CN104295349A - 用于减少柴油发动机废气中的氮氧化物的方法以及用于实施所述方法的废气后处理系统 - Google Patents
用于减少柴油发动机废气中的氮氧化物的方法以及用于实施所述方法的废气后处理系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104295349A CN104295349A CN201410331844.4A CN201410331844A CN104295349A CN 104295349 A CN104295349 A CN 104295349A CN 201410331844 A CN201410331844 A CN 201410331844A CN 104295349 A CN104295349 A CN 104295349A
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 52
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 43
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 50
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
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- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 83
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 34
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- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
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- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FNUCCVUUPDXVPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [W+2]=O.[O-2].[V+5].[O-2].[Ti+4] Chemical compound [W+2]=O.[O-2].[V+5].[O-2].[Ti+4] FNUCCVUUPDXVPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004176 ammonification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000269350 Anura Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001672694 Citrus reticulata Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000010718 Oxidation Activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 zeolite compound Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/9454—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific device
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/0231—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using special exhaust apparatus upstream of the filter for producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. for continuous filter regeneration systems [CRT]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
- F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. dosing of reducing agent
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/18—Ammonia
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
- F01N2900/1616—NH3-slip from catalyst
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
Abstract
废气后处理系统,其尤其用于V-柴油发动机,所述废气后处理系统在发动机的排气管线中在废气的流动方向上设置第一SCR阶段、催化活化的颗粒物过滤器(cDPF)、第二SCR阶段和氨泄漏催化器(ASC)。
Description
本发明涉及用于减少柴油发动机废气中的氮氧化物的方法以及用于实施根据本发明的方法的设备。
DE10 2005 009 686A1公开了在柴油发动机中用于废气后处理的方法,其中将废气输送通过设置在排气管线中的可再生的颗粒物过滤器以及NOx催化器,其中将废气首先输送通过设置在靠近发动机的脲-SCR(SCR=选择性催化还原)型NOx催化器并且然后输送通过CSF(催化烟尘过滤器)型颗粒物过滤器,其中从外部向所述颗粒物过滤器引入对于其再生而言必需的能量。此外还描述了在柴油发动机中用于废气后处理的设备,其具有设置在排气管线中的可再生的颗粒物过滤器以及NOx催化器,具有设置在靠近发动机的脲-SCR型NOx催化器和设置在其下游的CSF型颗粒物过滤器和为所述颗粒物过滤器配备的用于引入对于其再生而言必需的能量的装置。
US20050284134A1中展示了一种废气后处理设备,其为多阶段SCR催化器配置。这样的多阶段SCR催化器配置的出众之处在于将包含在废气中的氮氧化物的主要部分(即运输工具的未处理排放物中所包含的氮氧化物的80-95%)通过入流侧首先配置的SCR阶段而除去。第二SCR阶段用于完成氮氧化物转化,其中测量第一SCR阶段之后的废气中的氮氧化物浓度的第二阶段以低于化学计量的量的氨运行,以将通过整个废气单元的氨泄漏的风险最小化。
DE10 2010 032 544A1公开了用于内燃机的排放控制系统,其具有还原剂喷射器;定位于还原剂喷射器下游的第一SCR区域;定位于第一SCR区域下游的第二SCR区域;和电子控制仪器,其中在第一模式中基于在第一SCR区域中积聚的还原剂量调整喷入的还原剂;和在第二模式中基于在第二SCR区域中积聚的还原剂量调整喷入的还 原剂,以及用于控制具有在第二SCR区域上游的第一SCR区域的排放控制系统的方法,其中所述方法包括:在第一模式中:基于第一SCR区域的状态调整第一SCR区域上游提供的还原剂量;和在第二模式中:基于第二SCR区域的状态调整第一SCR区域上游提供的还原剂量。
整个系统的还原剂需求通过设置在第一SCR区域上游的唯一的还原剂喷射器准备。
由DE10 2006 025 131B4已知用于处理由发动机排出的废气的废气处理系统的诊断系统,所述诊断系统包括:下游传感器,其监测废气的下游温度;计量系统,其将计量试剂选择性地喷入废气中;和控制模块,其基于计量试剂的量测定温度差异阈值,基于下游温度计算废气的温度差异和基于所述温度差异和温度差异阈值评价计量系统的运行。此外,其中还说明了用于监测处理发动机废气的计量系统运行的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:在计量系统下游监测废气的下游温度;将计量试剂喷入废气中;基于计量试剂的量测定温度差异阈值;基于下游温度计算废气的温度差异;和基于温度差异和温度差异阈值评价计量系统的运行。
此外,在没有废气再循环系统(AGR系统)的发动机的情况下,所述发动机在发动机颗粒物排放的最小化下与非常高的NOx未处理排放物水平(8-12g/kWh NOx)协调一致,采用满足根据Tier4(最终)或欧盟IV级的废气法规的这样的协调一致,足以避免在废气后处理路径中排放NOx、HC和CO,其中由于发动机的未处理排放物中的高NOx含量对具有至少97%NOx-转换率的废气后处理系统的脱氮效率提出非常高的要求。
采用排放等级Tier5/欧盟V级,允许的颗粒物排放据预期不再根据允许的颗粒物质量,而是根据允许的颗粒物数量来限制。该排放法规中的变化导致即使具有低发动机颗粒物质量排放的发动机也必须在将来配备柴油颗粒物过滤器。尤其是对于没有AGR的发动机而言,这导致本发明的任务,即必须找到一种途径以将柴油颗粒物过滤器一 体化到在脱氮方面高效的废气后处理系统中。
该任务通过用于净化柴油发动机废气的方法得以解决,所述柴油发动机废气包含烃、一氧化碳、炭黑颗粒和由NO和NO2组成的氮氧化物,所述方法在废气的流动方向上包括以下方法步骤:
a.)将氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物引入待净化的废气中;
b.)在有效使低于或最高50%的在第一SCR催化器之前存在于废气中的氮氧化物转化为氮气的条件下,将由a.)产生的废气输送通过第一SCR催化器;
c.)将由b.)产生的废气输送通过催化活化的颗粒物过滤器,其中在颗粒物过滤器中收集炭黑颗粒并至少部分地用包含在废气中的NO2和/或O2氧化;
d.)将氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物引入由c.)产生的废气中;
e.)在有效使在第二SCR催化器之前存在的氮氧化物尽可能完全转化为氮气的条件下,将由d.)产生的废气输送通过第二SCR催化器。
此外,所述任务通过用于实施根据本发明的方法的废气后处理系统得以解决,所述系统在废气的流动方向上以以下顺序包括:
a.)第一设备,用于引入氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物;
b.)第一SCR催化器;
c.)催化活化的颗粒物过滤器;
