CN104238227A - Methods for addressing bistable electro-optic medium - Google Patents

Methods for addressing bistable electro-optic medium Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104238227A
CN104238227A CN201410266059.5A CN201410266059A CN104238227A CN 104238227 A CN104238227 A CN 104238227A CN 201410266059 A CN201410266059 A CN 201410266059A CN 104238227 A CN104238227 A CN 104238227A
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pulse
pixel
display
electro
addressing
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CN104238227B (en
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G.M.丹纳
K.R.阿蒙森
A.C.阿兰戈
J.B.埃温
R.W.泽纳
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E Ink Corp
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E Ink Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
    • G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
    • G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
    • G09G2300/0443—Pixel structures with several sub-pixels for the same colour in a pixel, not specifically used to display gradations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
    • G09G2310/061—Details of flat display driving waveforms for resetting or blanking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
    • G09G2310/065—Waveforms comprising zero voltage phase or pause
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
    • G09G2320/0204—Compensation of DC component across the pixels in flat panels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
    • G09G2320/0247—Flicker reduction other than flicker reduction circuits used for single beam cathode-ray tubes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/04—Maintaining the quality of display appearance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/38—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using electrochromic devices

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for addressing a bistable electro-optic medium, wherein an alternating electric field with an offset is applied to the medium. Thus, a waveform element having an offset has the advantage of requiring no precise timing of a addressing pulse relative to other waveform elements.

Description

For the method for addressing bistable electro-optical medium
the application be the following PCT international application submitted on May 23rd, 2003 first time divisional application divisional application again: international application no is PCT/US03/16434, national applications number is 03813604.X, denomination of invention be " for driving the method for electro-optic displays ", and the application number of divisional application is 200810215240.8 for the first time, denomination of invention is " for driving the method for electro-optic displays ".
Technical field
the present invention relates to the method and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays especially bistable electro-optic displays.Method and apparatus of the present invention main (although unspecial) is for driving bistable electrophoretic display device (EPD).
Background technology
the application relates to U.S. Patent No. 6, and 504,524 and No.6,531,997.The application also relates to common pendent International Application Serial No. PCT/US02/10267(publication number No.WO 02/079869) and PCT/US02/37241.
the term " electric light " being applied to material or display as used herein is its conventional sense in imaging technique, refer to the material with the first and second display states, the at least one optical property of this first and second displays state is different, makes this material from the first display state transfer to the second display state by applying electric field to this material.Although this optical property is the appreciable color of human eye normally, but also can be other optical property, the counterfeit look in such as optical transmission, reflectivity, brightness or the display of being read by machine, electromagnetic reflectivity change meaning outside visible range.
term used herein " grey states " is its routine meaning in imaging technique, refers to the state between two extreme optical state of pixel, might not mean black-white transition between these two extremities.Such as, describe such electrophoretic display device (EPD) in the multiple patent quoted and published application below, wherein extremity is white and dark blue, and " grey states " is thus actual will be light blue.In fact, as previously mentioned, the transformation between two extremities also may not be the change in color.
term used herein " bistable " and " bistability " be its in the art routine the meaning, refer to the display comprising the display element with the first and second display states, described first and second display states have at least a kind of optical property different, any point element is driven into by the addressing pulse with finite duration and presents its first or second display state, after addressing pulse stops, this state by continue be at least change this display element state needed for several times of times of minimum duration of addressing pulse, it is at least such as four times of times.Be illustrated in the application of No.10/063236 at aforesaid common pendent sequence number: some based on particle can the electrophoretic display device (EPD) of display gray scale not only stable under the black and white state that it is extreme, and stable under grey states therebetween, the electro-optic displays of other type is like this equally.Such display is properly called " multistable " instead of bistable, but term used herein " bistable " covers bistable and multistable display for convenience's sake.
term used herein " impacts (impulse) " gets its conventional meaning: voltage is about the integration of time.But some bistable electro-optical mediums serve as charge sensor, can use another definition of impact for this medium, namely electric current is about the integration (equaling applied total electrical charge) of time.Serve as voltage-vs-time shock transducer or electric charge shock transducer according to medium, the suitable definition about impact should be used.
known polytype bistable electro-optic displays.The electro-optic displays of one type is such as in U.S. Patent No. 5,808,783,5,777,782,5,760,761,6,054,071,6,055,091,6,097,531,6,128,124,6,137,467 and 6,147, rotation two color component type (rotating bichromal member) disclosed in 791 is (although such display is often called as " rotating two chromospheres " display, but because in more above-mentioned patents, rotating element is not spherical, thus term " to rotate two color components " more accurate).This display uses a large amount of corpusculum (typically spherical or cylindric) and internal dipole, and these corpusculums have two or more different parts of optical characteristics.These corpusculums are suspended in and are full of in the vacuole of liquid in matrix, and these vacuoles are full of liquid so that these little physical efficiencys rotate freely.Applying electric field to this display, the appearance change of this display, therefore rotating these corpusculums to various position and those parts changed by observing the surperficial corpusculum seen.
the electro-optical medium of another kind of type uses electrochromic medium, the such as electrochromic medium of nanometer chromium (nanochromic) form of film, it comprise the electrode that formed by semiconducting metal oxides at least partly and multiple attachment on this electrode can the dye molecule of reversible color; See, such as, O ' Regan, the Nature such as B. 1991,353,737; And Wood, D., Information Display, 18(3), 24(2002 March).And see Bach, U., wait Adv. Mater., 2002,14(11), 845.Such nanometer chromium thin film is also illustrated in such as U.S. Patent No. 6,301,038 and international application published No.WO 01/27690.
over several years by the electrophoretic display device (EPD) that the electro-optic displays of the another kind of type of researching and developing in a large number is based on particle, wherein multiple charged particle is under the influence of electric fields through suspending liquid motion.Compared with liquid crystal display, the contribution of electrophoretic display device (EPD) is to have good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angle, state bi-stability and low-power consumption.But the long-term image quality problem of these displays hinders widely using of they.Such as, the particle forming electrophoretic display device (EPD) trends towards sedimentation, causes the service life of these displays inadequate.
transfer in a large number or announce recently with the patent of Massachusetts science and engineering (MIT) and the application of E Ink company, which describe the electrophoretic media of encapsulation.The medium of this encapsulation comprises a large amount of folliculus, and wherein each folliculus itself comprises interior phase and the cyst wall around interior phase, wherein said interior containing be suspended in liquid suspending medium can the particle of electrophoresis motion.Usually, these capsules itself are kept in polymeric binder to form the adhesion layer between two electrodes.Such as, at United States Patent (USP) NO.5,930,026; 5,961,804; 6,017,584; 6,067,185; 6,118,426; 6,120,588; 6,120,839; 6,124,851; 6,130,773; 6,130,774; 6,172,798; 6,177,921; 6,232,950; 6,249,721; 6,252,564; 6,262,706; 6,262,833; 6,300,932; 6,312,304; 6,312,971; 6,323,989; 6,327,072; 6,376,828; 6,377,387; 6,392,785; 6,392,786; 6,413,790; 6,422,687; 6,445,374; 6,445,489; 6,459,418; 6,473,072; 6,480,182; 6,498,114; 6,504,524; 6,506,438; 6,512,354; 6,515,649; 6,518,949; 6,521,489; 6,531,997; 6,535,197; 6,538,801; With 6,545,291 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No.200210019081; 2002/0021270; 2002/0053900; 2002/0060321; 2002/0063661; 2002/0063677; 2002/0090980; 2002/0106847; 2002/0113770; 200210130832; 2002/0131147; 2002/0145792; 2002/0154382,2002/0171910; 2002/0180687; 2002/0180688; 2002/0185378; 2003/0011560; 2003/0011867; 2003/0011868; 2003/0020844; 2003/0025855; 2003/0034949; 2003/0038755, and international application published No.WO 99/67678; WO 00/05704; WO00/20922; WO 00/26761; WO 00/38000; WO 00/38001; WO 00/36560; WO00/67110; WO 00/67327; WO 01/07961; With the medium describing such encapsulation in WO 01/08241.
