CN104040073A - 包含单宁树脂的芯材结构 - Google Patents

包含单宁树脂的芯材结构 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104040073A
CN104040073A CN201380005277.7A CN201380005277A CN104040073A CN 104040073 A CN104040073 A CN 104040073A CN 201380005277 A CN201380005277 A CN 201380005277A CN 104040073 A CN104040073 A CN 104040073A
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China
Prior art keywords
resin
weight
tannin
core
core according
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Pending
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CN201380005277.7A
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English (en)
Inventor
J.A.康利
M.R.勒维特
R.K.斯伊米安科
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Publication of CN104040073A publication Critical patent/CN104040073A/zh
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种结构芯材，所述结构芯材包含纤维网和基体树脂，所述基体树脂占网加树脂的重量的15至75重量％，所述基体树脂包含第一树脂，所述第一树脂包含单宁，其量为10至100重量％，以及在单宁不以100重量％的量存在的情况下的第二树脂，优选的第二树脂为酚醛树脂、苯并噁嗪、聚酯、氰酸酯、双马来酰亚胺、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺或它们的组合。

Description

包含单宁树脂的芯材结构
背景技术
1.技术领域
本发明涉及由纤维网制成的高强度芯材结构。所述芯材结构可呈蜂窝结构或折叠芯材的形式。
2.相关领域的说明
由纤维网制成的用于夹心板的芯材结构(大多数呈蜂窝结构的形式)用于不同的应用中，但主要用于航空航天和公共交通运输工业，其中强度与重量或刚度与重量的比率具有高的值。最终的结构通常包含纤维网和基体树脂。
例如，授予Lin的美国专利5,137,768描述了由高密度湿法成网的非织造纤维网制成的蜂窝结构芯材，所述非织造纤维网包含50重量或更多的对位芳族聚酰胺纤维，其中该组合物的其余部分为粘合剂和其它添加剂。最终的蜂窝结构包含所述网和基体树脂，并具有高剪切模量。
已描述了不同的基体树脂及它们的组合在蜂窝结构中的用途。例如，授予Wang等人的美国专利6,245,407描述了为酚醛树脂和聚酰胺聚合物的组合的树脂，其被用作浸渍树脂以涂覆蜂窝结构。
一直需要在不牺牲芯材的其它安全特性的情况下，改善芯材结构的阻燃性、其机械性能以及工艺经济性。这对用于飞机、火车和轮船内部的结构尤其如此。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种结构芯材，其包含纤维网和基体树脂，所述基体树脂占网加树脂的重量的15至75重量％，所述基体树脂包含：
(i)第一树脂，所述第一树脂为单宁(tannin)，所述单宁占所述基体树脂的10至100重量％；以及
(ii)第二树脂，在单宁不以100重量％的量存在的情况下。
本发明还涉及包含芯材结构的复合板。
附图说明
图1A和1B为六边形形状的蜂窝结构的视图。
图2为六边形单元形状的蜂窝结构的另一视图。
