铣削测试中对所述涂层工具进行比较,从每种情况下的两次测试以平均方式确定平均后刀面磨损Vb和最大后刀面磨损Vb最大。在下表2中陈述测试的结果。
工件:1.0503号C45钢,约600N/mm2的强度
切削条件:齿进给量fz=0.02mm
切削速度vc=141m/分钟
切削宽度ae=1.2mm
切削深度ap=2.4mm
用CL 5%冷却
(=冷却润滑剂,含有5%油的油包水乳液)
在Vb>0.2mm的平均后刀面磨损或Vb最大>0.25mm的最大后刀面磨损时中断机械加工,然后在结果中鉴定为(./.)。
表2
实施例3–柄工具
在这一实施例中涂层的工具基底与在实施例1中的相同。同样地先从Ti-Al混合靶材(Ti:Al=50:50)经电弧蒸发在基底表面上沉积0.2μm厚的TiAlN中间涂层(偏压:100V,4Pa氮气,0.8A/cm2的比蒸发器流量,沉积温度:550℃)。
与实施例1相比,从具有50:50的Ti:Al比的2个Ti-Al混合靶材经电弧蒸发(2A/cm2的比蒸发器流量)以2μm的总层厚度沉积根据本发明的耐磨保护涂层,且使用2个Al靶材通过双磁控溅射(13W/cm2的比功率)提高与TiAlN涂层(A)周期性交替的TiAlN涂层(B)中的铝含量(偏压:80V,1.5Pa氮气,沉积温度:550℃)。和在实施例2中的一样,90个其中Ti:Al=50:50的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和90个其中Ti:Al=33:67的Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)以周期性交替方式进行沉积,TiAlN涂层(A)各自具有约15-19nm的厚度且TiAlN涂层(B)各自具有约3-6nm的厚度。
实施例4–可转位刀具刀片
在这一实施例中,为由强度为880N/mm2的42CrMo4钢构成的、具有方形基本形状的可转位刀具刀片P2808设置根据本发明的涂层和根据现有技术的对比涂层,并且在切削测试中比较所述涂层工具。
在涂层前,通过使用金刚砂的湿喷射(如上文所述的),使所述基底首先经受切削刃圆化步骤至30μm的半径。
本发明涂层的生产
首先从Ti-Al混合靶材(Ti:Al=50:50)经电弧蒸发在基底表面上沉积0.2μm厚的TiAlN中间涂层(偏压:100V,4Pa氮气,1.0A/cm2的比蒸发器流量,沉积温度:550℃)。其上还通过电弧蒸发沉积根据本发明的耐磨保护涂层,总的层厚度为2μm。从具有50:50的Ti:Al比的4个Ti-Al混合靶材和从具有33:67的Ti:Al比的2个Ti-Al混合靶材同时进行沉积(偏压:60V,4Pa氮气,两种类型的靶材均为1.0A/cm2的比蒸发器流量,沉积温度:550℃)。在旋转台上引导基底通过不同类型的靶材。总的来讲,90个其中Ti:Al=50:50的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和90个其中Ti:Al=33:67的Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)以周期性交替方式进行沉积,Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)各自具有约15-19nm的厚度且Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)各自具有约3-6nm的厚度。之后,还从具有33:67的Ti:Al比的Ti-Al混合靶材经电弧蒸发将以0.1μm的层厚度沉积最终的最外面的涂层(偏压:40V,3.0Pa氮气,0.8A/cm2的比蒸发器流量,沉积温度:550℃)。
对比涂层的生产
从具有33:67的Ti:Al比的Ti-Al混合靶材经电弧蒸发在基底表面上沉积多涂层(60个涂层)的TiAlN耐磨保护涂层,总的层厚度为4.0μm(沉积温度:450℃,0.8A/cm2的比蒸发器流量)。压力和偏压从30V和5Pa氮气变化至60V和2Pa氮气。然后,使用0.8Pa氮气、0.8A/cm2的比蒸发器流量和100V的偏压从Ti靶材沉积0.1μm厚的TiN装饰性涂层。
切削测试3
在铣削测试中比较所述涂层工具,在每种情况下从两次测试以平均方式确定最大后刀面磨损Vb最大。在下表3中陈述测试的结果。
工件:1.7225号42CrMo4钢,硬化和钢化至约850N/mm2
切削条件:进给率vf=120mm/分钟
齿进给量fz=0.2mm
切削速度vc=235m/分钟
铣削路径6×800mm
在不冷却的情况下进行铣削
表3
Claims (12)
1.一种包含基体和以PVD工艺施加至所述基体的单层或多层耐磨保护涂层的工具,所述基体由硬质金属、金属陶瓷、陶瓷或钢制成,所述耐磨保护涂层中的至少一层是其中x+y=1的钛铝氮化物TixAlyN层,其特征在于
所述TixAlyN层是具有至少40个周期性交替的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的多涂层亚结构,其中x(A)+y(A)=1,x(B)+y(B)=1,
涂层(B)中的Al浓度y(B)最多占67原子%(y(B)≤0.67),和涂层(B)中的Al浓度y(B)比涂层(A)中的Al浓度y(A)高10至25原子%(y(B)=(y(A)+0.10)至(y(A)+0.25)),
所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)中Ti与Al的浓度比x(A):y(A)为0.45:0.55至0.55:0.45,并且
所述TixAlyN层的维氏硬度HV为2500至4000HV 0.015,所述TixAlyN层在10μm长度上测量的平均表面粗糙度Ra≤1.0μm,并且所述TixAlyN层的弹性模量(E-模量)为380GPa至470GPa。
2.根据权利要求1所述的工具,其特征在于所述钛铝氮化物TixAlyN层根据工艺含有最高达5重量%的其它金属。
3.根据权利要求1所述的工具,其特征在于所述耐磨保护涂层中的所述至少一个TixAlyN层具有至多300个周期性交替的Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)和Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)。
4.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的工具,其特征在于所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)的厚度在2至40nm的范围内,和所述Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的厚度在1至20nm的范围内。
5.根据权利要求4所述的工具,其特征在于所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)的厚度在4至15nm的范围内。
6.根据权利要求4所述的工具,其特征在于所述Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的厚度在2至7nm的范围内。
7.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的工具,其特征在于所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)的厚度是所述Tix(B)Aly(B)N涂层(B)的厚度的1.5至3.0倍。
8.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的工具,其特征在于所述Tix(A)Aly(A)N涂层(A)中Ti与Al的浓度比x(A):y(A)为0.50:0.50。
9.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的工具,其特征在于所述具有多涂层亚结构的TixAlyN层为所述耐磨保护涂层的最外层。
10.根据权利要求9所述的工具,其特征在于所述工具至少在特定区域具有叠加的薄的磨损检测层,所述叠加的薄的磨损检测层的厚度为0.1至1.5μm。
11.根据权利要求10所述的工具,其特征在于所述叠加的薄的磨损检测层是TiN或ZrN层。
12.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的工具,其特征在于所述工具为整体硬质金属工具或可转位刀具刀片。
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EP2880199B1 (de) | 2019-02-20 |
WO2014019897A1 (de) | 2014-02-06 |
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