can replace mutually with continuous print around the wall being separated micro-capsule in the electrophoretic media of encapsulation, is recognized in many above-mentioned patents and application, thus (polymer-dispersed) electrophoretic display device (EPD) of so-called polymer dispersed is produced, wherein electrophoretic media comprises the droplet of the separation of multiple electrophoretic fluid and the continuous phase of polymeric material, and relevant to each independent droplet even without the cyst membrane be separated, but the separation droplet of electrophoretic fluid in the electrophoretic display device (EPD) of such polymer dispersed also can be considered to capsule or micro-capsule; See, such as aforesaid 2002/0131147.Therefore, in order to the object of the application, the electrophoretic media of this polymer dispersed is considered to the subclass of the electrophoretic media encapsulated.
the electrophoretic display device (EPD) of encapsulation does not suffer gathering and the settling failure mode of conventional electrophoretic part usually, and provides additional advantage, all if be coated with by display or be printed in various flexibility and stiff base.(use word " printing " is intended to the printing and the coating that unrestrictedly comprise form of ownership: such as patch is coated with premeasuring (pre-metered) coating, the gap of (patch die coating) or projection coating, slip or waterfall (cascade) are coated with, curtain showering; Such as cutter (knife over roll) coating on roller, the roll banding be coated with reverse roll forward; Gravure; Dip coated; Spraying; Crescent (meniscus) is coated with; Spin coating; Brush; Air knife is coated with; Silk-screen printing technique; Electrostatic printing process; Hot typography, ink-jet printing process; And other similar techniques.) therefore, manufactured display can be flexible.In addition, because display medium can print (using various method), display itself can manufacture at an easy rate.
a kind of electrophoretic display device (EPD) of correlation type is so-called " microcell electrophoretic display ".In microcell electrophoretic display, charged particle and suspension not to be sealed in micro-capsule but to remain in multiple chambeies of being formed in carrier medium (normally polymer film).See, such as, international application published No.WO 02/01281 and disclosed U. S. application No.2002-0075556(transfers Sipix Imaging, Inc.).
although electrophoretic display device (EPD) normally opaque (due to these particles basic block visible light transmission display device) and working in a reflective mode enabling, but electrophoretic display device (EPD) can work under so-called " shutter mode (shutter mode) ", in this pattern, particle is arranged at display the is had display state that one is opaque display state and a printing opacity substantially of transverse movement in display.See, such as, aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 6,130,774 and 6,172,798, and U.S. Patent No. 5,872,552,6,144,361,6,271,823,6,225,971 and 6,184,856.Be similar to electrophoretic display device (EPD), but the dielectrophoretic displays depending on electric field intensity change also can work in a similar mode; See U.S. Patent No. 4,418,346.The electro-optic displays of other type also can work in shutter mode.
based on the bistable of the electrophoretic display device (EPD) of particle or the similar performance of multistable performance and other electro-optic displays, form distinct contrast with the performance of traditional liquid crystal (LC) display.The performance of twisted nematic liquid crystal is not bistable or multistable, but serves as voltage sensor, makes a pixel to this display apply given voltage and can produce a specific gray level in this pixel, and has nothing to do with the gray level previously appeared in this pixel.In addition, only a direction (from non-transmissive or " secretly " to transmission or " bright ") driving LC display, the reverse transformation from brighter state to darker state is by reducing or eliminating electric field realization.Finally, the polarity of gray level to electric field of the pixel of LC display is insensitive, and only to its magnitude, and in fact for technical reason, coml LC display will drive the reversal of poles of electric field with interval frequently usually.Approximate to contrast with first, bistable electro-optic displays serves as shock transducer, thus the end-state of pixel not only depends on applied electric field and applies the time of this electric field, also depends on the state of this pixel before applying electric field.
although point out above, the electro-optic displays performance bistability of electrophoresis and other type, but this bistability is not hard-core, image on this class display slowly weakens in time, if thus image will keep the long cycle, the necessary periodic refresh of this image, so that by Postprocessing technique to its optical states had during first time write.
but the refreshing of this image may cause the problem of himself.As aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 6,531,997 and 6,504,524 discuss, if the net time driving the method for this display not to be produced as zero (or close to zero) on whole electro-optical medium on average applies electric field, may to encounter problems and the mission life of this display reduces.The driving method that the net time that whole electro-optical medium is produced as zero on average applies electric field typically refers to " DC balance " or " DC balance ".If keep image for a long time by applying refresh pulse, then the polarity of these pulses needs identical with the polarity of the addressing pulse for the related pixel of this display being driven into the optical states kept, and this causes the uneven drive scheme of DC.
Summary of the invention
according to a further aspect in the invention, have been found that if use short pulse to realize refreshing, then can image in refresh display, reduce the deleterious effects relevant with DC imbalance drive scheme simultaneously.
another aspect of the present invention relates to the such problem of process: the driving of aforesaid bistable electro-optic displays requires to cause for driving the conventional drive method of LCD to be unsuitable for this bistable electro-optic displays.In addition, as aforesaid U.S. Patent No.6,531,997 and 6,504,524 discuss, if the net time driving the method for this display not to be produced as zero (or close to zero) on whole electro-optical medium on average applies electric field, may encounter problems and the minimizing of the mission life of this display.The driving method that the net time that whole electro-optical medium is produced as zero on average applies electric field typically refers to " DC balance " or " DC balance ".LCD also can run into similar problem, but due to the polarity of this class display to applied electric field insensitive, and have can the ability of random reversed polarity thereupon, makes DC equilibrium problem in an lcd not be very important.But the needs of DC balance are significant considerations in the drive scheme of design bistable electro-optic displays (wherein electro-optical medium is to the polar sensitive of applied electric field).
therefore, another aspect of the present invention relates to the method and apparatus driving electro-optic displays, and the method and device reach the particular/special requirement of bi-stable display previously discussed.Some method and apparatus of the present invention is mainly used in bi-stable display, produce accurate gray scale rendition.
therefore, on the one hand, the invention provides the method for the bistable electro-optic displays for addressing with at least one pixel, the method comprises: apply addressing pulse to drive described pixel to the first optical states;
within a period of time, keep described pixel not driven, allow described pixel to present to be different from the second optical states of the first optical states thus;
apply refresh pulse to described pixel, described pixel is returned to the first optical states by this refresh pulse substantially, shorter relative to this refresh pulse of addressing pulse.
hereinafter in order to conveniently of the present invention this is on the one hand called as " refresh pulse " of the present invention method.
in this refresh pulse method, the impact of refresh pulse is not more than about 20% of the impact of addressing pulse usually, it is desirable to be not more than about 10% of this impact, and is preferably not more than 5% of this impact.Due to reason as explained below, the difference between usual first and second optical states is no more than the L of an about unit * (wherein L * there is common CIE define); It is desirable to the L that this difference is no more than about 0.5 unit * , and preferably more than the L of about 0.2 unit * .Multiple refresh pulse can be applied to this pixel with aturegularaintervals.