d.)第二设备,用于引入氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物;
e.)第二SCR催化器。
通过根据本发明的方法(所述方法可以在根据本发明的废气后处理系统中实施)可能的是,将至少97%的存在于待净化的废气中的氮氧化物转化为无害的氮气且同时如此限制排气尾管所排放的颗粒物的数量,使得可以遵守即将来临的颗粒物数量限值。对于系统的整体功 能重要的是,将第一SCR阶段的脱氮效率限制在存在于待净化的废气中的氮氧化物的最高50%。只有这样才能保证,可以使在步骤c.)中在催化活性颗粒物过滤器中由于其在废气中在穿透第一SCR催化器之后仍然存在的残余氮氧化物借助被动的再生方法(根据所谓的效应,即在合适的运行点使沉积的炭黑颗粒与NO2燃烧)而再生并且在运行期间不阻塞。
除了最高50%的包含于待净化的废气中的氮氧化物的转化以外,在第一SCR催化器中还另外优选将包含于待净化的废气中的烃(HC)和/或包含于待净化的废气中的一氧化碳(CO)至少部分地转化为二氧化碳(CO2)。为此优选使用SCR催化器,其由于针对HC和CO的一定的氧化作用而出众,具有足够的热老化稳定性和抵抗由于烃的(部分)中毒。这样的SCR催化器优选包含一种或多种化合物,所述化合物选自氧化钒、氧化钛、氧化钨、氧化铈、氧化镧、氧化铁和氧化铝。此外考虑这样的SCR催化器,其包含基于小孔沸石或沸石样化合物的SCR催化活性的涂层,且其不具有使烃(可逆地)嵌入所述涂层的能力。
在此,如此选择该第一脱氮阶段的SCR催化器,使得它在流入催化器的废气中的低的NO2份额时已经显示出足够的NOx转化率。该准则在使用上述催化器时通常得以满足。
在穿过第一SCR催化器之后,将待净化的废气输送通过催化活性的颗粒物过滤器,以除去包含于废气中的炭黑颗粒。此外,在该催化活化的颗粒物过滤器中优选将烃和/或一氧化碳至少部分地氧化成CO2,所述烃和/或一氧化碳一方面可以来源于待净化的废气且在上游的SCR催化器中未被转化为CO2,或者另一方面可以作为二次排放物在颗粒物过滤器再生期间由炭黑燃烧产生。此外还特别优选地,将来自废气或来自炭黑颗粒与NO2的氧化的一氧化氮(NO)在催化活性的颗粒物过滤器中至少部分转化为NO2,使得由方法步骤c.)产生的废气中具有0.3至0.8的NO2/NOx比例。非常特别优选地,由方法步骤c.)产生的废气中具有0.4至0.6的NO2/NOx比例。
为此优选使用包括壁流式过滤器基材和氧化催化活性的涂层的颗 粒物过滤器,其中所述氧化催化活性的涂层包含一种或多种贵金属,所述贵金属选自铂、钯和铑。该氧化催化活性的涂层优选存在于介于进气管和排气管之间的壁流式过滤器基材的管壁中。通过这样的配置保证了将待净化的废气的主要部分在分离颗粒物之后才与氧化催化活性的涂层接触。这具有的有利之处在于,在与氧化催化活性的涂层接触时,由NO形成的NO2不再由于根据效应的被动的炭黑燃烧而消耗,并且因此在下游的第二SCR阶段中提供另外的方法步骤,尤其是SCR反应。另外在壁流式过滤器基材中的氧化催化活性的涂层的这种配置保证了还可以将能氧化的二次排放物,如CO和烃(其可以在颗粒物过滤器再生期间在进气管中形成)在废气穿过排气管中的壁时氧化成无害的CO2。
为了保证足够好的颗粒物过滤器再生率,特别优选的可以是,催化活化的颗粒物过滤器另外在进气管中包括在管壁上施涂的流入侧的涂层区域,所述涂层区域在过滤器的长度的10-50%上延伸;和包括另外的氧化催化活性的涂层,所述氧化催化活性的涂层包含一种或多种贵金属,所述贵金属选自铂、钯和铑。然后尤其在流入催化活化的颗粒物过滤器的废气与该氧化催化活性的涂层接触时将包含于废气中的一氧化氮(NO)至少部分地氧化成NO2。然后可以将如此产生的NO2在颗粒物过滤器中用于炭黑燃烧,从而促进过滤器的被动再生。
因为在包含于颗粒物过滤器流入侧区域中的颗粒物过滤器再生所需的NO2的(后)形成经常以比在进入颗粒物过滤器之前的废气中提供NO2更差的产率进行,属于根据本发明的方法的优选实施方案的是,将由方法步骤b.)产生的废气在进入催化活性的颗粒物过滤器之前输送通过柴油氧化催化器,所述柴油氧化催化器有效地将包含于废气中的烃和一氧化碳至少部分地氧化成CO2,和将包含于废气中的NO至少部分地氧化成NO2。在这种情况下,将柴油氧化催化器设置在第一SCR催化器与催化活化的颗粒物过滤器之间。然而特别优选地,所述柴油氧化催化器被设置为第一SCR催化器上的流出侧涂层区域,从而可以节约结构空间。
在通过催化活化的颗粒物过滤器之后,在废气中根据本发明重新添加氨或者在运行条件下可分解成氨的前体化合物。然后在有效使在第二SCR催化器之前存在的氮氧化物尽可能完全转化为氮气的条件下将产生的废气输送通过第二SCR催化器。
如此设置第二SCR催化器,使其在运行条件下具有尽可能高的脱氮效率,因为在待净化的废气中在引入该第二SCR催化器时还包含至少50%的原始存在于废气中的氮氧化物。在此可能需要的是,所述第二SCR催化器具有比所述第一SCR催化器更大的催化器体积。
优选地,第二催化器具有一种或多种化合物,所述化合物选自用过渡金属交换的沸石和/或用过渡金属交换的沸石样化合物。特别优选地,所述过渡金属选自铁、铜、钴、镍和铈,非常特别优选选自铁和铜。沸石和/或沸石样化合物特别优选选自β-沸石、ZSM-5、SAPO和ALPO。
