CN104412842A - Plant base cushion used for decorating surface - Google Patents
Plant base cushion used for decorating surface Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104412842A CN104412842A CN201310402750.7A CN201310402750A CN104412842A CN 104412842 A CN104412842 A CN 104412842A CN 201310402750 A CN201310402750 A CN 201310402750A CN 104412842 A CN104412842 A CN 104412842A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- projection
- base wad
- foundation structure
- shape
- plant
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
- A01G25/02—Watering arrangements located above the soil which make use of perforated pipe-lines or pipe-lines with dispensing fittings, e.g. for drip irrigation
Abstract
The invention provides a base cushion which can be adsorbed or adhered to a target surface, particularly a bent, inclined, vertical, movable, vibrating and windward target surface, and can be used for planting plants on the surfaces, so that the plants are not easy to release. The base cushion comprises a basic structure and an adhering structure, wherein the entire shape of the basic structure is sheet-shaped; the adhering structure is a sparse body based on the basic structure; gaps for the growth and adhering of the plants are formed between the upper and lower surfaces of the whole shape of the sparse body and the basic structure of the base cushion. The adhering structure can be composed of a series of bulges based on the basic structure; the shapes of the bulges may include a strip shape, a column shape and a branch shape; the variety of bulges can co-exist in the same base cushion. The gaps between the basic structure and the adhering structure can be internally provided with a water absorption material, a culture medium and a water supplying pipeline. The basic structure can comprise a magnetic material or is provided with a suction disc, so that the basic structure can be conveniently adsorbed on the target surface; the base cushion can be prefabricated into the shape of the target surface and the plants can be pre-planted on the base cushion.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to and use plant to carry out the material decorated, be specifically related to for coverage goal surface, and on it basic pad material of cultivated plant.
Background technology
Current car surface extensively adopts baking vanish to decorate, and needs periodic carwash, is easily scratched by sharp-pointed material, and outer surface of automobile style is close, personalized not enough, and the difficult problem of being exposed to the sun in the sun and being difficult to lower the temperature also deposited by automobile.
In the process of Process of Urbanization Construction, large quantities of greenery patches is destroyed, and the substitute is greyish black road surface, the roof of hard, exterior wall, lacks the ability absorbing sunlight energy, keep rainfall.City Building is easily aging, safeguards difficulty, does not safeguard and affect city look and feel.
At present concentrate on building field by the scheme that green plants carries out incrustation.Build netted steelframe, steelframe arranges cultivating container, the scheme of serike in container.Also there is the scheme of building strip groove, in groove, fill in the plant of prefabricated bulk and the scheme of cultivating matrix.These schemes need to build large infrastructure, and the plant of plantation and culture volume, thickness, weight are all comparatively large, need special construction team to implement, and are not easy to the public and do it yourself to implement, and are more not suitable for the surface greening of the mobile objects such as automobile.
The current scheme for automobile greening, for arrange ceiling at automobile top, green plants is planted by ceiling.The limited space that the program is blocked, ceiling is difficult to find fixing anchor point, visually causes sense of insecurity, obviously increases resistance during automobilism.
Turf, without the relative greening of earth's surface fast solutions such as native turfs, is transplanted to target soil surface by current existence after medium cultivates.The program decreases the weight of turf, the quality promoting turf, the survival rate that reduces damage by disease and insect, improve turf, but this scheme does not provide the plantation problem of non-soil surface.
The current mixed greensward athletic ground construction scheme that there is artificial grass and be combined with natural sod, has merged wear-resisting, the low maintenance cost of artificial grass and natural sod is comfortable, the advantage that possesses environmental regulations two aspect.This scheme adopts artificial fiber, quality is soft, do not possess the effect supporting natural plants, the particulate filler material bottom turf is relied on to maintain plant and artificial fiber attitude upwards, granular filling material can tackle the needs of transport, but is easy to be scattered to the target surface of inclination, movement.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of material, it can adsorb or be secured at target surface, especially bending, tilt, erect, mobile, vibrations, target surface windward, and can serike on it, plant can not be come off easily, and plant life environment is provided, simultaneously keep basic pad material and plant integral thickness thin, quality is light, not obvious increase decoration target volume, and maintains the overall appearance of decoration target.