in a kind of form of this refresh pulse method, after applying refresh pulse, the second addressing pulse is applied to this display, this second addressing pulse drives this pixel to the 3rd optical states being different from the first and second optical states, and the impact wherein applied by the second addressing pulse is following two sums: this pixel is driven into impact needed for the 3rd optical states from the first optical states by (a), and (b) and between the first and second addressing pulses, be applied to the algebraic sum equal and opposite in direction of the refresh pulse in this pixel and opposite polarity one impact.But the second addressing pulse may be the change of voltage constant duration.In the display comprising multiple pixel, the second addressing pulse can be blanking pulse, its by all pixel drivers of this display to an extreme optical states.In the preferred form that this " blanking pulse/refresh pulse " processes, this display comprises multiple pixel, first addressing pulse is applied to each pixel to drive first group of pixel to become white and second group of pixel becomes black, at least one refresh pulse is applied to each pixel, and backward this display apply make the first blanking pulse of all pixel blackening and drive second blanking pulse of all pixel Cheng Bai, these two blanking pulses apply with any order.The impact being applied to the pixel of each first group during the first blanking pulse is following two sums: the impact that (a) drives this pixel required from white to black, and (b) and between the first addressing pulse and the first blanking pulse, be applied to the algebraic sum equal and opposite in direction of refresh pulse of this pixel but opposite polarity one impact.Similar, the impact being applied to the pixel of each second group during the second blanking pulse is following two sums: (a) drives this pixel from black to white required impact, and (b) and between the first addressing pulse and the first blanking pulse, be applied to the algebraic sum equal and opposite in direction of refresh pulse of this pixel but opposite polarity one impact.
refresh pulse method of the present invention may be used for the electro-optical medium of aforesaid any type.Therefore, in the method, display can be rotation two color component or electrochromic display device (ECD), or electrophoretic display device (EPD), it is desirable to the electrophoretic display device (EPD) encapsulated.
on the other hand, the invention provides a kind of method for addressing bistable electro-optical medium, the method comprises the alternating-current pulse applying to have direct current offset (offset) to this medium.
on the other hand, the invention provides a kind of method of addressing bistable electro-optical medium, the method comprises and applies alternating-current pulse to this medium, and changes at least one in the frequency of this pulse and duty cycle, thus changes the optical states of this electro-optical medium with this alternating-current pulse.
on the other hand, the invention provides the method driving bistable electro-optic displays, this display comprises the multiple pixels being arranged in multiple row and multiple row; Multiple column electrode, each column electrode is relevant to one of the plurality of row; Multiple row electrode, each row electrode is relevant to one of the plurality of row; And drive unit, be arranged for selecting successively each in column electrode and the voltage selected by applying to row electrode between the selecting period of any given column electrode, so that the pixel in the addressing row relevant to selected column electrode and write a line of required image on the display.The method comprises:
by the first image write display;
receive the data that representative will write the second image on this display;
compare this first and second image and the row of this display is divided into first group and second group, at least one pixel in the row of first group between the first and second images is different, and in the row of second group, between the first and second images, pixel is identical; And
write the second image by the column electrode of only select progressively and first group of line correlation, and apply voltage to row electrode only to write first group of row, thus form the second image on the display.
on the other hand, the invention provides the electro-optic displays with multiple pixel, at least one in these pixels comprises the mutually different multiple sub-pixels of area, and this display comprises drive unit, is arranged for the optical states changing described sub-pixel independently of each other.In such a display, its area of at least two sub-pixels that it is desirable in these sub-pixels differs 2 times substantially.
Accompanying drawing explanation
describe the preferred embodiments of the present invention now with reference to accompanying drawing, but preferred embodiment is only exemplary, in accompanying drawing:
the curve map of Fig. 1 shows to use to has in the display of the DC pulse addressing of pulse length modulation gray level over time;
the curve map of Fig. 2 is similar to Fig. 1, is that use has the gray level of the display of the DC pulse addressing of pulse-height modulation over time;
the curve map of Fig. 3 is similar to Fig. 1, be the gray level with the display of the alternating-current pulse addressing of direct current offset used according to the invention over time;
the curve map of Fig. 4 is similar to Fig. 1, be the gray level with the display of the alternating-current pulse addressing of duty cycle modulation used according to the invention over time;
the curve map of Fig. 5 to show in the display using the addressing of double prepulses magic lantern (slideshow) waveform gray level over time;
the curve map of Fig. 6 to show in the display using the addressing of single prepulsing magic lantern waveform gray level over time;
fig. 7 A and 7B shows may arranging of sub-pixel in the single pixel of display of the present invention.
Embodiment
point out as front, the invention provides many improvement of the method for addressing electro-optical medium and display and the structure of these displays.Now order is described various aspects of the present invention, but will be appreciated that single electro-optical medium or display can utilize a more than aspect of the present invention.Such as, single electro-optic displays can use the AC pulsed drive with DC skew, and also uses refresh pulse.
refresh pulse method of the present invention
as previously mentioned, the invention provides a kind of method, the method refreshes image on this display by applying short refresh pulse to electro-optic displays.Therefore, in the method for the invention, the pixel first to bi-stable display applies addressing pulse, and this addressing pulse is enough to the optical states changing this pixel.After this display of maintenance is not by driving a period of time, apply refresh pulse to this pixel, this refresh pulse is shorter relative to this addressing pulse.Usually, the 20%(that the impact that refresh pulse applies is not more than the impact that addressing pulse applies it is desirable to be not more than 10%, and is preferably not more than 5%).Such as, if pixel needs the addressing pulse of the 15V of lasting 500 milliseconds (msec), refresh pulse can be 15V, continue 10 milliseconds (msec), and its impact is 2% of the impact of addressing pulse.
human eye should be considered to the sensitivity of the subtle change of unexpected optical states to adjust the time of refresh pulse in the method.Human eye has relative patience for the decay gradually of image, makes, and such as, usually measures as brightness L * (defined by common CIE; See, such as Hunt, R.W.G. Measuring Color, 3rd edition, Fountain Press, Kingston-upon-Thames, England (1998). (ISBN 0 86,343 387 1)) the bistability of electro-optical medium of required time, change Liang Ge unit from the maximal value (or minimum value of black state) of the white optical state observed after addressing pulse terminates.But when applying refresh pulse to display, there is change suddenly in the brightness of related pixel, and is substantially less than 1 unit L * sudden change be easy to be discovered by human eye.According to the interval between refresh pulse, the change of the image caused by these pulses may show as " flicker " in the picture, and this flicker is disagreeable for most of observer.Other discernable change in this flicker or the image that caused by refresh pulse, desirably interval between selective addressing pulse and the first refresh pulse or the interval between continuous print refresh pulse, each refresh pulse is made to cause minimum change in the picture.Therefore, the L caused by single refresh pulse * change should be less than about 1 unit L * , it is desirable to be less than about 0.5 unit, and be more preferably less than about 0.2 unit.