图3为具有面板的蜂窝结构的例示。
图4是折叠芯材结构的例示。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种结构芯材，其包含纤维网和基体树脂，所述基体树脂占网加树脂的重量的15至75重量％，所述基体树脂包含：
(i)第一树脂，所述第一树脂为单宁，所述单宁占所述基体树脂的10至100重量％；以及
(ii)第二树脂，在单宁不以100重量％的量存在的情况下。
优选的第二树脂为酚醛树脂、苯并噁嗪、聚酯、氰酸酯、双马来酰亚胺、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺或它们的组合。
所述芯材结构可呈蜂窝结构或折叠芯材的形式。本发明还涉及包含芯材结构的复合板。
令人惊奇地发现，在基体树脂的组成方面，用单宁部分或全部替换现有技术的酚醛树脂，芯材结构不仅增加了最终结构的阻燃性(基于限氧指数值)，而且改善了芯材的机械性能。
图1A为本发明的一个蜂窝结构1的平面图，其示出了由巢室壁3形成的巢室2。图1B为图1A所示蜂窝结构的正视图，并示出了在巢室壁的两端形成的所述两个外表面或面4。芯材还具有边缘5。图2为蜂窝结构的三维视图。示出了具有六边形巢室2和巢室壁3的蜂窝结构1。图2中的“10”处示出了蜂窝结构的“T”尺度或厚度。示出了六边形巢室；然而，其它几何排列也是可能的，其中正方形巢室、过度扩展巢室和弯曲芯材巢室是最常见的可能排列。此类巢室类型在本领域中是熟知的，有关可能的几何巢室类型的其它信息，参考T.Bitzer著的“Honeycomb Technology”第14至20页(Chapman&Hall出版社，1997年)。
图3示出了由具有面板7和8的蜂窝结构芯材6装配成的结构夹心板5，所述面板7和8连接到所述芯材的两个外表面上。尽管也可利用金属面板，但是优选的面板材料是预浸料坯(即用热固性或者热塑性树脂浸渍的纤维片)。在具有金属面板的情况下(并且在一些环境中使用预浸料坯)，还使用粘合剂膜9。通常在芯材的两侧上均存在至少两个预浸料坯表层。
图4示出了折叠芯材结构，其为由相对薄的平面片材料折叠而成的折叠几何图案的三维结构。此类折叠结构或棋盘格状片结构论述于美国专利6,935,997 B2和6,800,351 B1中。山形是用于三维折叠的棋盘格状芯材结构的常见图案。此类结构不同于蜂窝结构。优选的棋盘格状折叠结构是描述于美国专利号6,913,570 B2和美国专利公布号20100048078中的类型。
在一些实施例中，纤维网为非织造片材，其可呈纸材或无规取向的不连续或连续纤维垫的形式。
纸材可由天然纤维(诸如木浆、纤维素、棉花等)、合成纤维或它们的组合制成。
木浆纸材的例子包括漂白或未漂白的玻璃纸或牛皮纸。
来自合成纤维的纸材通常包含合成纤维和粘合剂。在一个实施例中，此类纸材包含10至100重量％纤维和相应地0至90重量％粘合剂。在另一个实施例中，所述纸材包含10至85重量％纤维和15至90重量％粘合剂。在另一个实施例中，所述纸材包含50至100重量％纤维和0至50重量％粘合剂。
在一些实施例中，纸材包含韧度为至少3克/分特的合成纤维。此类纤维的例子为间位芳族聚酰胺纤维和聚(乙烯醚邻苯二甲酰胺)纤维。
在其它实施例中，所述纸材包含韧度为至少11克/分特的合成纤维。此类纤维的例子为玻璃纤维、对位芳族聚酰胺纤维和碳纤维。
纤维网和基体树脂可包含少量无机颗粒，并且代表性的颗粒包括云母、蛭石等。这些性能增强添加剂的加入旨在向最终芯材结构赋予特性，诸如改善的耐火性、热导率、尺寸稳定性等。
纤维可呈单独使用或组合使用的短纤维(絮凝物)或纸浆的形式。
一般通过将连续的卷绕丝切割成特定长度的段来制备絮凝物。如果絮凝物的长度小于0.5毫米，则一般来讲太短，不能提供具有足够强度的纸材。如果絮凝物的长度大于26毫米，则非常难形成均匀的湿铺网。难以制备具有足够横截面均匀度和可重复生产性的直径小于5微米的絮凝物，尤其是直径小于3微米的絮凝物。如果絮凝物的直径大于20微米，则非常难形成轻至中等基重的均匀纸材。
