CN104145584B - A kind of fertilizing method that utilizes fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying to reduce nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown - Google Patents
A kind of fertilizing method that utilizes fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying to reduce nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown Download PDFInfo
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- CN104145584B CN104145584B CN201410373267.5A CN201410373267A CN104145584B CN 104145584 B CN104145584 B CN 104145584B CN 201410373267 A CN201410373267 A CN 201410373267A CN 104145584 B CN104145584 B CN 104145584B
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Abstract
The invention belongs to agricultural pollution control field, disclose a kind of high benefit, oligosaprobic fertilizing method and the application thereof that utilizes fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying to reduce nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown. The method comprises following concrete steps: determine optimum fertilizing amount; Adopt one time base fertilizer, the method for once topdressing fertilising; Base fertilizer: applying nitrogen is 100% of nitrogen total amount, apply phosphorus element for 85～95% of phosphorus element total amount, apply potassium element for 90～95% of potassium element total amount, wherein nitrogen is all provided by fertilizer, and fertilizer provides not enough phosphorus element, potassium element to be supplemented by phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer; The mode that base fertilizer adopts deep placement to cover is applied fertilizer; Topdress: remaining phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, as the applied once that topdresses, topdress and adopt the mode of foliage-spray to carry out. The inventive method is not affecting under the prerequisite of crop yield, can make N loss by runoff reduce 60～80%, and P elements runs off and reduces 65～85%, and potassium element runs off and reduces 35～55%.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural pollution control field, particularly a kind of high benefit, oligosaprobic utilize organicFertile and fertilizer mixed applying reduces fertilizing method and the application thereof of nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown.
Background technology
Chemical fertilizer, as a kind of important modern chemistry Input Factors, has played very large work to the agricultural production of ChinaWith. At present, China has become maximum in the world chemical fertilizer production state, and is maximum in the world changeFertile country of consumption. In in the past more than 20 year, the amount of application of national chemical fertilizer increases from 2,590 ten thousand t of nineteen ninetyBe added to 5,108 ten thousand t of 2007, account for 1/3 of whole world average consumption, consumption has approached 400kg/hm2。Can the annual farmland nutrient of China little by the part of plant utilization, the utilization rate of nitrogenous fertilizer be only 30～35%,Be about 1/2 of developed country, phosphate fertilizer is 10～20%, potash fertilizer 35～50%, on average the executing of China's chemical fertilizerConsumption is 2 times of developed country's chemical fertilizer safely use upper limit, and average utilization is only 35% left and right. Chemical fertilizerImproper China's environment that is administered to brought immense pressure, major embodiment is three aspects: the one, a large amount of nitrogen,Phosphorus nutrition element enters water body by rainwash, soil filtration, causes the eutrophication of rivers and lakes water body.The 2nd, through plantation for many years, there is obvious enrichment in the nitrogen of vegetable field soil, especially with NO3-N content significantlyRise to notable feature, and the planting vegetable time limit is longer, the NO of vegetable field soil3The accumulation of-N content is more;The azotate pollution of underground water and the vegetable nitrate accumulation problem that exceeds standard is quite serious near vegetable plot. Three due toThe nitrogenous fertilizer of only focusing on using instant effect, causes nutrient supply unbalance, affects crop and normally absorbs, and causesSoil salt is superfluous and accumulate.
That chemical fertilizer is used pollution on the environment in a large number on the one hand. On the other hand, along with China's livestock and poultry cultivationThe development of industry, feces of livestock and poultry produces in a large number, and the survey showed that, China's livestock and poultry breeding industry common property in 2003Raw 31.90 hundred million t ight soil are 3.2 times that industry then produces solid waste. In feces of livestock and poultry, contain a large amount ofThe nutriment such as N, P, be nutritious organic fertilizer resource. Therefore, utilize feces of livestock and poultry stack retting and makeBecome fertilizer, this kind of fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer joined and executed, both can give full play to feces of livestock and poultry muck fertilizer efficiency long,Can improve the advantage of grain quality, improvement soil fertility and structure, can bring into play again quick-acting chemical fertilizer and supply rapidlyGive and meet the biological growth phase to the large advantage of the fertile demand of N, can alleviate using in a large number and raiseeing of chemical fertilizer simultaneouslyThe pressure of poultry manure to environment.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the shortcoming and deficiency of above-mentioned prior art, it is a kind of high that primary and foremost purpose of the present invention is to provideBenefit, the oligosaprobic fertilizing method that utilizes fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying to reduce nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown.