although it is uneven that the refresh pulse used in this method can introduce some DC during this refresh pulse of applying in drive scheme, but be not precluded within this drive scheme and obtain long-term DC balance, and have been found that the long-term but not DC of short-term balance is the principal element of the mission life determining electro-optic displays.Balance to obtain this long-term DC, after the one or more refresh pulse of applying, the pixel having received these refresh pulses can be driven to its contrary optical states by " conversion " or the second addressing pulse, and the impact that applies in this inversion address pulse can be adjusted balance (or at least minimum DC is uneven) to provide DC on the whole cycle started since the first addressing pulse, this adjustment is the impact by adjusting this second addressing pulse, wherein adjustment amount size equal and polarity in contrast to the algebraic sum being applied to the refresh pulse of this pixel between these two addressing pulses.Such as, consider a display, its can pass through applying ± 15V, 500 milliseconds (msec) impact and change between white and black optical states.Suppose that first the pixel of this display is impacted by+the 15V of applying 500 milliseconds (msec) and bleach from black, and the white state of this pixel is kept by applying 10 refresh pulses of+15V of 10 milliseconds (msec) at set intervals subsequently.If after these 10 refresh pulses, expect to make this pixel get back to its black optic state, this can by applying 600(instead of 500)-15V the addressing pulse of millisecond (msec) realizes, between the whole Hei-Bai-Hei tour of this pixel, thus all achieve DC balance.
such adjustment of transformation addressing pulse realizes when can write on the display at new images and therefore must change the optical states of some pixel.Or, this adjustment can be carried out applying to this display " blanking pulse " period.Discuss in PCT/US02/37241 as the aforementioned, usually must or expect to apply so-called " blanking pulse " with regular time interval to electro-optic displays; This blanking pulse comprise first by all pixel drivers of this display to an extreme optical state (such as, white state), then drive all pixels to contrary optical states (such as, black), then write required image.The advantage realizing this adjustment during blanking pulse is, all pixels can be balanced by DC substantially at one time; The technology described in detail before use, be the pixel of black in previous image (before blanking pulse firm incipient image) can be DC balance during by the blanking pulse of all pixel driver Cheng Bai, and be the pixel of white in previous image can be DC balance during all pixel drivers are become the blanking pulse of black.Equally, the advantage realizing this adjustment during blanking pulse is, does not need clearly to know each independent pixel have received how many refresh pulses since its previous addressing pulse starts; Suppose to refresh black and white pixel (fact of case is usually like this) every the identical time interval, and insert blanking pulse when each image changes, each pixel will need identical adjustment (except polarity) during this blanking pulse, and this adjustment is determined by the quantity being applied to the refresh pulse on this display since this previous blanking pulse.Equally, during blanking pulse, realize DC balance provide a kind of mode this refresh pulse method being applied to the electro-optic displays had more than two gray levels, because the impact applied during adjusting ash-grey transformation in such a display obviously may cause the undesired error of gray level.
refresh pulse method of the present invention can be used as increase electro-optical medium bistability adjuvant substitute or with its combination.Such as, the present invention can use together with the electrophoretic media described in aforesaid 2002/0180687, and this medium has the suspending liquid of polymkeric substance that is that wherein have dissolving or that disperse, and wherein this polymkeric substance increases the bistability of medium.
provide now example below, only by the mode illustrated, an embodiment of refresh pulse method of the present invention is shown.
example 1
this example uses the display of the two particle counter charges type mediums containing encapsulation, and this medium comprises polymer-coated titanium dioxide white particles and polymer-coated black particles, and suspending liquid is not painted.This display is substantially according to " method B " preparation described in [0061]-[0068] section of aforesaid 2002/0180687.
the display prepared as previously mentioned, comprises multiple pixel, can use lasting 500 milliseconds (msec) ± 15V addressing pulse makes these pixels change between black and white optical states.The bistability of this display is limited, and in environment, white optical state changes 2L around * time required for unit is about 15sec only.But, empirically determine by apply 4sec/min ± the short refresh pulse (duty cycle is approximately 6.7%) of 15V can keep this white and black optic state indefinitely.Flicker is avoided in order to provide in the test of reality and the standard picture (containing black and white region) that uses in these experiments, after 500 milliseconds of (msec) addressing pulses started, every about 100 milliseconds (msec) to the black and white pixel of this display apply 7 milliseconds of (msec) duration ± refresh pulse of 15V.
in order to determine the effect in each cycle of the uneven drive scheme of DC on display, test 4 kinds of drive schemes:
scheme 480:
use described standard picture to this display addressing, and use aforesaid refresh pulse that this image is kept 480 minutes.Then a series of blanking pulse is applied, and the circulation of repetitive addressing and refresh pulse.Whenever do not apply DC equalizing pulse.After the work of 83 hours, apply a series of blanking pulse, and what then test this display is white and the region be separated of black respectively.Be retained as at test period in the region table below of this display of white and represented with " 480W ", and be that the region of black represents with " 480D ".By the addressing pulse of 500 milliseconds (msec) of standard, each tested region is driven into its white optical state, and measures its percent reflectivity value; This value represents with " w% " in table.Then allowing each tested region to keep 15sec when not applying any refresh pulse, after this interval of 15 seconds, measuring L * change; The L obtained * change be called " bright maintenance difference (bright holding difference) ", represent with " bhdl " in the table.After applying other blanking pulse, by the addressing pulse of 500 milliseconds (msec) of standard, each tested region is driven into its black optic state, and measures its percent reflectivity value; This value represents with " d% " in the table.Then allowing each tested region to keep 15 seconds when not applying any refresh pulse, after this interval of 15 seconds, measuring L * change, the L obtained * change be called " secretly keeping difference ", represent with " dhdl " in the table.
scheme 60:
the program is identical with scheme 480, and just before applying blanking pulse, image only keeps 60 minutes.The region remaining this display of white during this test period represents with " 60W " in the following table, and the region remaining black represents with " 60D ".
scheme 10:
in this scenario, write image in the mode identical with scheme 480, and use the refresh pulse identical with scheme 480 to keep 10 minutes.Then apply opposite polarity 40sec pulse and balance this display with DC, then this image is rewritten, and repeats this circulation.The region remaining this display of white during this test period represents with " 10W " in the following table, and the region remaining black represents with " 10D ".
scheme 1:
the program is identical with scheme 10, and just image is only kept 1 minute, then applies the 2nd DC equalizing pulse of 4 seconds, and repeats this circulation.The region remaining this display of white during this test period represents with " 1W " in the following table, and the region remaining black represents with " 1D ".
the result obtained in these experiments is as shown in table 1 below.
table 1
find out from the data of table 1, in highly uneven scheme 480, the white state reflectivity between the region remaining this display of white and black during test period is obviously different, and bright and dark maintenance difference is also significantly different.Therefore, this highly uneven drive scheme produces the basic change of the optical states of this display, and is far from other possible effect of this non-equilibrium drive scheme, such as to the damage of electrode.Equally, shown by the difference in bright and dark maintenance difference, this uneven drive scheme introduces " be biased " to this display, namely long-term keep the region of white trend towards after also keep white, and keep for a long time the region of black trend towards after keep black.The result never obtained in balance scheme 60 is similar, but not so significantly (as would be expected).Contrast, DC balance scheme 10 and 1 does not substantially show difference between the region that maintenance is black and white.
therefore, these test display, as long as long-term DC balance is produced by the blanking pulse separated, so can not have negative effect to the attribute of this display by the temporary transient DC imbalance using short refresh pulse to cause.
the electrophoretic media used in refresh pulse method of the present invention can adopt same parts in aforesaid E Ink and MIT patent and application and manufacturing technology, and reader can with reference to these patents and application to obtain further information.