如本文所用，术语“纸浆”是指具有杆和一般从其中延伸的纤丝的纤维材料的颗粒，其中杆一般为柱形并且直径为约10至50微米，并且纤丝为一般连接到杆上的细小的、毛发样的构件，所述构件测量的直径仅为一微米的若干分之几或者几微米并且长度为约10至100微米。在美国专利5,084,136中一般性地描述了一种用于制备芳族聚酰胺纸浆的可能的例证性方法。
优选的用于本发明芯材结构的包含合成纤维的纸材的粘合剂为纤条体。如本文所用，术语“纤条体”是指小的薄膜状的基本上为二维颗粒的细分聚合物产品，其具有约100至1000微米的宽度和约0.1至1微米的厚度。通常通过使聚合物溶液流动至与该溶液的溶剂不混容的液体的凝固浴中来制备纤条体。聚合物溶液流在聚合物凝固时经受剧烈剪切力和紊流。纤条体的制备在美国专利3,756,908中提出，其中工艺的综述性讨论存在于美国专利2,999,788中。纤条体应根据美国专利3,756,908的教导内容仅被细化到可用于允许最终纸的永久致密化和饱和度的程度。
优选的用于本发明中纤条体的聚合物包括芳族聚酰胺(聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺和聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)。其它粘合剂包括聚磺酰胺(PSA)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)以及聚酰亚胺。其它粘合剂材料呈树脂的一般形式，并可为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚脲、聚氨酯、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、聚酯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚丙烯腈、醇酸树脂等。优选的树脂为水分散性树脂和热固性树脂。最优选的树脂粘合剂包括水分散性环氧树脂。
纤维和纤条体的组成均可为变化的。优选的纤维类型包括芳族聚酰胺、液晶聚酯、聚吲哚、聚吡啶并唑、聚磺酰胺、聚苯硫醚、聚烯烃、碳、玻璃和其它无机纤维或者它们的混合物。
优选的纤条体类型包括芳族聚酰胺、聚磺酰胺(PSA)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)以及聚酰亚胺。
合适的芳族聚酰胺为间位芳族聚酰胺和对位芳族聚酰胺。合适的间位芳族聚酰胺聚合物为聚(间苯二甲酰异苯二胺)并且合适的对位芳族聚酰胺聚合物为聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)。
使用纤条体和短纤维制成的纸材已描述于授予Gross的美国专利3,756,908和授予Lin的美国专利5,137,768中。
用于由合成纤维制备芯材结构的可商购获得的纸幅为由E.I.DuPont deNemours and Company，Wilmington，DE出售的Nomex(R)T412和N636纸材。
除了由天然纤维或合成纤维制备之外，用于本发明的芯材的纸幅还可包含天然纤维和合成纤维例如芳族聚酰胺和木浆纤维的共混物。
只要形成了纸材，就根据目标的最终密度将其压延至期望的密度或者不将其压延。
在其它实施例中，纤维增强网为包含无规取向的不连续长丝的非织造垫，其中所述长丝被粘合或连结。毡为非织造垫的一个例子。
在其它实施例中，纤维增强网为织物材料，其包含连续的长丝纱线。所谓织物是指可以是织造的、单向或可以为多轴的结构。这些织物样式中的每一种均是本领域所熟知的。可使用多个不同的织物编织图案，其包括平纹、斜纹、缎纹、四经破缎纹、平纹衍生物、纱罗和充纱罗。优选平织图案。碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维或玻璃纤维是优选的用于织物的纤维。纱线可被缠结和/或加捻。出于本文的目的，术语“长丝”被定义为相对柔韧、宏观上均匀的主体，所述主体在垂直于其长度的整个其横截面上具有高长宽比。长丝横截面可为任何形状，但是通常为圆形或豆形。在本文中，术语“纤维”与术语“长丝”互换使用。“纱线”是多根长丝。长丝可具有任何长度。在卷装中旋绕于线轴上的复丝包含多根连续长丝。复丝可被切割成短纤维并被制成适用于本发明中的短纤纱。短纤维可具有约1.5英寸至约5英寸(约3.8cm至约12.7cm)的长度。短纤维可为直的(即不卷曲)或者可卷曲以沿其长度具有锯齿形褶皱，该褶皱(或重复弯曲)具有约3.5至约18个褶皱/英寸(约1.4至约7.1个褶皱/厘米)的褶皱频率。
