CN103983787A - 作为神经退行性疾病诊断/预后指示物的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)作为诊断/预后指示物预测、诊断和预后神经退行性疾病的方法,所述神经退行性疾病例如为阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)、轻度认知障碍(MCI)和唐氏综合症的神经退行性变(NDS)。还提供了用于施行所述诊断方法的结合QC的抗体的用途和试剂盒。
Description
本发明是申请日为2009年7月31日,申请号为200980130500.4,标题为“作为神经退行性疾病诊断/预后指示物的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶”的专利申请的分案申请。
发明领域
本发明涉及用谷氨酰胺酰环化酶作为诊断/预后指示物预测、诊断和预后神经退行性疾病的方法,所述神经退行性疾病例如为阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)、轻度认知障碍(MCI)和唐氏综合症的神经退行性变(NDS)。
发明背景
阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种导致痴呆的神经退行性疾病。术语“阿尔茨海默病”和“阿尔茨海默氏病”在本领域都被使用,这些术语是等价的并到处可互换使用。第一次检测出AD到死亡的时期可以从几年到15年,在此期间患者遭受日益增加的失去精神功能和身体控制功能的痛苦。疾病的进展具有显著的可变性。大多数患者的进展是逐渐而不可动摇(在30分的Folstein简易精神状态计分中每年平均失去3到4分),大约30%的AD病例有持续几年的延长的稳定初始平台期(Haxby J.V.等,Individual trajectories ofcognitive decline in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type,J.Clin.Exp.Neuropsychol14:575-592,1992.)。小群患者有在几年间爆发性的、迅速进展的下坡病程(Mann,U.等,Heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease:Progressionrate segregated by distinct neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic profiles,J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry55:956-959,1992)。其他患者(大约同类群的10%)维持缓慢进展,仅显现一年接一年的逐步下降(Grossi,D.等,Seniledementias,II International Symposium(pp.97-99),Paris:John Libbey Eurotext,1988.)。该异质性的病理学、化学和分子基础未明确。对AD进展可变性的识别代表了重要的临床认识,可以解释由“非典型”病例所呈现的诊断困难。尽管在某些病例中AD疾病有家族性现象,但看来大部分AD病例是非家族性的,直到最近都没有鉴定出该病的简单的生物学标记物(见下文)。
现有的用于诊断AD的方法包括分析从死后的患者获得的脑脊髓液(CSF)或大脑组织。因此,目前考虑中的标记物与可以解释从尸体检查发现的阿尔茨海默大脑的特征的蛋白质相关。神经原纤维缠结主要由超磷酸化的tau蛋白(一种细胞骨架蛋白质)构成。神经炎性斑含有一个淀粉样蛋白核心,所述淀粉样蛋白许多是由较大的前体蛋白质溶蛋白性裂解产生的42个氨基酸的肽(Aβ42)。来自相同前体的该蛋白质另一形式只含有40个氨基酸(Aβ40)。在AD受害者的大脑中发现该蛋白质的沉积。但是,tau和上述β淀粉样肽的改变的发生频率和强度不足以提供诊断价值,因此,基于这些蛋白质的血液检验看起来与AD没有很好的相关。除C端可变性外,N端修饰的Aβ肽是冗余的(Saido,T.C.等Dominant and differentialdeposition of distinct beta-amyloid peptide species,AβN3(pE),in senile plaques.Neuron14,457-466(1995);Russo,C.等Presenilin-1mutations in Alzheimer'sdisease.Nature405,531-532(2000);Saido,T.C.,Yamao,H.,Iwatsubo,T.和Kawashima,S.Amino-and carboxyl-terminal heterogeneity of beta-amyloidpeptides deposited in human brain.Neurosci.Lett.215,173-176(1996))。大部分的Aβ肽通过两个氨基酸进行N端截短,暴露出一个谷氨酸残基,接着被环化成焦谷氨酸(pE),产生Aβ3(pE)-42肽(Saido,T.C.等Dominant anddifferential deposition of distinct beta-amyloid peptide species,AβN3(pE),insenile plaques.Neuron14,457-466(1995);Saido,T.C.,Yamao,H.,Iwatsubo,T.和Kawashima,S.Amino-and carboxyl-terminal heterogeneity of beta-amyloidpeptides deposited in human brain.Neurosci.Lett.215,173-176(1996))。或者,pE可以随着BACE1的β’-裂解形成,产生AβN11(pE)-42(Naslund,J.等Relative abundance of Alzheimer Aβamyloid peptide variants in Alzheimerdisease and normal aging.