the fundamental element (comprise and use AC pulse) of gray level drive waveforms
as aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 6,531,997 and 6,504, described in 524, current many displays make electro-optical medium saturated by applying duration sufficiently long potential pulse, thus are converted to another extreme optical state (such as from an extreme optical state, from black in vain, vice versa); Such as based in the electro-optical medium of particle, make charged particle from start to finish forward or rear electrode motion.Until the tradition that this optical states becomes saturated this electro-optical medium of ability addressing needs not allow intermediate grey states to exist.The electro-optic displays obtaining gray level provides significant advantage in image volume and picture quality.
conveniently, voltage waveform or the drive scheme that can obtain gray level in bistable electro-optic displays are called " gray level waveform " or " gray scale drive scheme " hereinafter.The basic gray level waveform elements that can use in this gray level waveform or drive scheme has 5; Term " gray level waveform elements " refers to the potential pulse or sequence of voltage pulses that can change in the optical states of electro-optic displays.Gray level waveform elements itself can produce gray level, and the one or more gray level waveform elements being arranged in particular sequence form gray level drive waveforms together.Gray level drive waveforms can by the pixel of display from a gray state transitions to another.The Sequence composition drive scheme of one or more drive waveforms, the program can show any grayscale image sequence over the display.
drive waveforms element is divided into two classes, namely direct current (DC) potential pulse with exchange (AC) potential pulse.In both of these case, the parameter that can change of pulse is pulse height and pulse length.
although the key producing gray level optical states in electro-optical medium depends on voltage and is applied to mode on this medium, but this medium keeps the ability of described gray level optical states important too in gray scale addressing scheme once after not applying voltage, and this ability will depend on the characteristic of this medium, all greyscale transitions attributes in fact will be depended on.In this application, the electrophoretic media based on particle that Primary Reference encapsulates is discussed gray scale addressing scheme, but think for the technician in described medium technical field, it is apparent for considering that the attribute of other type of bistable electro-optical medium carries out necessary amendment to this scheme.
the infrastructure elements of gray level drive waveforms is as follows:
the DC pulse of pulse length modulation
one of the simplest method of the grey states of realizing ideal stops addressing being in be converted to pixel among another kind of extreme optical state from a kind of extreme optical state.In figure 1 of the accompanying drawings, interpolation illustrates the waveform elements of the DC pulse length modulation for producing greyscale transitions in the electrophoretic media (as shown in the major part of this figure) of encapsulation.(herein and " the method B " of the display used in following subsequent experimental substantially according to [0061]-[0068] section of aforementioned 2002/0180687 manufacture.) three pulses using are that 15V continues 200,400 and 600 milliseconds (msec) respectively, and three curves produced are marked accordingly; Different from master map of time scale in noting in illustration.Therefore, the difference for reflectivity changes, and pulse height is fixed and the change of the duration of pulse.In FIG, reflectivity (according to these applied potential pulses, its reflective condition is from the black gray scale the changing to different stage) change curve in time of pixel is depicted; Can find out that longer pulse length produces larger reflectivity change.
the end response of tested display to applied potential pulse is rapid, and its optical states stops developing.In micro-level, can suppose that electrophoresis particle stops the migration from an electrode to another electrode immediately, and the centre position that maintenance is suspended in capsule.
the DC greyscale drive pulse advantage of pulse length modulation is the speed reaching desired gray level state.
the DC pulse of pulse-height modulation
another method obtaining desired gray level state is that voltage that the voltage required for use ratio is low carrys out address pixel and makes this pixel extreme optical state be converted to another extreme optical state completely.In Fig. 2 of accompanying drawing, interpolation illustrates the waveform elements of the DC pulse-height modulation for producing greyscale transitions in the electrophoretic media (as shown in the major part of this figure) of encapsulation.Potential pulse length is fixed on and changes time span required for this medium completely with maximal voltage level.Three pulses used are 5,10 and 15V respectively, and continue 500 milliseconds (msec), three curves of generation are also marked accordingly; Different from master map of time scale in noting in illustration.Therefore, the difference for reflectivity changes, and pulse length is fixed and the height change of pulse.In Fig. 2 of accompanying drawing, depict reflectivity (according to these applied potential pulses, its reflective condition is from the black gray scale the changing to different stage) change curve in time of pixel; Can find out that larger pulse height produces larger reflectivity change.
can suppose electrophoresis particle at lower voltages with lower speed by suspending liquid, and when stop apply driving voltage time keep suspend.
the advantage of the DC greyscale drive pulse of pulse-height modulation is the accurate control to the grey states obtained.
there is the AC pulse of DC offset modulation
the gray level of the electrophoretic media of aforesaid encapsulation drives the impact being subject to vibration (AC) electric field; Use the transition mechanisms of this AC field to be assumed to and be different from the mechanism realized in the DC of above-mentioned identical medium drives completely.In figure 3 of the drawings, interpolation illustrates the AC pulse of DC offset modulation waveform elements, for producing greyscale transitions in the electrophoretic media of the encapsulation shown in the major part of this figure.Under any circumstance, the frequency (about 10Hz) of AC composition is set in a value, this value allow particle in response to this oscillating field, and DC skew size and Orientation (for the curve of three in Fig. 3, display be 0 ,-1 or-2.5V) determine the grey states that this pixel finally obtains.As in previous drawings, the time scale in interior illustration is different from the time scale in master map.In figure 3, reflectivity (according to these applied potential pulses, its reflective condition is from the black gray scale the changing to different stage) change curve in time of pixel is depicted; Can find out that larger DC offsets and produce larger reflectivity change.
once apply AC field, electrophoresis particle vibrates in suspending liquid, and the motion that this vibration is cyclical variation as the reflectivity be superimposed upon in the whole change of reflectivity and observes, this is easy to find out in the left side of Fig. 3.But, until apply DC skew, just net impacts can be had to reflectivity.DC skew impact under, reflectivity after waveform applies a period of time close to steady state value.Seeming a kind of restoring force resists mutually with the power be applied on particle due to DC offset voltage, otherwise particle flows to cell-wall by continuing.This restoring force may be due to the motion of the fluid between cyst wall and particle and/or due to the effect of particle directly and between cell-wall.Consistent with other waveform elements, after removing voltage, the stability of optical states remains constant.
the advantage of waveform elements is to reach specific reflectivity state by the parameter of specified waveform element, and DC waveform elements can only make reflectivity change.The AC waveform elements with DC skew is not need addressing pulse accurate timing relative to the advantage of other AC waveform elements.
the AC pulse of duty cycle modulation
the another kind of mode using oscillating field introducing DC biased modulates duty cycle.In the diagram, interpolation illustrates the AC pulse of duty cycle modulation, and this pulse is for generation of the greyscale transitions in the major part of this figure.These pulses each in, voltage is set to maximal value, and duty cycle (voltage is at the number percent of the time of positive dirction or negative direction) determines reflectivity.Three duty cycles used are 50%, 47% and 40%, as shown in Figure 4.As in previous drawings, the time scale used in interior illustration is different from the time scale in master map.In the figure, the reflectivity curve over time of pixel (according to these potential pulses applied, its reflective condition changes to different grey levels from black) is depicted.
as can be seen from Figure 4, identical with the AC/DC shift pulse for generation of curve shown in Fig. 3, the curve shown in Fig. 4 reaches steady state value after pulse applies a period of time.Therefore, offset consistent with AC/DC, use duty cycle modulation, seem to there is a kind of restoring force, it forces particle to leave cell-wall, keeps grey states constant.The physical mechanism of this restoring force and previously discussed similar.Equally, after stopping applies pulse, grey states stops change immediately.
