US20090260346A1

US20090260346A1 - Method for purification of an exhaust gas from a diesel engine

Info

Publication number: US20090260346A1
Application number: US12/421,947
Authority: US
Inventors: Ioannis Gekas; Keld Johansen
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Topsoe AS
Priority date: 2008-04-22
Filing date: 2009-04-10
Publication date: 2009-10-22
Also published as: EP2112341A2; EP2112341A3; RU2517714C2; CN101564646A; RU2009114864A; EP2112341B1; CN101564646B

Abstract

A method for removing impurities in exhaust gas from a diesel engine, where the impurities comprise nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons. The method comprises the steps of injection of a reductant comprising urea or ammonia into the exhaust gas from the engine, selective catalytic reduction of the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas by the reductant, and intermittent injection of a hydrocarbon into this effluent. The succeeding steps are oxidation of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, incompletely combusted hydrocarbons and injected hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide and water, and in selectively oxidising possible excess of reductant to free nitrogen, and finally filtration of the effluent by passing the gas through a catalysed filter. The remaining particulate matter is retained in the filter, and the carbon monoxide, particulate matter and hydrocarbons are oxidixed to carbon dioxide and water, and the reductant is selectively oxidixed to nitrogen, creating a purified exhaust gas.

Description

The invention relates to a method for purification of an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine.
The invention is specifically directed to cleaning of an exhaust gas from a diesel engine, especially engines in vehicles, which often start with cold engine and cold exhaust gas system.
Processes for purifying exhaust gas are already known. In the process of US 2007/0289289 exhaust gas is purified by catching particles in a filter followed by reduction of nitrogen oxides and thereafter by catalytic oxidation of impurities in the exhaust gas. However, if some nitrogen oxides pass the reducing catalyst, they are oxidised in the subsequent step and escape to the atmosphere as NO₂. Further, if excess of a reductant is added, some of it may pass the oxidation catalyst and escape to the atmosphere.
In the process of US 2007/0160508 fuel is injected upstream of a pre-stage oxidation catalyst, in which NO₂is formed. NO₂is used in the subsequent filter for oxidising soot particles. Remaining NO_xis reduced by a reductant in the subsequent selective reducing catalyst, before the exhaust gas passes a post-stage oxidation catalyst, which converts CO to CO₂. In this process four different catalysts are needed.
Gas is led from a combustion engine to a diesel particulate filter in the process disclosed in US 2007/0089403, where the filter is coated with an oxidation/NO_xstorage catalyst. After injection of a reductant the gas passes a hydrolysis catalyst before entering a selective reduction catalyst, after which it passes an ammonia guard catalyst and streams to the atmosphere. This process is a little complicated, the gas to the selective reduction is not sufficiently hot and must pass a hydrolysis catalyst before entering the reduction catalyst, after which an ammonia guard catalyst is needed.
US 2006/0107649 discloses an exhaust gas cleaning process, where NO_xis reduced, particles are caught in a filter and CO, hydrocarbons and NO_xare thereafter oxidised. However, no additional heat can be added to the filter to burn off caught soot and particulate matter.
The process of U.S. Pat. No. 6,892,529 comprises hydrogen injection, catalytic oxidation, hydrogen injection, removing particles in a filter, hydrogen injection, urea injection, hydrolysis, selective reduction of NO_xand oxidation of CO and remaining hydrocarbons. A disadvantage of this process is that hydrogen is not easy to handle on board a vehicle.
Exhaust gas is cleaned in two parallel trains in the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,823,660. In each train the gas passes an oxidation catalyst, a diesel particulate filter and a selectively reducing catalyst. This process does not supply sufficient heat for regeneration of the filter and control of NO_xreduction.
Reduction and subsequent oxidation of impurities in exhaust gas are comprised in the process of U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,893. Reductant is injected to the exhaust gas upstream of a pyrolysation channel, a mixing channel and a reduction catalyst. The temperature of the oxidation catalyst cannot be adjusted, and particles may block the filter or pass through the filter.
The problem of the known processes is that they are either rather complicated or do not provide a thorough removal of both NO_x, CO, remains of hydrocarbons, particulate matter and soot, especially not just after start of a cold engine.
The problem of known technique is solved by the present invention.
The invention provides a method for removing impurities in exhaust gas from a diesel engine, where the impurities comprise nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons. The method comprises the steps of injection in excess compared to stoichiometric ratio of a reductant comprising urea or ammonia into the exhaust gas from the engine, selective catalytic reduction of the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas by the reductant in the presence of a catalyst active in selective reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and intermittent injection of a hydrocarbon into this effluent. The succeeding steps are oxidation of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, incompletely combusted hydrocarbons and injected hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst active in oxidising carbon monoxide, particulate matter and hydrocarbons, to carbon dioxide and water, and in selectively oxidising possible excess of reductant to free nitrogen, and filtration of the effluent by passing the gas through a catalysed filter, wherein the remaining particulate matter is retained in the filter, and wherein the catalyst is active in oxidising carbon monoxide, particulate matter and hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, and in selectively oxidising reductant to nitrogen creating a purified exhaust gas.
In another embodiment of the invention the method further comprises the step of a pre-oxidation of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from the engine in the presence of a catalyst active in oxidising the carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulate matter to carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and water prior to the injection of reductant.
Thereby exhaust gas from a diesel engine is very thoroughly cleaned by a very simple system, also reasonably fast after start of a cold engine.