本发明的结构芯材中的纤维网的表面涂覆有基体树脂。在一些实施例中，树脂浸渍到网中。基体树脂包含单宁。此外，基体树脂还可包含其它树脂。合适的其它树脂包括酚醛树脂、环氧树脂、聚酯、氰酸酯、双马来酰亚胺、聚酰胺、苯并噁嗪、以及聚酰亚胺树脂。在一些实施例中，树脂为单宁树脂(第一树脂)以及酚醛树脂或环氧树脂或聚酰亚胺树脂(第二树脂)的共混物。发现使用混合的酚醛树脂/单宁涂层树脂不仅增加所述芯材的阻燃性，而且增加芯材材料的总体机械性能，包括其刚度、强度和韧性。在一个实施例中，涂层树脂为树脂溶液，基于第一树脂加第二树脂的总重量计，所述树脂溶液包含10至90重量％的第一树脂和90至10重量％的第二树脂。当在芯材形成前进行网的树脂浸渍时，优选树脂是部分固化的。这种部分固化方法(称为B-分段)在复合材料工业中是熟知的。通过B-阶段我们表示在聚合反应中的中间阶段，其中树脂遇热软化并且是塑性的和可溶的，但是其没有完全地溶解或者熔化。B-分段的加强网仍能够进一步加工成期望的芯材形状。
当将芯材形成(膨胀)之后进行树脂浸渍时，通常顺序地进行以下重复的步骤：浸渍、然后移除溶剂并使树脂固化。优选的最终芯材密度(非织造片材加上树脂)在20至150kg/m3的范围内。在树脂浸渍加工期间，树脂被吸收到纤维网中并被涂覆于其上。
根据已知的块浸渍或网涂布程序，将涂料树脂施加于芯材上。
如果将酚醛树脂用作基体树脂，则其通常符合美国军用规格MIL-R-9299C。优选地，树脂为苯酚甲醛树脂并可为甲阶酚醛树脂或酚醛环氧树脂。可使用其它醛，例如糠醛，也可使用其它酚例如对苯二酚和对甲酚。对甲酚的制备和此类树脂的特性描述于“Phenolic Resins，”authors A.Knopand L. A.Pilato，Springer-Verlag，Berlin，1985中。甲阶酚醛树脂通过施用加热而简单固化，然而甲阶酚醛树脂为了其固化需要甲醛生成物质例如六亚甲基四胺(也称为乌洛托品)的附加存在。优选甲阶酚醛型树脂。合适的酚醛树脂购自公司诸如Hexion Specialty Chemicals，Columbus，OH或者Durez Corporation，Detroit，MI。
单宁树脂可为生物衍生的基于植物的，其从叶、芽、种子、根、树干和茎组织提取。合适的生物衍生的单宁包括含羞草、tupafin、金合欢、黑荆树、白坚木、板栗、橡树、松树、塔拉胶、儿茶鞣酸或它们的混合物。在另一个实施例中，单宁可为合成的。合成的单宁也被称为合成鞣剂。示例性合成鞣剂包括但不限于磺化苯酚-甲醛树脂、磺化三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂、磺化萘-甲醛树脂。在一些实施例中，单宁为没食子酸、黄酮或间苯三酚。在单宁与酚醛树脂混合的步骤之前，可在50-200℃、或80-150℃、或90-120℃范围内的温度下，将单宁干燥1-7天、或1-5天或1-3天范围内的时间量。在另一个实施例中，单宁按原样使用。
树脂可以溶剂或分散介质中的溶液或分散体形式使用，所述溶剂或分散介质例如为水、丙酮、丙-2-醇、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醇和甲苯。可使用这些溶剂的混合物以实现溶剂从芯材中的合格的蒸发速率。溶剂的用量根据包括所用芯材材料的类型在内的多个因素将有很大差别。一般来讲，应以常规的量加入溶剂以提供树脂溶液，所述树脂溶液可根据已知工艺容易地施用。
施加的树脂涂料的量将根据多个因素而变化。例如，相对多孔的非织造材料将需要更多的树脂以实现蜂窝壁的足够的润湿。就相对无孔的芯材材料而言，优选将足量的树脂施加于材料上以提供大约0.0025至0.125mm(0.1至5密尔)的涂层厚度。在一个实施例中，涂层树脂占纤维网加涂层树脂总重量的15至70重量％。