the advantage of the AC waveform of duty cycle modulation is not need voltage modulated.
warbled AC pulse
the another kind of method realizing AC greyscale transitions applies such AC field to electro-optical medium: this AC field causes the optical states of this medium to vibrate, and then on the point obtaining ideal reflectivity, stops this AC field in the circulating cycle.Voltage can be set to maximal value, and change AC frequency is to obtain greater or lesser reflectivity range.Frequency determines the amplitude of reflectivity vibration.
when this method is applied to the electrophoretic media based on particle of encapsulation, electrophoresis particle by near their initial position oscillatory response in AC field.Because usual reflectivity does not reach extremely black or white optical states, and the interaction between cell-wall minimizes and reflectivity is opposite linear to executed alive response.
the advantage of warbled AC pulse does not need voltage modulated.
by the pulse in conjunction with the above-mentioned type, can develop multiple waveforms element, each comprises unique changing the mechanism, because herein is provided the various method of different electro-optical mediums driving and have different switching characteristic.
in an embody rule of above-mentioned drive scheme principle, use pulse-length modulation and AC pulse to obtain the intermediate grey states in electro-optic displays, otherwise this display can only obtain black and white state.
owing to being discussed above, expect very much to obtain gray level in electro-optic displays.But, suppose that a large amount of gray levels needs to have arbitrarily high frame rate driver or the pulse-length modulation of driver of voltage modulated (high frame rate can be needed pulse width " to be cut " and become multiple interval, therefore, it is possible to accurate gating pulse width, and then accurately control gray level).Any one in these two kinds of drivers is substantially all higher than simple three grades of (tri-level) driver costs, it is any work potential that described three grades of drivers can only make the electromotive force of the single pixel of display be configured to relative to+the V ,-V of public front electrode electromotive force and 0(V), and it is generally used for driving the display that can only show black and white state.
the invention provides a kind of drive scheme, the program can make the intermediate grey scales between the black and white level of three grades of drivers generation bistable electro-optic displays.This drive scheme is most easy understand from table 2 below, the voltage applied during the table show the successive frame that all kinds in this display of the present invention change:
table 2
as can be seen from table 2 above, from black to the white transformation of (vice versa) and the same scale-of-two (only having black/white) display.On the other hand, the transformation to gray scale has two parts.Part I is square waveform pulse (that is, multiple frames of same potential), and it has suitable polarity and length becomes as far as possible close to the middle gray brightness needed to make the reflectivity of electro-optical medium.The degree of accuracy with this step may be subject to the frame frequency restriction of display.The Part II of addressing pulse comprises the potential pulse of the equal positive and negative of quantity, and the width of each pulse equals a frame.As front with reference to as described in Fig. 3 and 4, before verified: the surge medium based on particle AC square wave being applied to encapsulation causes this medium " relaxation " to some " middle gray " state.Therefore, regardless of previous pulse history, the Part II of pulse will make all pixels become identical uniform intermediate grey states.The short pulse realization with suitable polarity is used to be addressed to black or white from grey states.
more generally, the AC part of this pulse does not change polarity at every frame, but with lower frequency transitions, can carry out alternation along with every a frame (frequency=frame frequency/4) or usual every n frame (frequency=frame frequency/2n) voltage.
therefore, the invention provides a kind of method, the method only uses simple three grades of drivers and does not use complexity and the voltage modulated driver of costliness, in other binary electro-optic displays, produce single gray level.
in second embody rule of above-mentioned drive scheme principle, the invention provides the set of two-dimentional transition matrix, how each element regulation wherein in matrix arrives final optical states (herein with " column index represent ") from initial optical state (representing with " row index ", although be apparent that it is arbitrary for distributing to capable initial optical state) herein.Each element of this matrix is built by a series of waveform elements (as defined above), and usually for n position gray level display, this matrix will comprise 2 (2N) individual element.Matrix of the present invention has counted such consideration, such as to the needs (as previously discussed) that the DC of drive scheme balances, in some electro-optical medium, (namely " memory " effect is minimized, the effect applying the result of certain pulses to pixel not only depends on the current state of this pixel, also some original state is depended on), thus produce uniform optical states and the rate of transformation of display is maximized, working under the restriction of driven with active matrix scheme simultaneously.Present invention provides a kind of method, for determining the optimal value of each of the element in this matrix for any certain electric optical media.Driving the application in electro-optic displays for this matrix and they, reader can with reference to aforesaid PCTUS02/37241.
with regard to aforesaid pulse-length modulation (PWM), current preferred wave shape form of the present invention is as described below.But, use the AC of pulse-height modulation or above-mentioned various mixed types modulation also can obtain same or analogous result, and various dissimilar modulation can be used in single waveform, such as, for the pulse-length modulation of all parts except the decline of pulse, what follow below is back-page voltage modulated to this pulse.
the first two waveform of the present invention described below is " magic lantern " waveform, and it got back to black state from a grey states before being addressed to next grey states.This waveform is the most compatible with the display update scheme of a wherein whole screen blanking (as in slide projector).
double prepulses magic lantern waveform
in this waveform, its preferred form is shown in Fig. 5 of accompanying drawing, has used partial pulse at first the pixel of electro-optical medium to be driven into (as shown at 100) initial (first) grey states from black.In order to by pixel from then on initial gray state change to different expectation (second) grey states, first pixel is driven into white (102) from the first grey states, then from white to black (104).Finally, suitable pulse is applied to reach the second grey states 106.Keep overall DC to balance in order to ensure such waveform, the length sum of the addressing pulse at 106 places and the white pulse at 102 places must equal the length of the Bai-Hei pulse at 104 places.The transformation that this waveform needs the maximal value of the medium fringe time (that is, the time of single pixel needed for from black optical state transition to white optical states, or vice versa) of three times to realize between any two any gray scales, is therefore called as 3X waveform.
single prepulsing magic lantern waveform
in this waveform, its preferred form has been shown in Fig. 6 of accompanying drawing, use partial pulse at first the pixel of electro-optical medium to be driven into (as shown at 110) initial (first) grey states from black, the mode of employing is identical with the double prepulses waveform discussed in the 6th part above.In order to this pixel is changed to different (second) grey states expected from initial gray state, first this pixel is driven into black (112) from the first grey states, then applies suitable pulse to arrive the second grey states 114.Obviously, before second changes, this pixel will be got back to black again 116.Such waveform keeps the DC of whole waveform to balance, this is because equal (except polarity) impact in 110 and 114 applyings respectively in 112 and 116 impacts applied.This waveform needs the maximal value of the medium fringe time of twice to realize the transformation between any two arbitrary grey states, is therefore called as 2X waveform.
gray scale-greyscale waveforms
replace using above-mentioned magic lantern waveform, can by directly carrying out the refresh display to its addressing from a grey states to another grey states without black or white state.Because this transformation is not with obvious illusion (i.e. black and/or white " flicker "), so it is called as " gray scale-gray scale " addressing.Have the gray scale-greyscale waveforms of two kinds of principal modes, i.e. DC balance and DC imbalance.
in the gray scale-greyscale waveforms of DC balance, by being applied to the transformation changed the necessary modulating pulse with precise length between two grey states and realize between these two states.Electro-optical medium is black or white state without any centre.Because maximum impulse length equals the address-time of ink, this waveform is also referred to as 1X waveform.In order to keep DC to balance, for the display with n grey states, free parameter available in the optimization of the transformation matrix relevant to any specific waveforms has n-1.This causes excessively limited system.Such as, for contrary transformation change and need equal and relative pulse (that is, except polarity, 2-3 must be identical with 3-2).