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing one preferred embodiment of the method of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing showing another preferred embodiment of the method of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a print-out from measurement of pressure drop across diesel particle filter during test.

Diesel engines operate with excess air and their exhaust gasses comprise nitrogen oxides, NO_x, carbon monoxide, CO, particulate matter and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons, which all implement health risk.
The present invention provides a method, wherein nitrogen oxides are catalytically, selectively reduced to free nitrogen. Subsequently CO and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons are oxidised. Finally, particulate matter is caught and remaining CO and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons are oxidised in a filter. These reactions take place in an optimal way, when the exhaust gas and the system are heated up to 250-500° C.
Optionally, the exhaust gas from the diesel engine is passed to a pre-oxidising catalyst, where a considerable part of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and NO_xis oxidised to carbon dioxide, water and NO₂upstream of the selective, catalytic reduction of NO_x.
In this case the reduction catalyst can be a zeolites catalyst.
The invention is described in more detail by the drawings. FIG. 1 illustrates one preferred embodiment of the invention, where fuel 1 is combusted with air 2 in combustion engine 3, and the formed exhaust gas 4 is mixed with injected reductant 7. A preferred reductant is an aqueous solution of urea, which disintegrates to ammonia and carbon dioxide at and above 200° C. This mixed gas flows to a Selective, Catalytic Reduction, SCR, catalyst 8, which promotes reduction of nitrogen oxides by the reductant, ammonia, resulting in free nitrogen and water.
The catalyst for selective reduction can be a mixture of base metal oxides as the active phase supported on a carrier of one or more metal oxides. The base metals are chosen from vanadium, tungsten, cerium and manganese, and the preferred catalysts are vanadium and tungsten oxide supported on titania or alumina or ceria, or cerium oxide/tungsten oxide supported on titania or alumina, or manganese oxide supported on titania or alumina or ceria. Alternatively, the catalyst for selective reduction can be a zeolite, especially an ion exchanged zeolite supported on an inert substrate, preferably cordierite, and the preferred zeolites is copper and/or iron exchanged beta or ZSM-5 zeolite. The catalyst will typically be in the form of a monolithic structure but can also be in the form of foam or metal mesh.
The reductant might also be ammonia or an aqueous solution of ammonia. The reductant can be added in a slight excess compared to stoichiometric ratio, which ensures a very high degree of conversion of the poisonous nitrogen oxides to free nitrogen.
Hydrocarbon 10 is intermittently injected into SCR effluent 9, when needed for increasing the temperature. The hydrocarbon can be diesel fuel. This exhaust gas flows to a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, DOC, 11 where a substantial part of the CO and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons and particulate matter are oxidised to water and carbon dioxide. Excess of ammonia is selectively oxidised to free nitrogen. In this way, the DOC 11 also acts as an ammonia slip guard.
The oxidation catalyst is a precious metal(s) catalyst on metal oxide carriers such as aluminium oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide titanium oxide or a zeolite. The requirement to the amount of the noble metal is low. Precious metals are platinum, palladium or rhodium, which are present as mixtures or as single precious elements, where platinum and palladium are the preferred metals, preferably on a titania support.
The precious metals can also be substituted by base metals, typically manganese, copper, cobalt and chromium.