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.91,8378-8382(1994);Liu,K.等Characterization of Aβ11-40/42peptide deposition in Alzheimer'sdisease and young Down's syndrome brains:implication of N-terminallytruncated Abeta species in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.ActaNeuropathol.112,163-174(2006))。具体而言,AβN3(pE)-42已被显示为散发的和家族性的AD中Aβ沉积物的主要成分(Saido,T.C.等Dominant anddifferential deposition of distinct beta-amyloid peptide species,AβN3(pE),insenile plaques.Neuron14,457-466(1995);Miravalle,L.等Amino-terminallytruncated Aβpeptide species are the main component of cotton wool plaques.Biochemistry44,10810-10821(2005))。
AβN3pE-42肽和Aβ1-40/1-42肽共同存在(Saido,T.C.等Dominant anddifferential deposition of distinct beta-amyloid peptide species,Abeta N3pE,insenile plaques.Neuron14,457-466(1995);Saido,T.C.,Yamao,H.,Iwatsubo,T.和Kawashima,S.Amino-and carboxyl-terminal heterogeneity of beta-amyloidpeptides deposited in human brain.Neurosci.Lett.215,173-176(1996)),并且,基于许多观察,能够在AD的发病机制中起主要作用。例如,AβN3pE-42肽特别的神经毒性已经被概述(Russo,C.等Pyroglutamate-modified amyloidbeta-peptides--AbetaN3(pE)--strongly affect cultured neuron and astrocytesurvival.J.Neurochem.82,1480-1489(2002)),而N端截短的Aβ肽的pE-修饰赋予了对大多数氨肽酶和Aβ-降解内肽酶的降解的抗性(Russo,C.等Pyroglutamate-modified amyloid beta-peptides--AbetaN3(pE)--strongly affectcultured neuron and astrocyte survival.J.Neurochem.82,1480-1489(2002);Saido,T.C.Alzheimer's disease as proteolytic disorders:anabolism andcatabolism of beta-amyloid.Neurobiol.Aging19,S69-S75(1998))。谷氨酸环化成pE导致N端电荷缺失,造成AβN3pE与未修饰Aβ肽相比加速聚集(He,W.和Barrow,C.J.The Aβ3-pyroglutamyl and11-pyroglutamyl peptides foundin senile plaque have greater beta-sheet forming and aggregation propensities invitro than full-length Aβ.Biochemistry38,10871-10877(1999);Schilling,S.等On the seeding and oligomerization of pGlu-amyloid peptides(in vitro).Biochemistry45,12393-12399(2006))。因此,AβN3pE-42形成的减少应该通过让该肽更易于降解而使其不稳定,随后,会防止更高分子量的Aβ聚集物形成而增加神经元存活。
然而,很长一段时间都不知道Aβ肽的pE-修饰如何发生。本申请人发现谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)能够在弱酸性环境催化AβN3pE-42形成,特异性的QC抑制剂在体外防止AβN3pE-42产生,因此,抑制谷氨酰胺酰环化酶是阿尔茨海默病成因性治疗新的治疗概念(Schilling,S.,Hoffmann,T.,Manhart,S.,Hoffmann,M.和Demuth,H.-U.Glutaminyl cyclases unfoldglutamyl cyclase activity under mild acid conditions.FEBS Lett.563,191-196(2004);Cynis,H.等Inhibition of glutaminyl cyclase alters pyroglutamateformation in mammalian cells.Biochim.Biophys.Acta1764,1618-1625(2006);Schilling等Inhibition of glutaminyl cyclase–a novel therapeutic concept forthe causative treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.Nature Medicine14,1106-1111(2008))。
目前,对已经出现的AD,或对于虽然表现出正常认知应答但不可避免或很大可能患上AD的对象,看起来没有令人满意的诊断标记物。