uneven gray scale-greyscale waveforms is basic identical with the situation that DC balances, and just pulse length is no longer subject to the constraint of DC equilibrium-limited.Therefore 2 in transformation matrix (2N) each in can independent of other changes all.
various waveform discussed above can in Active Matrix Display addressing gray level, this for electro-optical medium PDA(Personal Digital Assistant) and e-book application in use be crucial.These waveforms make the memory effect in electro-optical medium minimize, and this memory can cause image ghost image.By selecting optimal burst length and order, desired gray level optical states can be obtained in minimum number pulse.
selective row drives
another aspect of the present invention relates to the row by selecting to drive this display, improves the performance of active matrix bistable electro-optic displays.
as previously mentioned, and discuss in more detail in patent as the aforementioned and application, in order to keep required image on traditional LC D, whole image-region must be refreshed continuously, this is because usually liquid crystal is not bistable, and if do not refresh image on the LCD image in a short period of time on LCD and will weaken.Technician as active matrix field is known, in such a display, the realization of continuous refreshing passes through: use line driver to open the grid of the transistor relevant to the one-row pixels of this display, in row driver (being connected to the source electrode of the transistor in the often row of this display) upper applying by the electromotive force of the pixel in selected for the write of the relevant portion of the required image on this display row, and therefore write the selected row of this display.Then line driver is selected the next line of this display and is repeated this process, and row is just recycled refreshing like this.(it is conventional for line driver being assigned to gate electrode and row driver being assigned to source electrode, but is also arbitrary substantially, if need certainly can put upside down.）
because LCD needs the continuous refreshing of image, the only part change of shown image is processed by the part as whole refresh process.In the display refreshed continuously, do not need the renewal part that image is provided; Have new images several times to write display (in case of an lcd) because in fact per second, any change of the parts of images of display of feeding automatically manifests effect on the display in short interval.Therefore, the custom circuit for LCD developed does not provide the renewal of only parts of images.
correspondingly, bistable electro-optic displays does not need continuous refreshing, and in fact this continuous refreshing is harmful, this is because unnecessarily increase the energy ezpenditure of display.In addition, during this refreshing, capacitive voltage spike pulse may be passed to pixel electrode by grid (OK) circuit, and any actuator voltage error or uncompensated grid feedthrough biased error may be accumulated; All of these factors taken together causes undesirable transformation of the optical states of display picture element.Therefore, in bistable electro-optic displays, it is desirable to provide some devices not need to rewrite whole image over the display for update section partial image, an aspect of of the present present invention relates to the bistable electro-optic displays of being furnished with this " part upgrades " device.According to the present invention, this will write by comparing this display consecutive image, be identified in different row in these two images and the row that only addressing is identified realizes.
in the method, in order to the part realizing display upgrades, the row comprising the display of the pixel that its optical states will change only is identified.In a preferred form of this method, for the often row of display, display controller (see aforesaid PCT/US02/37241) checks all ideal pixel electrode output voltages.If for this row, all output voltages equal the electromotive force V of the public front electrode of this display com (if that is, not having pixel to need to rewrite in that row), then controller exports synchronous (V sync ) pulse and data value is not loaded into row driver, and do not issue corresponding output enable (OE) order.The net effect done like this is that the token position of line driver is delivered to the next line of display and does not activate current line.Data are only loaded into row driver, and output enable is only for the row statement wherein having at least one pixel to need to be rewritten.
the invention provides two kinds of different advantages.First, for the pixel be not rewritten, a lot of stray voltage source can be eliminated.Capacitive grid spike (gate spike) is not had for these pixels, and in the frame that pixel is not addressed, the error of column driver voltage can not be delivered to this pixel.Owing to comparing with liquid crystal phase, a lot of electro-optical medium resistivity is relatively low, especially electrophoretic media, and pixel electrode will trend towards relaxing towards (front plane) voltage before reality, therefore maintain the hold mode of electro-optical medium.Secondly, the minimise power consumption of display.For the every a line be not rewritten, corresponding grid line does not need to be charged.In addition, when output is not loaded into the row electrode of display, also eliminates and cross over the extra power consumption that display interface device carrys out Mobile data.
area of space shake (dither)
foregoing aspect of the present invention relates to the waveform for driving electro-optic displays.The performance of this display also can change by changing the structure change of base plate, and of the present invention this relates in one aspect to and one or more pixels of display (preferred each pixel) are divided into multiple sub-pixels with different area.
mention as front, wish to provide gray level very much in electro-optic displays.Also can by the pixel driver of this display be obtained this gray level to the grey states between two extremity.But, if this medium can not obtain the intermediateness of ideal quantity, if or this display is by not providing the driver of the intermediateness of ideal quantity to drive, then must obtain the state of ideal quantity by other method, the spatial jitter that this one side of the present invention is related to this object and uses.
a display can be divided into multiple " logic " pixel, and wherein each can show gray scale or other optical states of ideal quantity.But, obviously a more than physically separated region can be there is in each logical pixel, in fact this is common to utilize " panchromatic " logical pixel for color monitor, and each of described " panchromatic " logical pixel comprises three sub-pixels with primary colours (such as red, green, blue); See such as aforesaid 2002/0180688.Similarly, can use the combination of sub-pixel as logical pixel to obtain gray level, each in sub-pixel can binary transition.Such as, the logical pixel with sub-pixel of the same area comprising 4 independence controlled can be used for providing 2 gray levels.But for any situation more than 1 or 2 gray level, the quantity of sub-pixel becomes large inconveniently, because gray level often increases by 1, the doubles of required sub-pixel.
the invention provides a kind of electro-optic displays, it has at least one pixel, and this pixel comprises multiple sub-pixel, and these sub-pixels have different areas.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the area of at least two sub-pixels differs 2 times substantially.Therefore, such as, logical pixel may have the sub-pixel that area is 1X, 2X and 4X, and wherein X is arbitrary area.Such logical pixel schematically shows in Fig. 7 A of accompanying drawing.This logical pixel only uses three electrodes to obtain 3-position gray levels, and is used in sub-pixel equal on area and obtains identical 3-position gray level by needs 8 sub-pixels.
when each sub-pixel is driven, a part for its reflection or transmission incident light, and partial amount is determined by the area of this sub-pixel.If reflection/transmission is average on the region of this logical pixel, then obtains the binary weights driving area, therefore obtain the gray level of spatial jitter.
the area of sub-pixel is arbitrary.The reflectivity weighting of sub-pixel shown in Fig. 7 A.If (this is for the L waiting stepping to use nonlinear weight * or it is applicable that gamma corrects gradation intervals), this area will correspondingly change.
except considering their relative area, also should think over the shape of sub-pixel.Simple bulk as shown in Figure 7A allows array of sub-pixels to be simply shaped, but under certain conditions, these sub-pixels may observed person be differentiated.Equally, if intergrade gray scale (thus (such as) in each logical pixel, only have the region 4 of Fig. 7 A to be driven) be presented on large region (covering a lot of logical pixel), observer will see the line or grid graph that occur from sub-pixel figure.