Another object of the present invention is to provide above-mentioned high benefit, oligosaprobic fertilizer and the fertilizer mixed applying of utilizing to fallThe fertilizing method of low nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown is in the application of controlling in agricultural environment pollution.
Object of the present invention realizes by following proposal:
A kind of high benefit, the oligosaprobic fertilising side that utilizes fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying to reduce nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdownMethod, comprises following concrete steps:
(1) determine optimum fertilizing amount;
(2) adopt a base fertilizer, the method for once topdressing fertilising; Base fertilizer: applying nitrogen is nitrogen total amount100%, apply phosphorus element for 85～95% of phosphorus element total amount, apply potassium element for 90 of potassium element total amount～95%, wherein nitrogen is all provided by fertilizer, and fertilizer provides not enough phosphorus element, potassium element by phosphate fertilizer, potassiumFertile supplementing; The mode that base fertilizer adopts deep placement to cover is applied fertilizer;
(3) topdress: remaining phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer is as the applied once that topdresses, topdress and adopt foliage-sprayMode is carried out.
The described definite optimum fertilizing amount of step (1) refers to be calculated by method of fertilization for target yield by local crop average productNutrient demand, determines required fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, Potassium Fertilizer thus.
Be specially: according to the target output of crop, calculate the fertilizer demand amount of crop, then deduct soil and supportDivide supply, the optimum fertilizing amount that finally draws crop divided by this season utilization rate of institute's fertilise is (with reference to vegetablesNutrition and fertilizer practice, Chen Luntao, 2002).
Nitrogen required in optimum fertilizing amount is all provided by fertilizer, and fertilizer provides not enough phosphorus element, potassiumElement is supplemented by phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer.
The sowing amount of phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer according in fertilizer, provide when quaternary phosphonium element and potassium element and this stage phosphorus,Potassium applies difference size between ratio and determines.
The described fertilizer of step (2) refers to the farm manure of composting by fermentation, and described phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are also simultaneouslySneak into together farm manure and carry out composting.
The fertilization depth of described base fertilizer is apart from soil surface 20～25cm, and fertilising distance is apart from crop root 5～10cm。
The described phosphate fertilizer of step (2) can be in conventional phosphate fertilizer any one, is preferably calcium magnesium phosphate.
The described potash fertilizer of step (2) can be in conventional potash fertilizer any one, is preferably potassium chloride.
Described base fertilizer applies the farmland irrigation of watering after 5～7 days.
Preferably, described in step (3), topdress and generally in crop ears 3～7 days early stages, complete the period of using.
The described phosphate fertilizer of step (3) can be any one in conventional quick-acting phosphate fertilizer, is preferably biphosphateThe quick-acting fertilizers such as potassium;
The described potash fertilizer of step (3) can be in conventional potash fertilizer any one, is preferably potassium chloride etc. quick-actingFertile.
In order to ensure to spray evenly, the mode of described foliage-spray after referring to potash fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer to be watered, spray inBlade face, spray concentration is 0.6～1%.
The land used that makes of said method is preferably nonirrigated farmland, more preferably taking corn, wheat crop plantation as main droughtGround.
The above-mentioned fertilizing method that utilizes fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying to reduce nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown can be applicable to controlIn agricultural environment pollution.