The DOC catalyst will typically be in the form of a monolithic structure, but can also be in the form of foam or metal mesh.
Both the amount of reductant and of hydrocarbon is monitored by the electronic computing unit. This can both be a separate CPU or the CPU of the engine.
The nearly purified exhaust gas 12 flows to a catalysed Diesel Particulate Filter, c-DPF, 13. Particulate matter is caught in the filter and the catalyst on the surface of the filter promotes the oxidation of the particles as well as the selective oxidation of remaining ammonia, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
The catalyst is a Pt-free coat on the filter, which can be a cordierite filter. The coat is a metal oxide acting as a carrier for a precious metal different from platinum, where the preferred precious metal is palladium. The carrier coat is an oxide of cerium, zirconium, aluminium or titanium, where the preferred oxide is titania.
The amount of hydrocarbons 10 injected up-stream of DOC 11 will influence the temperature not only in the DOC 11, but also in the c-DPF 13 as well and thereby enhance combustion of collected particles by the increased temperature of c-DPF.
By the exhaust gas cleaning process of the invention, the catalyst 8 for SCR is readily heated by warm exhaust gas coming directly from the engine to the temperature, where urea is disintegrated to ammonia and where nitrogen oxides are reduced.
Further, a very high degree of removal of nitrogen oxides can be obtained, as it is possible to inject excess of urea/ammonia reductant, and without high requirement of accuracy of injected amount, because slip of ammonia is oxidised to nitrogen not only by the DOC 11, but also by the c-DPF 13.
Thereby, the content of impurities in the purified exhaust gas stream 14 is extremely low, when it leaves the system. FIG. 2 shows another preferred embodiment of the invention. Fuel 1 is combusted by air 2 in diesel engine 3 and the formed exhaust gas 4 flows to a pre-oxidising catalyst 5, where a substantial part of CO, NO, particulate matter and remaining HC are oxidised, before this pre-oxidised exhaust gas 6 is mixed with reductant 7 and flows to SCR catalyst 8, where nitrogen oxides are reduced to free nitrogen. The NO_x free exhaust gas 9 is further cleaned in the same way as in the process described by FIG. 1. With this embodiment it is obtained that the formed nitrogen dioxide supports the selective, catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides to free nitrogen and that a zeolite catalyst can be used for the SCR reaction.
The pre-oxidising catalyst 5 consists of precious metals on one or more metal oxide carriers as aluminium oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide titanium oxide or a zeolite where the requirement to the amount of the noble metal is low. This catalyst shall have the ability to oxidise NO to NO₂besides the ability to oxidise carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. A preferred catalyst is a mixture of the precious metals platinum and palladium on aluminium oxide/cerium oxide carrier. The precious metals can be mixtures or single precious elements. The precious metals may be substituted by base metals including manganese, copper, cobalt and chromium.
The pre-DOC catalyst will typically be in the form of a monolithic structure but can also be in the form of foam or metal mesh.
The method of the invention is useful for systems for purifying exhaust gas from diesel engines, especially engines installed in cars, vans, vehicles, trains, vessels and power plants.
The performance of a system consisting of SCR+DOC+c-DPF catalysts was evaluated in an Engine test bench on a Scania 12-1 Euro II engine through European transient test cycles, ETC.
The amount of injected urea solution was varied as shown in Table 2, whereas no hydrocarbon was injected upstream of the DOC.
Finally, the exhaust gas was passed through catalysed DPF.
The catalysts used for the evaluation were from current Haldor Topsoe A/S development:

- DNXV standard SCR catalyst—vanadium based
- Hi-DOC—Pt/TiO₂oxidation catalyst
- BMC-211 coated cordierite DPF

Further specifications of SCR, DOC and DPF are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1

		Catalyst
	Volume	to cylinder
Size	(litres)	ratio	Composition

DNXV	ø12.7″ × 295 mm	24	2	V₂O₅/WO₃on
SCR				TiO₂
DOC	ø10.5″ × 100 mm	5.6	0.46	Pt/TiO₂
DPF	ø10.5″ × 12″	17	1.42	BMC-211:
				Pt-free
				coat on
				cordierite
				filter

The measured concentrations of impurities and the temperature in the streams are given in Table 2.

TABLE 2

Urea					CO	No_x	HC
inj	CO	NO_x	HC	Max NH₃	conv	conv	conv
[g]	[g/kWh]	[g/kWh]	[g/kWh]	[ppm]	[%]	[%]	[%]

Upstream SCR 1	0	3.26	10.14	3.88	0.00
Upstream SCR 2	0	3.82	10.17	4.19	0.00
Downstream SCR	0	3.16	10.85	0.02	0.00	3	−7	99
Downstream DOC	0	0.20	10.58	0.03	0.00	94	−4	99
Downstream	0	0.14	9.88	0.00	0.00	96	3	100
Filter
Downstream SCR	586	3.40	4.09	0.02	9.56	−4	60	100
Downstream SCR	809	3.33	1.85	0.02	17.96	−2	82	100
Downstream SCR	929	3.41	0.98	0.03	159.00	−5	90	99
Downstream SCR	1 033	3.17	0.52	0.03	392.06	3	95	99
Downstream SCR	1 169	3.39	0.57	0.03	473.00	−4	94	99
Downstream SCR	1 307	3.27	0.40	0.03	643.00	0	96	99
Downstream DOC	815	0.21	1.82	−0.01	3.29	93	82	100
Downstream	813	0.15	1.71	−0.01	3.44	96	83	100
Filter
Downstream DOC	925	0.18	1.26	0.01	3.09	95	88	100
Downstream	902	0.40	1.31	0.01	7.32	88	87	100
Filter
Downstream DOC
	1 041	0.19	1.29	0.01	3.86	94	87	100
Downstream	1 042	0.17	1.24	0.07	4.39	95	88	98
Filter

The efficiency of removal of particulate matter was determined as build-up of pressure drop across the filter and given in FIG. 3.
The allowed values for emissions from trucks in Europe are given in Table 3.

TABLE 3

European legislation based on the European Transient
Cycle (ETC).
Euro VI is a proposal of 2007.12.21.
All units are in g/kWh

Tier	Date	Test	CO	NMHC	CH4	NO_x	PM

Euro III	2000.10	ETC	5.45	0.78	1.6	5.0	0.16
Euro IV	2005.10		4.0	0.55	1.1	3.5	0.03
Euro V	2008.10		4.0	0.55	1.1	2.0	0.03
Euro VI	2013.04		4.0	0.16	0.5	0.4	0.01