In order to achieve the above object, the invention provides a kind of base wad, for being attached to target surface, can cultivated plant on base wad, base wad is made up of foundation structure and attaching structure; Whole body of said basic structure figuration is sheet, for covering automobile, building surface, is the integrally-built basis of base wad; Attaching structure is the sparse body based on foundation structure, adheres to for providing for the rhizome of plant and branches and leaves and supports.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, described attaching structure is made up of a series of projection based on foundation structure, and the shape of projection can comprise strip, column, branch shape, multiple raised structures can and be stored in same plant base wad.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, described protrusion surface is threaded, tooth, thorn, hook shape unit or projection are provided with depression, hole unit or projection top and are provided with hat shape unit, make projection better can fix plant corpus, preventing from coming off, also providing fixed anchor point for covering other material of one deck on base wad.As run into the weather that snows, cover layer protecting film outward at plant base wad.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, the arrangement mode of the projection of described attaching structure comprise parallel, intersect, ranks are regularly arranged, irregular alignment, the gap of strip projection can also arrange column, branch shape projection.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, the projection of described attaching structure is the more complicated projection combined by the projection of simple shape, comprising: the side of strip projection arranges columnar protrusions; Branch shape projection is set on columnar protrusions; Contact, embedding, annexation is there is between projection; Netted connection is formed by thread, striped cell between projection.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, described attaching structure forms by based on a series of band shapes of foundation structure, filamentous, preferably, described shoestring or filamentous possess certain rigidity or elasticity, and one or both ends or the multiterminal of shoestring, filamentous are fixed on foundation structure.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, in the space of described foundation structure and attaching structure, be provided with absorbent material, supply plant life to maintain certain moisture, and play the effect of conduction, dispersion moisture.Absorbent material can select fiber, cloth, sponge, wood chip etc.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, be provided with water guide pipeline in the space of described foundation structure and attaching structure, pipeline being arranged hole is plant conveying moisture, forms irrigation system.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, in the space of described foundation structure and attaching structure, be provided with medium, for plant provides nutrient, keep moisture, promote root growth, and make plant better be attached to base wad.Described medium can select soil, wood chip, vermiculite, compost etc.
Above-mentioned base wad of the present invention can be attached to target surface by adhesives such as glue, and paste for simplifying, raising efficiency, base wad itself can arrange stickup supplementary structure.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, described foundation structure is provided with some suckers, makes base wad can be adsorbed on more smooth surface, as glass, car surface; Sucker is arranged at the surface, the same side of foundation structure, if attaching structure is provided projectingly on a side surface of foundation structure, then sucker is arranged on opposite side surface.
Or, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention containing magnetic material or the parts being provided with carrying magnetic material, make base wad can be adsorbed on the surface of steel product, as car surface, iron gate.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, described foundation structure arranges spinosity, hooks shape unit or depression, hole, hollow-out unit, to increase plant growth space or adhesion effect.
Preferably, according to above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, described foundation structure inside is provided with one deck for promoting the structure possessing resistance to tearing or scraping performance of base wad bulk strength, is torn easily or is scratched by sharp-pointed material for preventing plant base wad.
Preferably, the overall figuration of above-mentioned base wad according to the present invention is planar sheet, is made up of, can bends to cover target surface bendable material.As car surface normally curved-surface structure.
Optionally, suitable with the integral thickness of base wad according to the foundation structure thickness of above-mentioned base wad of the present invention, be provided with hollow space, described attaching structure is located at the side of foundation structure openwork part, forms the space of plant growth and attachment in hollow space.
Preferably, above-mentioned base wad according to the present invention is prefabricated curved surface.By being target surface customization base wad, make the stickup of base wad quicker, firm, attractive in appearance.
Preferably, above-mentioned base wad according to the present invention is irregular sheet, and surrounding is designed to zigzag to facilitate splicing, or arranges the adhering parts such as button, slide fastener, magic be sticky for splicing.
Preferably, above-mentioned base wad according to the present invention is one-body molded when producing, with plastics, rubber for raw material.
Preferably, the color close with the plant planning to plant according to above-mentioned base wad application of the present invention, makes visually plant base wad and plant combine together.
Preferably, above-mentioned base wad according to the present invention scribbles pattern, or base wad is attached with ornament, styling member.As the car mark that additional member is automobile, can be one-body molded with base wad.
Preferably, above-mentioned base wad according to the present invention is planted in advance and is implanted with plant, and plant can select moss, herbaceous plant, dwarf plant, liane.
Preferably, the different colours plant according to above-mentioned base wad plantation of the present invention forms pattern, and forms moulding further by plant, forms individual character moulding and visual effect.