Mechanism of the present invention is:
Taking corn, wheat as main dry crop, absorbing of fertilizer roughly shown as to the jointing stage remarkableIncrease, booting reaches top to heading stage and (opens to booting as wheat is mainly manifested in to emerge to the absorption of nitrogenSpend the stage, absorbed nitrogen accounts for 70～80% left and right of nitrogen pool, and the absorption of phosphorus is absorbed to the maturity period with bootingAt most, account for 40% left and right of gross absorption, the absorption of potassium arrived to booting, florescence as maximum taking jointing,Account for 60% left and right of gross absorption). By grasping the required fertilizer of each plant growth, utilize fertilizer that work is providedThe thing required nitrogenous fertilizer (utilizing chemical fertilizer to supplement the deficiency of phosphorus element and potassium element) of growing, to reduce chemical fertilizer (especiallyNitrogenous fertilizer) mode of use amount reduces fertilizer loss risk. In conjunction with application of organic fertilizers, improving soil simultaneouslyWhen matter, utilize the spacetabs type of element in fertilizer can reduce the number of dropouts of Nitrogen In Soils, phosphorus, potassium.
The present invention, with respect to prior art, has following advantage and beneficial effect:
Compared with existing fertilizing method, this fertilizing method can reach simultaneously and make full use of feces of livestock and poultry, raising fertilizerThe optimum efficiency of material utilization rate and minimizing environmental pollution. By experimental results demonstrate, this fertilizing method and routineChemical fertilizer application is compared, and the output of crop does not have marked difference, but can make N loss by runoff reduce 60～80%, P elements runs off and reduces 65～85%, and potassium element runs off and reduces by 35～55% left and right.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, but embodiments of the present invention are not limitIn this.
The concrete computational process of optimum fertilizing amount is with reference to " vegetable nutrient and fertilizer practice " (Chen Luntao, 2002)In about the general principle of method of fertilization for target yield:
Optimum fertilizing amount=[(the Nutrient Absorption amount of target output × specific yield)-soil nurtient supply quantity]/ (nutrient content × fertilizer this season utilization rate of institute's fertilise) (formula 1)
Soil nurtient supply quantity=soil nutrien measuring value × 0.15 (conversion coefficients of every 667 square metres) ×Soil nutrient correction coefficient (formula 2)
Soil nutrient correction coefficient=(not fertilization area per mu yield × specific yield Nutrient Absorption amount)/(soil is supportedDivide measured value × 0.15) (formula 3)
Target output: be according to local temperature conditions, cultivar, managerial skills and grower's re-set targetAnd determine;
Soil nutrien measuring value gets by sampling analysis.
Embodiment 1
Choose at Liu Jia station, Yingtan Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province and have the plot of certain slope cultivated whole, every experimental plot faceAmassing is 10 × 10m2, in community one jiao dig a length and width, be the footpath of 150cm × 100cm × 80cm deeplyStream collecting pit. Raining, the runoff producing enters runoff collecting pit, collection water sample is analyzed mensuration. Plantation is doneThing is wheat. According to fertilization mode difference, 3 different disposal groups are set altogether, are respectively 1 test group, 1Individual control group, 1 blank group. Experimental group fertilization mode accounts for total dose for fertilizer provides nitrogen100%, the phosphorus element, the potassium element insufficient section that in fertilizer, provide are supplemented by chemical fertilizer; Control group fertilising sideFormula is for all using chemical fertilizer; Blank group does not apply any fertilizer, its objective is and measures soil nutrient correction coefficient.
Calculate the required pig manure (moisture content of test group according to method of fertilization for target yield (local wheat per mu yield 210kg)60% left and right) 366.7kg, calcium magnesium phosphate 0.44kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.09kg and potassium chloride 1.33kg,Before fertilising, first whole calcium magnesium phosphate and 1.01kg potassium chloride are sneaked into pig manure composting and obtain fertilizer, whereinCalcium magnesium phosphate and potassium chloride are for supplementing phosphorus element and the potassium element that pig manure is not enough; The required urea 4.14 of control groupKg, calcium magnesium phosphate 3.93kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.09kg and potassium chloride 3.19kg.
The method that base fertilizer adopts deep placement to cover, uses the degree of depth apart from ground 20～25cm left and right, and fertilising is apart from distanceCrop root 5～10cm. Test group base fertilizer is the organic of above-mentioned and calcium magnesium phosphate and potassium chloride mixing compostingFertile; Control group applying quantity of chemical fertilizer is urea 4.14kg, calcium magnesium phosphate 3.93kg, potassium chloride 2.87kg. ExecuteWhole ground after fertile, pour water, sow, base fertilizer applies the farmland irrigation of watering after 5～7 days.