当加强网被构造成蜂窝芯材结构时，存在两种主要的制造方法，膨胀或起皱。膨胀方法常用于纸幅而起皱方法用于织物网。两种方法均是本领域所熟知的并且进一步详述于Engineered Materials Handbook，Volume1-Composites，ASM International，1988的第721页中。
热塑性蜂窝结构可通过焊接技术如热成形或超声成形来制备。此类方法描述于美国专利号5,039,567、5,421,935和5,217,556中。
在一些实施例中，在膨胀或起皱工艺之前，可用第一量的涂料树脂涂覆网，并且在蜂窝结构形成之后，以第二量施涂剩余的部分。
当加强网被构造成折叠芯材结构时，需要不同的制备技术。美国专利6,913,570 B2和7,115,089 B2以及美国专利申请2007/0141376中描述了用于将网坯转换加工为折叠芯材结构的方法。在一些实施例中，所有涂料树脂均在折叠芯材形成之后施加，然而在其它实施例中，在芯材形成之前，用第一量的涂料树脂涂覆网坯并在芯材形成之后以第二量施涂剩余部分。
用于在芯材形成之前和之后涂布网的方法是本领域所熟知的。
加强网的厚度取决于蜂窝芯材的最终用途或所需特性，并且在一些实施例中，厚度通常为75至500微米(3至20密尔)。在一些实施例中，网的基重为15至200克/平方米(0.5至6盎司/平方码)。
以上发明的芯材结构可用于制备复合板，所述复合板具有结合到所述芯材结构的至少一个外表面上的面板。所述面板材料可为塑料片材或板材、纤维增强的塑料(预浸料坯)或金属。在压力并且通常用粘合剂膜加热或者来自预浸料坯中树脂的热将所述面板连接到芯材结构。在压力下、烤箱或者高压釜中进行固化。此类技术为本领域的技术人员所熟知。
测试方法
根据2010年8月1日批准的ASTM D2863-10测定平均极限氧指数(LOI)。
通过比较树脂施用之前和之后的干样品重量并计算树脂占原料纸材加经固化树脂的总重量的重量百分比来测定树脂汲取率。
根据ASTM D828测定经树脂处理的纸材的拉伸特性。
比刚度如下计算：涂覆纸和浸渍纸的纵向和横向之间的算术平均拉伸刚度值除以涂覆纸的基重。纵向和横向两者均是本领域熟知的术语。
对于涂覆纸和浸渍纸所记录的抗张指数是涂覆纸或浸渍纸的纵向和横向上的抗张指数值之间的算术平均值。
比拉伸韧度如下计算：在涂覆纸或浸渍纸的纵向和横向方向上的测试中，负荷-伸长率曲线下的算术平均面积除以涂覆纸或浸渍纸的基重。
实例
以下实例涉及树脂涂覆的纸材的平板。此类纸材的机械性能和阻燃性将说明它们将如何在蜂窝巢室壁中或作为折叠芯材结构执行。
除非另外指明，所有份数和百分比均按重量计。除非另外指明，所有温度均以℃为单位。根据本发明所制备的实例用数值来指示。对照例或比较例用字母来指示。
实例1和2
在实例1和2中，将牛皮纸浸入包含单宁和酚醛树脂的共混物的浴中，所述牛皮纸具有109gsm(3.2oz/yd2)的基重，0.15mm(6.1密尔)的厚度以及34秒/100ml的格利空气阻力。两种树脂的相对量示出在表1中。所用的单宁树脂为由Silvateam，San Michele，Italy出售的Mimosa OP。酚醛树脂为由Georgia Pacific Resins，Inc出售的水基树脂型GP7648。然后通过以如下渐进式步骤在烘箱中将涂覆纸加热共计2.5小时来将纸材上的树脂组合物固化：在82℃下十五分钟、在121℃下十五分钟以及182℃下两小时。施加于纸材上的树脂量作为最终汲取率百分比示出在表1中。
实例A
实例A如实例1所述制备，不同的是仅使用酚醛树脂。树脂汲取率为31重量％。
将来自实例A、实例1和实例2的涂覆/饱和纸材切割成条并测试以确定用于支持燃烧的最少氧气浓度。对于每个样品测试最少三个样品。平均LOI记录在表1中。
表1
实例 单宁％ 酚醛树脂％ 最终树脂汲取率％ 平均LOI
1 2 98 35 26.5
2 10 90 34 27.3
A 0 100 31 24
实例3