Preferably, above-mentioned base wad thickness according to the present invention is set between 5mm to 10cm, and preferred thickness is between 2cm to 5cm.
Plant base wad provided by the invention, can afforest various surface very easily.Its frivolous characteristic is especially applicable to the greening of car surface, and it is moulded that its flexibility makes it possible to keep the decorated things such as automobile original.By using this plant base wad to decorate, greatly beautifying decorated thing, dye-in-the-wood individual character, adding the green coverage in city simultaneously, enhance absorption rainwater ability, alleviate urban waterlogging.Reduce carbonic acid gas, dust, toxic compounds by photosynthesis, increase oxygen and moisture, promote air quality.Simultaneously plant base wad forms protection to decorated thing, and buffer mechanism injures, and has the effect of sun-proof, heat insulation, noise reduction, insulation.The combination with decorative surfaces that this plant base wad is formed is visually not obvious to dirts such as dusts, just can be able to complete clean by the simple water that shines.Plant base wad can application pattern, additional moulding, or form pattern and moulding by the plant of plantation, personalized potentiality are large.Apparatus of the present invention structural design is simple, and easily realize, application space, market is huge.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the overall schematic of a kind of embodiment of base wad.
Fig. 2 is the partial schematic diagram of a kind of embodiment of base wad.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of a kind of foundation structure hollow out of base wad.
Fig. 4 is the base wad schematic diagram of band adsorption structure.
Fig. 5 is the base wad schematic diagram of carrying magnetic material.
Based on Fig. 6, structure is the base wad schematic diagram of curved surface.
Fig. 7 is the base wad schematic diagram of band absorbent material and water guide pipeline.
Fig. 8 plantation has the base wad schematic diagram of plant.
Fig. 9 is the multiple projection schematic diagram that can form attaching structure.
Figure 10 is the multiple projection schematic diagram that can form attaching structure.
Figure 11 is the multiple combination projection schematic diagram that can form attaching structure.
Figure 12 is the projection arrangement schematic diagram that can form attaching structure.
Figure 13 connects by striped cell the schematic diagram that adjacent protrusions forms attaching structure.
Figure 14 is the schematic diagram that free-living conchocelis forms attaching structure.
The schematic diagram of the base wad that structural thickness is suitable with base wad integral thickness based on Figure 15.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1.
Below, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the overall schematic of the base wad of embodiment of the present invention, and base wad is made up of foundation structure 100 and attaching structure 200, and the space 300 that foundation structure 100 and attaching structure 200 are formed provides growing space for plant.
Fig. 2 is the partial schematic diagram of embodiment of the present invention, the attaching structure 200 of base wad is made up of a series of branch shape projection 260 based on foundation structure 100, branch shape projection is spaced regularly by ranks, branch shape projection 260 is by column main protrusions 261 and play 262 at column main protrusions tips branch two less column anapophysis out and form, and the top that column anapophysis rises is provided with hat shape unit 263.The attaching structure 200 be made up of branch shape projection 260 is more excellent embodiments of the present invention, for plant larger growing space is provided while play good fixation.
Preferably, Fig. 3 is the embodiment of foundation structure 100 with hollow-out unit 130 of base wad, and hollow out makes plant growth space expand further.
Preferably, Fig. 4 is the embodiment of base wad band absorbing unit, at the opposite side that foundation structure 100 is relative with attaching structure 200, is provided with a series of sucker 110, during stickup, is pressed by base wad and is pressed in more smooth target surface and just can cements solid.
Preferably, the embodiment of Fig. 6 to be the foundation structure of base wad be curved body 140, by being target surface customization base wad, makes the stickup of base wad quicker, firm, attractive in appearance.
Preferably, Fig. 7 is the embodiment being provided with absorbent material 410 in the foundation structure 100 of base wad and the space 300 of attaching structure 200, absorbent material 410 supplies plant life for maintaining certain moisture, and playing the effect of conduction, dispersion moisture, absorbent material can select fiber, cloth, sponge, wood chip etc.Preferably, in space 300, be also provided with water guide pipeline 420, pipeline arranged hole 421 for plant conveying moisture, form irrigation system.
Preferably, Fig. 8 is the embodiment of the base wad of having cultivated plant in advance, in figure, plant corpus is cultivated in the attaching structure 200 formed by a series of projection 260 and the space 300 of foundation structure 100, the root system 510 of plant corpus is attached in medium 430, and medium can select soil, wood chip, vermiculite, compost etc.; The stem 520 that projection 260 is plant corpus and leaf 530 provide upwards growth to form the support of one deck layer of plants.Preferably, the pipeline 420 of water supply is also embedded between the plant corpus in space 300 in plant corpus incubation.