在实施根据本发明的方法的情况下,尤其在方法步骤d.)中优选添加一定量的氨或在反应条件下可分解成氨的化合物,如此选择所述量,使得作为用作氮氧化物的还原剂的氨在SCR催化器的入口处以对于待还原的氮氧化物超化学计量的比例存在。由此保证在第二SCR催化器中进行的SCR反应的产率不由于还原剂的不足而受到限制。
为了在这样的方法中防止未消耗的氨(其同样是危害健康的有害气体)到达大气中,将由e.)产生的废气在有效使氨至少部分地氧化成氮气的条件下输送通过氨氧化催化器。在根据本发明的废气后处理系统中,为了进行根据本发明的方法,在第二SCR催化器的流出侧设置这样的氨氧化催化器。特别优选地,将所述氨氧化催化器设置为第二SCR催化器上流出侧的涂层区域。
采用根据本发明的方法和所给出的根据本发明的废气后处理系统可能的是,尤其将没有废气再循环的柴油发动机的废气(所述废气除了烃、一氧化碳和颗粒物之外还具有非常高的氮氧化物含量)如此净化,使得因此满足今后预期加强的废气限值和同时可以遵守预期的颗粒物数量限值。在此,根据本发明的废气后处理系统对于废气净化聚集物 的经限制的数量是足够的。尤其采用这样的系统在合适的布局的情况下尽管引入了颗粒物过滤器也不再需要如在目前对于没有废气再循环的发动机而言常规的高效、即通常多阶段的SCR系统的情况下的结构空间。
以下借助若干实施例和附图阐释本发明:
实施例1:
为了具有16升排量和520kW功率的V8柴油发动机(1)的废气净化,组装根据本发明的废气净化系统,如图1中所示。如此调整所述发动机,使得在发动机的未处理排放物中在进入根据本发明的废气后处理系统时具有10g/kWh NOx和18mg/kWh颗粒物。
首先向由发动机排出的废气中引入脲-水溶液(HWL)作为在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物(2a)。然后输送废气通过第一SCR催化器(3),所述催化器具有26L的催化器体积。该催化器包含氧化钒-氧化钨-氧化钛作为催化活性组分,并且在接近额定功率的空速为约90,000l/h的情况下显示出低于50%的存在于未处理排放物中的氮氧化物的NOx产率。
在穿过该第一SCR催化器之后,将废气输送通过催化活化的颗粒物过滤器(4),所述颗粒物过滤器包含壁流式过滤器基材,其中在介于进气管和排气管之间的壁中引入氧化催化活性的涂层,所述涂层包含2g铂作为催化活性组分。
在穿过颗粒物过滤器之后,向废气中重新引入HWL(2b)并输送废气通过第二SCR催化器。所述第二SCR催化器(5)具有35L的总体积并且包含采用铁交换的沸石化合物作为催化活性组分。在所述第二SCR催化器的总体积中包含作为流出侧涂层区域施涂的高选择性氨氧化催化器(ASC)。流出侧的ASC区域的长度为第二SCR催化器的总长度的25%。该区域包含0.88g铂作为氧化活性组分。
在由催化活化的颗粒物过滤器离开之后的废气测量显示,由方法步骤c.)产生的废气包含少于5g/kWh的CO和少于0.19g/kWh的HC。 此外还显示,取决于发动机的运行点,在由方法步骤c.)产生的废气中具有0.25至0.55的NO2/NOx-比例。
在穿过第二SCR催化器之后在排气尾管中的第二废气测量显示,也遵循0.4g/kWh的NOx限值。排气尾管中观察的氨浓度在时间上的平均不超过10Vppm。
颗粒物数量测量表明,1012/kWh的预期的颗粒物数量限值同样得以遵循。
然而颗粒物过滤器的经观察的再生特性经证实是能改进的。因此在应用该系统的情况下,提供了用于活性颗粒物过滤器再生的措施。在此优选可以使用催化燃烧器,如在WO2010139429和DE102009023550中所描述。因为第一SCR催化器在选择的配置中既具有对气态烃的良好的氧化能力,又具有良好的耐热性,所以不需要用于再生功能的额外的上游柴油氧化催化器。
实施例2:
在来自实施例1的系统中,将催化活性的颗粒物过滤器(4)用另外的催化活化的颗粒物过滤器(7)替换,所述另外的催化活化的颗粒物过滤器除氧化催化活性的涂层以外在进气管和排气管之间的壁中包含另外的氧化催化活性的涂层,所述另外的氧化催化活性的涂层在流入侧施涂在进气管中的壁上。图2示出了根据本发明的废气后处理系统的这样的实施方案。包含于过滤器中的流入侧的氧化催化活性的涂层在壁流式过滤器基材的总长度的50%的长度上延伸并且包含0.88g铂。
采用该系统的废气测量显示,在废气穿过颗粒物过滤器之后并在步骤d.)中计量加入HWL之前,取决于发动机的运行点,废气中的NO2/NOx比例为介于0.35和0.6之间。在排气尾管处的另一次测量显示,采用该系统也可以可靠地遵循在实施例1中已经提及的排放限值。
该系统额外显示与实施例1相比降低的“平衡点温度”,这与颗粒物过滤器的改进的被动再生特性是等价的。
实施例3:
在另外的研究中,如下改动来自实施例1的系统:
将催化器体积为26L的第一SCR催化器以等体积的部件替换,然而所述部件仅在流入侧其长度的2/3上包含具有氧化钒-氧化钨-氧化钛作为催化活性组分的SCR活性催化涂层(3')。为部件的流出侧的三分之一配备柴油氧化催化器涂层(8),所述柴油氧化催化器涂层包含4g铂作为催化活性组分。
因为在第一阶段中提供的SCR催化器体积比实施例1中小33.3%,所以使用第二SCR催化器(5'),其总共具有43.5L催化器体积且同样包含流出侧ASC涂层区域。所施涂的ASC区域如实施例1中等体积地配置并且同样包含0.88g铂作为氧化催化活性组分。
所使用的系统在图3中示出。