The test results show clearly that particulate matter is oxidised, as it can be seen in FIG. 3 that the pressure drop across the c-DPF does not increase during operation, as shown.
From Table 2 it is seen that the HC, CO and NOx conversions are excellent and that the NO_xemission in the outlet exhaust stream 14 is very low. The main reason for the high NOx conversion is the NH₃/NOx ratio can be maintained at a high value as the potential NH₃slip is selectively oxidised both on the DOC 11 and on the catalytic coated filter 13.
A comparison between the limits of present legislation in Table 3 and test results shows:
The obtained 1.24-1.71 g/kWh NO_xis lower than 2.0 (2008)
The obtained 0.15-0.40 g/kWh CO is lower than 4.0 (2008)
The obtained 0-0.07 g/kWh HC is lower than 1.1 (2008).
The above clearly demonstrates that the legislation is fulfilled.
The engine, which was used for the tests, was an old engine and the emission of impurities was much higher that the emission from modern engines. The purification system of the invention will easily fulfil future Euro VI requirements for limits of emissions from modern vehicles.

Claims

1. A method for removing impurities in exhaust gas from a diesel engine, where the impurities comprise nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons,

which method comprises the steps of

(a) injection in excess compared to stoichiometric ratio of a reductant comprising urea or ammonia into the exhaust gas from the engine;

(b) reduction of the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas by the reductant in the presence of a catalyst active in selective reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen;

(c) intermittent injection of a hydrocarbon into the effluent from step (b);

(d) oxidation of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, incompletely combusted hydrocarbons and injected hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst active in oxidising carbon monoxide, particulate matter and hydrocarbons, to carbon dioxide and water, and in selectively oxidising excess of reductant to free nitrogen;

(e) filtration of the effluent from step (d) by passing the gas through a catalysed filter, wherein the remaining particulate matter is retained in the filter, and wherein the catalyst is active in oxidising carbon monoxide, particulate matter and hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, and in selective oxidising reductant to nitrogen, creating a purified exhaust gas; and

(f) withdrawal of the purified exhaust gas.

2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of a pre-oxidation of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from the engine in the presence of a catalyst active in oxidising the carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter to carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and water prior to the step (a).

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the injected hydrocarbon is diesel fuel.

4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst for selective reduction is a zeolite or an ion exchanged zeolite on a cordierite catalyst support, or one or more base metal oxides catalyst on a catalyst support of one or more metal oxides, the catalyst having the form of a monolite, a foam or a metal mesh.

5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the oxidation catalyst is one or more precious metals or one or more base metals on a catalyst support of a zeolite or a metal oxide, the catalyst having the form of a monolite, a foam or a metal mesh.

6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst coated on the filter is a precious metal, but not including platinum, and on a catalyst support of a metal oxide.

7. A method according to claim 2, wherein the preoxidation catalyst is one or more precious metals or one or more base metals on a catalyst support of a zeolite or of an oxide of one or more metals, the catalyst having the form of a monolite, a foam or a metal mesh.

8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst base metal is one or more of vanadium, tungsten, cerium and manganese, the support metal oxide is titania, alumina and/or ceria and the ion exchanged zeolite is Cu/Fe exchanged β zeolite or ZSM-5 zeolite.

9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the support for the oxidation catalyst is a zeolite, titania, alumina, ceria or zirconia, and wherein the catalyst precious metal is platinum, palladium and/or rhodium and the catalyst base metal is manganese, copper, cobalt and/or chromium.

10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the support for the catalyst is titania, alumina, ceria or zirconia, and the catalyst is palladium.

11. A method according to claim 2, wherein the catalyst support is one or more oxides of aluminium, cerium, zirconium and/or titanium, and the catalyst precious metal is platinum and/or palladium and the catalyst base metal is manganese, copper, cobalt and/or chromium.

12. A method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is vanadium/tungsten oxide on a titania support, cerium/tungsten oxide on a titania support or manganese oxide on a titania support.

13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is platinum on a titania support or platinum/palladium on a titania support.

14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is palladium on a titania support.

15. A method according to claim 2, wherein the catalyst is platinum/palladium on an aluminium/cerium oxide support.