Embodiment 2.
Attaching structure object of the present invention provides growing space for plant and enables plant moving, shakes, erects, windward etc. is firmly attached to base wad under environment.Its constituted mode can have varied, enumerates some comparatively preferred schemes below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Fig. 5 is the embodiment of a kind of carrying magnetic material of base wad of the present invention, and foundation structure 100 comprises one deck magnetic material layer 120, and magnetic material layer band magnetic material makes base wad can be adsorbed on the surface of ferrous materials.
Fig. 9 describes several schemes being formed attaching structure by projection, the optional strip projection 210 of projection, columnar protrusions 220, branch shape projection 230, come off to better prevent plant corpus, projection can be arranged screw thread, tooth, thorn, hook shape unit, or hat shape unit is set on top, in figure, describes the strip projection 240 of band hat shape unit, the columnar protrusions 250 of band hat shape unit, the branch shape projection 260 of band hat shape unit; The attaching structure of base wad can be made up of single projection, also can be mixed by multiple raised structures, and the arrangement mode of projection can be regular, also can be irregular.
[0060]figure 10 describes several schemes being formed attaching structure by projection, projection 270 is the strip projection of another kind of band band hat shape unit, strip projection 270 also arranges hole unit 271, plant corpus rhizome can pass hole unit 271, make attachment more firm, hole unit 271 is also by water supply line, and in figure, strip projection arranges in parallel; Projection 280 is a kind of abnormally-structured projection, by a vertical pillar cell with form based on branch's column of 4 transverse directions of this pillar cell, in branch's column of 4 transverse directions, 2 are in same level height and are arranged on top, another 2 be in same level height be arranged on below, two groups of transverse branch column directions are vertical, and vertical pillar cell and 4 horizontal column ends are all provided with cap portion; Projection 290 is another kind of abnormally-structured projection, it comprises the ball member and the ball member of front, back, left, right, up side thereof that are positioned at central authorities, the ball member of central authorities is connected by 5 handle bodies with 5 ball member of periphery, the entirety that handle connector between one of central authorities' ball member, periphery ball member, two ball member is formed is dumb-bell shape, and central chondritic and base wad are also connected by handle structure.
Figure 11 describes several schemes being combined to form attaching structure by projection, and a kind of projection 2A0 is made up of strip projection 2A1 and the multiple horizontal branch shape projection 2A2 that is arranged at strip projection 2A1 both sides; Another kind of projection 2B0 is combined by the horizontal cylindricality strip projection 2B2 that square strip projection 2B1 is less with the size being arranged at both sides, projection 2B1 portion on the upper side, and the portion on the lower side of square strip projection 2B1 is also provided with hole unit 2B3.
Figure 12 illustrates a kind of scheme being made up of attaching structure multiple projection, and multiple strip projection 270 is mutually orthogonal, forms grid, is communicated, be provided with branch shape projection 260 in grid between grid by the hole in strip projection.
Figure 13 illustrates the scheme being made up of attaching structure the banded linkage unit 2C between the columnar protrusions 250 of band hat shape unit and adjacent protrusions.
Figure 14 illustrates a kind of scheme being made up of attaching structure a series of filamentous 2D, and in figure, filamentous 2D has certain rigidity or flexibility, and filamentous 2D is bending in arch, and foundation structure 100 is fixed at two ends, filamentous 2D interlaced formation plant growth space.
Embodiment 3.
Figure 15 is a kind of embodiment of the present invention, and the thickness of the foundation structure 130 of base wad is suitable with the integral thickness of base wad, and foundation structure is provided with hollow space; Foundation structure 130 is made up of the strip shape body 131 of mutual square crossing in fact, serve formed base wad basis mat-like structure effect outside, also with the mode of hollow out for plant corpus provide growth, adhere to space; Described attaching structure is located at the side of foundation structure openwork part, is made up of, forms the space of plant growth and attachment in hollow space the horizontal branch shape projection 260 based on foundation structure.
Above-mentioned accompanying drawing and explanation understand the present invention program for helping, and being also more excellent scheme of the present invention, is the local structural units of base wad shown in above-mentioned accompanying drawing, can repeat these local structural units to form the base wad of more large area, more realistic application demand.