在此,如在前述实施例中,排气尾管中的废气测量也显示,可以可靠地遵循已经在实施例1中给出的排放限值。此外,该系统显示与实施例2相比再次降低的“平衡点温度”。此外,实际上发现的排气尾管中的CO和HC残余排放比实施例1和2中的少。
Claims (15)
1.用于净化柴油发动机废气的方法,所述柴油发动机废气包含烃、一氧化碳、炭黑颗粒和由NO和NO2组成的氮氧化物,所述方法在废气的流动方向上包括以下方法步骤:
a.)将氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物引入待净化的废气中;
b.)在有效使低于或最高50%的在第一SCR催化器之前存在于废气中的氮氧化物转化为氮气的条件下,将由a.)产生的废气输送通过第一SCR催化器;
c.)将由b.)产生的废气输送通过催化活化的颗粒物过滤器,其中在颗粒物过滤器中收集炭黑颗粒并至少部分地用包含在废气中的NO2和/或O2氧化;
d.)将氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物引入由c.)产生的废气中;
e.)在有效使在第二SCR催化器之前存在的氮氧化物尽可能完全转化为氮气的条件下,将由d.)产生的废气输送通过第二SCR催化器。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,
其特征在于,将包含于废气中的烃和一氧化碳在第一SCR催化器中至少部分地转化为CO和/或CO2。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,
其特征在于,将来自废气和/或来自炭黑颗粒的氧化的烃和/或一氧化碳在催化活化的颗粒物过滤器中至少部分氧化成CO2。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,将来自废气或来自炭黑颗粒与NO2的氧化的NO在催化活化的颗粒物过滤器中至少部分氧化成NO2,使得由c.)产生的废气中具有0.3至0.8的NO2/NOx比例。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,将由e.)产生的废气在有效使氨至少部分地氧化成氮气的条件下输送通过氨氧化催化器。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,
其特征在于,将由方法步骤b.)产生的废气在进入催化活性的颗粒物过滤器之前输送通过柴油氧化催化器,所述柴油氧化催化器有效地将包含于废气中的烃和一氧化碳至少部分地氧化成CO2,和将包含于废气中的NO至少部分地氧化成NO2。
7.用于实施根据前述权利要求任一项的方法的废气后处理系统,
所述系统在废气的流动方向上以以下顺序包括:
a.)第一设备,用于引入氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物;
b.)第一SCR催化器;
c.)催化活化的颗粒物过滤器;
d.)第二设备,用于引入氨或者在运行条件下可分解释放氨的前体化合物;
e.)第二SCR催化器。
8.用于实施根据权利要求2的方法的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,第一SCR催化器包含一种或多种化合物,所述化合物选自氧化钒、氧化钛、氧化钨、氧化铈、氧化镧、氧化铁和氧化铝。
9.用于实施根据权利要求3和4中任一项的方法的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,催化活化的颗粒物过滤器包括壁流式过滤器基材,所述壁流式过滤器基材包含氧化催化活性的涂层,所述氧化催化活性的涂层包含一种或多种贵金属,所述贵金属选自铂、钯和铑。
10.根据权利要求9的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,氧化催化的涂层包含于介于进气管和排气管之间的壁流式过滤器基材的管壁中。
11.根据权利要求10的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,催化活化的颗粒物过滤器另外在进气管中包括在管壁上施涂的流入侧的涂层区域,所述涂层区域在过滤器的长度的10-50%上延伸;和包括另外的氧化催化活性的涂层,所述氧化催化活性的涂层包含一种或多种贵金属,所述贵金属选自铂、钯和铑。
12.用于实施根据权利要求5的方法的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,在第二SCR催化器的流出侧设置氨氧化催化器。
13.根据权利要求12的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,将氨泄漏催化器设置为第二SCR催化器上的流出侧的涂层区域。
14.用于实施根据权利要求6的方法的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,在第一SCR催化器与催化活化的颗粒物过滤器之间设置柴油氧化催化器。
15.根据权利要求14的废气后处理系统,
其特征在于,将柴油氧化催化器设置为第一SCR催化器上的流出侧的涂层区域。
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