在实例3中，将购自E.I.DuPont de Nemours&Co.，Wilmington，DE的1.8N636纸浸入浴中，所述浴包含25重量％单宁树脂和75重量％酚醛树脂的共混物(基于固体计)。然后按照实例1将纸材固化。最终树脂汲取率为42重量％。
实例B
实例B如实例3所述制备，不同的是仅使用酚醛树脂。树脂汲取率为41重量％。
将来自实例B和实例3的涂覆/饱和纸材切割成条并测试以确定用于支持燃烧的最少氧气浓度。对于每个样品测试最少三个样品。平均LOI记录在表2中。
表2
实例 单宁％ 酚醛树脂％ 最终树脂汲取率％ 平均LOI
3 25 75 42 30
B 0 100 41 26
实例4
将如实例1中所用的牛皮纸浸入浴中，所述浴包含30重量％单宁树脂和70重量％酚醛树脂的树脂共混物(基于固体计)。单宁树脂和酚醛树脂与实例1中相同。然后按照实例1将纸材固化。树脂汲取率为36.1重量％。然后将最终复合结构切割成条，所述条具有203.2mm(8英寸)的长度和25.4mm(1英寸)的宽度。在具有5kN的负荷传感器的Instron5565万能试验机上以12.5mm(0.5英寸)/分钟的速度测试所述条的拉伸特性。测试总共八个样品并将结果平均。最终复合结构的机械性能示出在表3中。
实例C
如实例4所述制备树脂涂覆的牛皮纸并进行测试，不同的是仅使用酚醛树脂。树脂汲取率为36.1重量％47重量％。最终复合结构的机械性能示出在表3中。
表3
实例5
将如实例3所用的纸浸入浴中，所述浴包含30重量％单宁树脂和70重量％酚醛树脂的树脂共混物(基于固体计)。然后按照实例1将纸材上的树脂组合物固化。树脂汲取率为45重量％。然后使用与实例4中相同的方法将最终复合材料切割成条并对拉伸特性进行测试。机械性能示出在表4中。
实例D
如实例5所述制备树脂浸渍纸并进行测试，不同的是仅使用酚醛树脂。然后按照实例1将纸材上的树脂组合物固化。树脂汲取率为53重量％。然后使用与实例4中相同的方法将最终复合材料切割成条并对拉伸特性进行测试。机械性能示出在表4中。
表4
如可从上述实例中看出，向酚醛树脂中加入单宁树脂导致涂覆纸或浸渍纸的极限氧指数值以及机械性能(刚度、强度和韧性)的明显改善(在这些具体情况下相差10至15％)。类似的性能有益效果将在包含此类经树脂处理纸材的蜂窝结构或折叠芯材结构中产生。

Claims (13)

1.一种结构芯材，其包含纤维网和基体树脂，所述基体树脂占网加树脂的重量的15至75重量％，所述基体树脂包含：
(i)第一树脂，所述第一树脂为单宁，所述单宁占所述基体树脂的10至100重量％；以及
(ii)第二树脂，在单宁不以100重量％的量存在的情况下。
2.根据权利要求1所述的结构芯材，其中单宁不以100重量％的量存在。
3.根据权利要求2所述的结构芯材，其中所述第二树脂包括酚醛树脂、苯并噁嗪、聚酯、氰酸酯、双马来酰亚胺、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺或它们的组合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的结构芯材，其中所述纤维网包含纤维素纤维。
5.根据权利要求1所述的结构芯材，其中所述纤维网包含韧度为至少3克/分特的纤维。
6.根据权利要求1所述的结构芯材，其中所述纤维网包含韧度为至少11克/分特的纤维。
7.根据权利要求1所述的结构芯材，其中所述单宁为没食子酸、含羞草、黄酮或间苯三酚。
8.根据权利要求1所述的结构芯材，其中所述网为纸材、织造织物、非织造织物或单向织物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的芯材，其中所述芯材呈蜂窝结构的形式。
10.根据权利要求1所述的芯材，其中所述芯材呈折叠结构的形式。
11.根据权利要求8所述的结构芯材，其中所述网为包含对位芳族聚酰胺、间位芳族聚酰胺、纤维素或它们的混合物的纸材。
12.一种复合板，其包括根据权利要求1所述的芯材结构和连接到所述芯材结构的至少一个外表面的至少一个面板。
13.根据权利要求12所述的复合板，其中所述面板由树脂浸渍的纤维、塑料或金属制成。
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