In earlier stage start to topdress in wheat heading, adopt foliage-spray mode, spray concentration is 0.6%, testGroup and control group dose are potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.09kg, potassium chloride 0.32kg.
Blank group is not used any fertilizer, and other field management are consistent with control group with test group.
Find by the output of measuring crop: adopt the wheat in the experimental plot that applies fertilizer and chemical fertilizer collocation to produce202kg is compared with control group output 198kg for amount, remains basically stable; By monitoring irrigate and rainfall after runoffIn nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium element wastage, result show: the nitrogen phosphorus potassium loss amount of test group is respectively 0.25Kg, 0.35kg and 0.56kg, and control group element loss is nitrogen 0.83kg, phosphorus element 1.44kg, potassium element0.94kg, test group n-p-k element reduces discharging respectively 69.8%, 75.7% and 40.4%, has reached desirableEffect.
Embodiment 2
Choose at Liu Jia station, Yingtan Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province and have the plot of certain slope cultivated whole, every experimental plot faceAmassing is 10 × 10m2, in community one jiao dig a length and width, be the footpath of 150cm × 100cm × 80cm deeplyStream collecting pit. Raining, the runoff producing enters runoff collecting pit, collection water sample is analyzed mensuration. Plantation is doneThing is corn. According to fertilization mode difference, 3 different disposal groups are set altogether, are respectively 1 test group, 1Individual control group, 1 blank group. Experimental group fertilization mode accounts for total dose for fertilizer provides nitrogen100%, the phosphorus element, the potassium element insufficient section that in fertilizer, provide are supplemented by chemical fertilizer; Control group fertilising sideFormula is for all using chemical fertilizer; Blank group does not apply any fertilizer, its objective is and measures soil nutrient correction coefficient.
Calculate the required pig manure (moisture content of test group according to method of fertilization for target yield (local corn per mu yield 420kg)60% left and right) 736.2kg, calcium magnesium phosphate 0.31kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.12kg and potassium chloride 1.87kg,Before fertilising, first whole calcium magnesium phosphate and 1.68kg potassium chloride are sneaked into pig manure composting organic fertilizer, wherein calcium magnesiumPhosphate fertilizer and potassium chloride are for supplementing phosphorus element and the potassium element that pig manure is not enough; The required urea 6.87kg of control group,Calcium magnesium phosphate 4.07kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.12kg and potassium chloride 6.23kg.
The method that base fertilizer adopts deep placement to cover, uses the degree of depth apart from ground 20～25cm left and right, and fertilising is apart from distanceCrop root 5～10cm. Test group base fertilizer is the organic of above-mentioned and calcium magnesium phosphate and potassium chloride mixing compostingFertile; Control group applying quantity of chemical fertilizer is urea 6.87kg, calcium magnesium phosphate 4.07kg, potassium chloride 5.6kg. ExecuteWhole ground, sowing after fertile, base fertilizer applies the farmland irrigation of watering after 5～7 days.
Start to topdress between corn heading stage, adopt foliage-spray mode, spray concentration is 1%, test groupBe potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.12kg, potassium chloride 0.63kg with control group dose.
Blank group is not used any fertilizer, and other field management are consistent with control group with test group.
Find by the output of measuring crop: adopt the corn in the experimental plot that applies fertilizer and chemical fertilizer collocation to produce430kg is compared with control group output 428kg for amount, basically identical; By monitoring irrigate and rainfall after runoffIn nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium element wastage, result show the nitrogen phosphorus potassium loss amount of test group be respectively 1.25kg,1.01kg and 1.16kg, and control group element loss is nitrogen 2.13kg, phosphorus element 1.88kg, potassium element 1.74Kg, test group n-p-k element reduces discharging respectively 70.4%, 85.1% and 50.0%, has reached desirable effect.