increase the resolution of logical pixel and will reduce these problems, but the pixel that needs are extra in a large number because pixel quantity be with resolution square and increase.On the contrary, the observability of sub-pixel and/or the problem of eye diagram can be reduced by mutually intersecting sub-pixel (such as shown in fig.7b); Notice that this figure is intended to mutual intersection is shown, be inaccurate and represent the relative area of sub-pixel.The cross one another figure being much similar to Fig. 7 B can be used for improving picture quality.
the another kind of method of the problem of process sub-pixel observability and/or eye diagram is random orientation sub-pixel.Such as, in pel array, each pixel is by arrangement of subpixels as shown in Figure 7 A, and single pixel may have each in 4 possibility directions of arrangement shown in Fig. 7 A at random." randomization " of this sub pixel contributes to partition graph and makes them more not easily see for observer.
although the embodiments of the invention shown in Fig. 7 A and 7B produce 3-position gray level, be appreciated that the present invention can produce the gray level of any figure place by increasing extra sub-pixel simply.
the advantage of this aspect of the present invention is as follows:
a () electro-optical medium itself does not need to have gray level; Substantially display can be black/white display, and open and close sub-pixel is to produce gray level.In scanning array, can be controlled by the necessity providing extra row driver (row for equal number) to obtain for sub-pixel.It reduce the requirement to electro-optical medium; Such as, may the drifting about of gray level of electro-optical medium after not needing to worry to exceed its mission life.
b () does not need complicated row driver; The present invention is compatible with the simple binary level driver used in a lot of traditional monitor that uses.Therefore, be conducive to using various electro-optical mediums, cheap " finished product " parts of easily obtaining.Some methods producing gray levels need to use voltage modulated driver to row electrode, and this driver is not widely available and more expensive than the manufacture of binary level driver/more difficult.
c () is for using the design of the thin film transistor (TFT) of active matrix array of the present invention (TFT) more difficult unlike panchromatic, each pixel has three sub-pixels (such as in panchromatic, and need the data volume being supplied to various parts also can not be larger RGB).Therefore in enforcement active matrix base plate of the present invention, development new technologies are not needed.
miscellaneous technology
in the most traditional driven with active matrix scheme of electro-optic displays, on display base plate, the change in voltage of pixel electrode to apply required voltage in pixel.End face keeps specific voltage usually, and it is favourable that this specific voltage is considered to for address pixel.Such as, if the data line voltage being supplied to pixel electrode is at zero volt and voltage V 0 between change, then end face will remain on V 0 / 2, to allow the voltage drop in pixel to have V in the two directions 0 / 2 is so large.
according to an aspect of the present invention, the voltage of end face can change the addressing strengthening electro-optical medium.Such as, end face voltage can remain zero volt in case allow total pixel voltage fall (end face negative pixel voltage) low to-V 0 .Raise end face voltage to V 0 , allowing pixel voltage to fall has V 0 so large.These larger voltage drops allow electro-optical medium addressing quickly.
more generally, can not only be advantageously voltage zero and V by end face voltage sets 0 , also can be set to other voltage.Such as, advantageously consistent with the pixel-pixel voltage applied by base plate, electro-optical medium applies the time variations voltage of the overall situation.
known in electro-optic displays pixel electrode and by the electrode extended to form of select line between provide capacitor, to fill same voltage with select line; Described in WO 01/07961 as the aforementioned, the rate of decay that the electric field decreased after removing driving voltage in pixel is provided of this electric capacity.Convenient at another, the present invention has the electro-optic displays of holding capacitor, and this holding capacitor is formed between pixel electrode and (second) electrode, and the voltage of described (second) electrode can change independent of the select line of this display.In a preferred embodiment, the second electrode follows end face voltage, that is, the difference of its voltage and end face is only a constant not relying on the time.With by pixel electrode and control this display adjacent (previously) row select line between the holding capacitor overlapped to form compared with, provide such capacitor greatly reduce pixel experience capacitive voltage spike.
another aspect of the present invention relates to the harmful transformation being reduced or eliminated electro-optical medium by selection and data line.
as discussed above, to select and data line is the primary element of active matrix panel, they provide the voltage be charged to by pixel electrode needed for expectation value.But selection and data line may have the deleterious effect changing the electro-optical medium adjacent with this data line.By using black mask to be hidden observer in the region changed by data line and/or selection line, the deleterious optical artifact caused by this transformation can be eliminated.But, provide this black mask need by before display with thereafter in the face of neat, and decrease the electro-optical medium part being exposed to observer.Result is compared with the situation not using black mask to obtain, and display is darker and contrast is lower.
in another aspect of the present invention, by making data line side direction in one direction extend little, thus make them can not carry out sizable addressing to adjacent electro-optical medium during normal display operation, thus avoid the use of black mask.Which avoid the needs to black mask.
related fields of the present invention relate to passivated electrodes use and for driving the amendment of the drive scheme of electro-optical medium.When in its film between two electrodes time, impacting the electro-optical medium driven can by electrical addressing.Usually, electrode contacts with electro-optical medium.But, even if there is the dielectric material with long the electron relaxation time between one or two electrode and this medium, also can this electrode of addressing.In order to avoid interacting at the base plate of display device or inverse chemistry above or galvanochemistry, the passivation of one or two electrode may be needs; See aforesaid WO 00/38001.Although the appearance of dielectric layer makes to keep the ability of the voltage on electro-optical medium greatly to reduce, if this dielectric layer is appropriately designed, voltge surge still can be applied to this medium and this medium can by these voltge surge addressing.
yes is realized by the voltage changed on pixel electrode for the change of the optical states of electro-optical medium.This voltage changes the voltage causing on electro-optical medium, and to make the voltage attenuation on electro-optical medium due to charge leakage by medium.If external dielectric layers (that is, the dielectric layer between this medium and an electrode) is enough thin and the resistivity of electro-optical medium is enough large, then the voltge surge on this medium changes on demand by being enough to cause the optical states of this medium.Therefore be possible by the electronically addressing of the electro-optical medium of dielectric layer.But this addressing scheme is different from the electro-optical medium that its electrode of addressing directly contacts with this medium, because in the case of the latter, by applying voltage addressing medium in pixel, and in the previous case, be by causing change to realize addressing in pixel voltage.In each change, electro-optical medium experience voltge surge.
finally, the invention provides the drive scheme for reducing the crosstalk in active matrix electro-optic displays.
pixel-level fusion (addressing pixel affects the optical states of other pixel) is harmful, and this has many reasons to cause.A reason is that electric current limited in the off case flows through transistor.Due to the current leakage of off state, provide voltage (being intended to charging pixel) may charge to the transistor in non-selection row to data line.Solution uses the transistor with low OFF-state current.
another crosstalk sources is the current leakage between neighbor.Electric current can be spilt by the element of base plate, or by spilling with the electro-optical medium of contacts baseplate.The solution of this crosstalk is the base plate that the clearance for insulation between a kind of pixel electrode of design is large.The leakage current of the larger generation in gap is less.
as has been noted, the preferred type for the electro-optical medium in the present invention is the electrophoretic media based on particle encapsulated.This electrophoretic media used in method and apparatus of the present invention can use identical parts as described in the patent of E Ink with MIT above and application and manufacturing technology, and reader can with reference to these patents and application to obtain further information.

Claims (2)

1. for a method for addressing bistable electro-optical medium, it is characterized in that, apply the alternating electric field with skew to this bistable electro-optical medium.
2. method according to claim 1, wherein said electric field is applied to bistable electro-optical medium, until the gray level substantially constant of this bistable electro-optical medium.
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