The foregoing is only the optional embodiment of the present invention, be not limited to the present invention, to those skilled in the art, the present invention can have various modifications and variations.Within the spirit and principles in the present invention all, any amendment done, equal replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a base wad, comprise for the foundation structure on coverage goal surface with for providing for the rhizome of plant and branches and leaves the attaching structure adhered to supporting, described whole body of said basic structure figuration is sheet, described attaching structure is the sparse body based on foundation structure, and described sparse body and foundation structure form the space for plant growth and attachment between the upper and lower surface of the overall figuration of base wad.
2. base wad according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described attaching structure is made up of spaced a plurality of projection based on foundation structure, the shape of projection comprises strip, column, branch shape, and the projection be arranged on same base wad is same shape or difformity.
3. base wad according to claim 2, is characterized in that described projection is provided with screw thread, tooth, thorn, hook shape unit, or is provided with depression, hole unit, or arrange hat shape unit on projection top.
4. base wad according to claim 2, it is characterized in that the arrangement mode of described projection comprise parallel, intersect, regularly arranged, the irregular alignment of ranks, the gap being included in strip projection arranges column, branch shape projection.
5. base wad according to claim 2, its feature is the more complicated projection combined by the projection of simple shape in described projection, comprising: arrange columnar protrusions in the side of strip projection; Branch shape projection is set on columnar protrusions; Contact, embedding, annexation is there is between projection; Netted attaching structure is formed by thread, striped cell between projection.
6. base wad according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described attaching structure forms by having certain rigidity or flexible shoestring or filamentous based on foundation structure a series of, one or both ends or the multiterminal of shoestring, filamentous are fixed on foundation structure.
7. base wad according to claim 1, is characterized in that the water-absorbing material be provided with in the space of described foundation structure and attaching structure for maintaining, conducting moisture.
8. base wad according to claim 1, is characterized in that being provided with water guide pipeline in the space of described foundation structure and attaching structure, pipeline is provided with water delivery hole.
9. base wad according to claim 1, is characterized in that being provided with medium in the space of described foundation structure and attaching structure.
10. base wad according to claim 1, it is characterized in that a plurality of suckers described foundation structure is arranged at intervals with for being adsorbed on target surface, sucker is arranged at the surface, the same side of foundation structure, if attaching structure is provided projectingly on a side surface of foundation structure, then sucker is arranged on opposite side surface.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310402750.7A CN104412842A (en) | 2013-09-07 | 2013-09-07 | Plant base cushion used for decorating surface |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310402750.7A CN104412842A (en) | 2013-09-07 | 2013-09-07 | Plant base cushion used for decorating surface |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104412842A true CN104412842A (en) | 2015-03-18 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310402750.7A Pending CN104412842A (en) | 2013-09-07 | 2013-09-07 | Plant base cushion used for decorating surface |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN104412842A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018010278A1 (en) * | 2016-07-12 | 2018-01-18 | 浙江明筑新材料有限公司 | Greening wall hanging |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85102143A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1987-01-10 | J·F·阿道里夫股份公司 | Chinampa |
| CN2424616Y (en) * | 2000-04-26 | 2001-03-28 | 李峰 | Vegetation net growing sod |
| EP1394324A1 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2004-03-03 | Technology Licensing Corp. | Stabilized turf for athletic field |
| US20100055461A1 (en) * | 2008-08-26 | 2010-03-04 | Daluise Daniel A | Artificial turf infill |
| CN102725450A (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2012-10-10 | 马尔工程公司 | Mixed turf and method for its production |
| CN103443360A (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2013-12-11 | 十凯特荷兰有限公司 | Artificial lawn |
-
2013
- 2013-09-07 CN CN201310402750.7A patent/CN104412842A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85102143A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1987-01-10 | J·F·阿道里夫股份公司 | Chinampa |
| EP1394324A1 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2004-03-03 | Technology Licensing Corp. | Stabilized turf for athletic field |
| CN2424616Y (en) * | 2000-04-26 | 2001-03-28 | 李峰 | Vegetation net growing sod |
| US20100055461A1 (en) * | 2008-08-26 | 2010-03-04 | Daluise Daniel A | Artificial turf infill |
| CN102725450A (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2012-10-10 | 马尔工程公司 | Mixed turf and method for its production |
| CN103443360A (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2013-12-11 | 十凯特荷兰有限公司 | Artificial lawn |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018010278A1 (en) * | 2016-07-12 | 2018-01-18 | 浙江明筑新材料有限公司 | Greening wall hanging |
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Application publication date: 20150318 |