Above-described embodiment is preferably embodiment of the present invention, but embodiments of the present invention are not subject to above-mentioned realityExecute routine restriction, other any do not deviate from the change done under Spirit Essence of the present invention and principle, modification,Substitute, combine, simplify, all should be equivalent substitute mode, within being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. utilize fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying to reduce a fertilizing method for nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdown, its feature existsIn comprising following concrete steps:
(1) determine optimum fertilizing amount;
(2) adopt a base fertilizer, the method for once topdressing fertilising; Base fertilizer: applying nitrogen is nitrogen total amount100%, apply phosphorus element for 85～95% of phosphorus element total amount, apply potassium element for 90 of potassium element total amount～95%, wherein nitrogen is all provided by fertilizer, and fertilizer provides not enough phosphorus element, potassium element by phosphate fertilizer, potassiumFertile supplementing; The mode that base fertilizer adopts deep placement to cover is applied fertilizer;
(3) topdress: remaining phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer is as the applied once that topdresses, topdress and adopt foliage-sprayMode is carried out;
Described in step (3), topdressed the period of using crop heading 3～7 days in earlier stage.
2. fertilizer and the fertilizer mixed applying of utilizing according to claim 1 reduces executing of nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdownFertilizer method, is characterized in that: the described fertilizer of step (2) refers to the farm manure of composting by fermentation; DescribedPhosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are sneaked into farm manure and are carried out composting.
3. fertilizer and the fertilizer mixed applying of utilizing according to claim 1 reduces executing of nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdownFertilizer method, is characterized in that: the fertilization depth of the described base fertilizer of step (2) is apart from soil surface 20～25cm,Fertilising distance is apart from crop root 5～10cm.
4. fertilizer and the fertilizer mixed applying of utilizing according to claim 1 reduces executing of nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdownFertilizer method, is characterized in that: the described phosphate fertilizer of step (2) is calcium magnesium phosphate; Described potash fertilizer is chlorinationPotassium.
5. fertilizer and the fertilizer mixed applying of utilizing according to claim 1 reduces executing of nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdownFertilizer method, is characterized in that: the described base fertilizer of step (2) applies the farmland irrigation of watering after 5～7 days.
6. fertilizer and the fertilizer mixed applying of utilizing according to claim 1 reduces executing of nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdownFertilizer method, is characterized in that: the described phosphate fertilizer of step (3) is potassium dihydrogen phosphate; Described potash fertilizer is chlorineChange potassium.
7. fertilizer and the fertilizer mixed applying of utilizing according to claim 1 reduces executing of nonirrigated farmland plantation blowdownFertilizer method, is characterized in that: the mode of the foliage-spray described in step (3) refers to potash fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer to be wateredAfter spray in blade face, spray concentration is 0.6～1%.
8. reduce nonirrigated farmland plantation according to utilize fertilizer and fertilizer mixed applying described in claim 1～7 any oneThe fertilizing method of blowdown is in the application of controlling in agricultural environment pollution.
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| CN105075478B (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2017-06-16 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | A kind of fertilizing method for reducing Soil Nitrate leaching loss |
| CN106797745A (en) * | 2017-01-11 | 2017-06-06 | 四川邡牌种业有限公司 | A kind of paddy rice intelligence precisely fertilizing method high |
| CN108243694B (en) * | 2018-01-17 | 2020-10-30 | 河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所 | Vegetable field soil phosphorus supply improving method based on vegetable chemical phosphate fertilizer application reduction |
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| RU2037283C1 (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1995-06-19 | Рафаэль Закивалиевич Валиев | Method for fertilization of perennial grasses on calcareous soils |
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| JP2000327469A (en) * | 1999-05-18 | 2000-11-28 | Taiwan Togyo Kofun Yugenkoshi | Production of liquid organic fertilizer |
| JP3532177B2 (en) * | 2001-10-19 | 2004-05-31 | くみあい肥料株式会社 | Rice fertilization method |
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| RU2037283C1 (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1995-06-19 | Рафаэль Закивалиевич Валиев | Method for fertilization of perennial grasses on calcareous soils |
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| CN102077722A (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2011-06-01 | 环境保护部华南环境科学研究所 | Fertilization method for reducing pollution emissions |
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