年龄相关性认知衰退(AACD)和轻度认知障碍(MCI)是用于识别有认知衰退而未达到痴呆的个体的术语。这些术语是等价的,在本申请全文可互换使用,MCI是更新近被采用的术语。诊断标准(世界卫生组织)的满足要求由患者或家属提供至少出现了六个月的逐步的认知功能衰退的报告。要涵盖任何认知域可能存在困难(尽管在大部分的病例中记忆受到损害),而且这必须有量化认知评估中的不正常表现的支持,所述量化认知评估中其年龄和教育标准对相对健康个体适用(即患者和与其自身年龄一样的正常对象比较)。在此类测试中,表现必须低于合适的群体的平均值一个标准差。不应存在痴呆和显著抑郁或药物效应。不应存在大脑或系统性疾病或已知的导致大脑认知功能障碍的状况。在申请人的经验中,被归类为临床痴呆评定量表的CDR.5(“可疑痴呆”)和符合这些例外的所有患者也符合AACD/MCI的标准。大约1/3的阿尔茨海默病患者有过可清楚定义的单独的记忆缺损时期,出现在其更全面的认知衰退之前(Haxby J.V.等,Individual trajectories of cognitive decline in patients with dementia of theAlzheimer type,J.Clin.Exp.Neuropsychology14:575-592,1992.)。使用除记忆外还看其它域的AACD/MCI标准,可识别前驱症状的比例可能更高。幸运的是,似乎不是所有AACD/MCI个体都衰退。看起来有显著数量的这些对象在测试中显现稳定、非进行性的记忆缺损。
预测AD、MCI和NDS起始或监测其进程的尝试只获得有限的成功。本申请的发明人发现,从对象获得的生物学样品中的QC量偏离在对照者中的参考量,可以与神经系统疾病状态正相关。因此,对于患有一种上述神经退行性疾病的患者的诊断,QC的存在与疾病状态的相关性代表了一种正向的和更直接的测试。
从而,本发明提供了用QC作为诊断标记物预测、诊断或预后AD、MCI和NDS的易于实施的生物学样品测试。
发明概述
本发明基于以下发现:与获得自正常(即健康的)对照对象的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)的量相比,获得自患有AD或MCI的对象生物学样品中的QC的量被提高。
AD、MCI或NDS和正常对照之间QC量不同的指示形成了开发用于诊断这些神经系统疾病的测试的基础。因而,本发明中通过测量患者样品中QC量而诊断AD、MCI或NDS的方法会大大地改进现有的对患有这些神经退行性疾病患者的临床诊断评估。
基于最近发现的存在于获得自患者的生物学样品中的QC量与正常对照之间的差异,可以建立QC量与神经退行性疾病可能的诊断的强相关性。QC量相对于对照样品统计学显著的提高是患者患有AD、MCI或NDS的合理预示。正常QC量,其由分离自正常年龄匹配群体的对照QC样品中的特征性QC量所决定,指示患者没有患例如AD、MCI或NDS的神经退行性疾病。以生物学样品中相对于正常对照QC提高或降低的量为基础的神经退行性疾病的阳性指示,一般与其它因素一起考虑以对具体疾病作最终决定。因此,在作出神经退行性疾病的决定性诊断中,被测试的对象的提高或降低的QC水平通常会和其它AD、MCI或NDS相关疾病的公认的临床症状一起考虑。
因此,根据本发明的第一个方面,提供了诊断对象的可能的阿尔茨海默病(AD)、唐氏综合症的神经退行性变(NDS)或轻度认知障碍(MCI)的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)检测获得自所述对象的生物学样品中的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的量;和
(b)将检测出的生物学样品中的QC量与正常对照特征性的QC量相比较;
由此相对于正常对照而言,所述生物学样品中QC提高的量是AD或MCI的阳性指示物。
根据本发明的一个优选实施方案,生物学样品是体液样品,例如血清、血浆、尿或脑脊液。更优选地,体液样品是血浆。
根据本发明的另外一个实施方案,QC量基于QC蛋白质水平或QCmRNA水平而检测。
检测或定量对象的生物学样品中的QC量可以通过本领域公知的任何手段实现。这些手段可以包括但不限于:例如免疫比浊法、免疫荧光法、免疫扩散、酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)、放射免疫测定法(RIA)、蛋白质印迹、蛋白质活性测定法,或者,对于QC的mRNA水平的测定,Northern印迹、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分析,例如实时PCR。同样可用的是高效液相色谱(HPLC)、质谱(MS)和气相色谱(GC),以及其多种配置,包括气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)和液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)系统。
优选地,生物学样品中的QC量用以免疫测定形式结合QC的抗体测定。因此,根据本发明一个优选的实施方案,提供了诊断对象的神经退行性疾病的方法,该方法包括:
(a)从所述对象获得生物学样品;
(b)将所述生物学样品与结合谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的抗体接触;
(c)使得抗体与QC形成免疫复合物;和
(d)检测形成的作为所述生物学样品中QC量指示的免疫复合物量;和
(e)将检测出的量与正常对照比较,
由此相对于正常对照提高或降低的检测量是神经退行性疾病的阳性指示物。
根据本发明仍另外的一个方面,提供了测定对象是否正患有神经退行性疾病的诊断试剂盒,包括结合QC的抗体和正常对照特征性QC量的确定的标准。实施该方法的试剂和说明也包含其中。
附图简述
图1:图1(a)显示应用定量RT-PCR的QC转录本水平分析。人新皮层大脑样品(布鲁德曼区22)的总RNA分离自如标示的正常老化的和处于不同Braak阶段的AD的大脑。QC转录本水平标准化至管家转录本浓度。图1(b)显示对QC的蛋白质印迹分析,所述QC来自和用于QC mRNA分析相同的病例和大脑区域。图1(c)显示来自于相同的病例和大脑区域的AβN3(pE)-42(标示为Aβ3(pE)-42)和Aβ1-42(Aβ1-42)浓度的定量,其应用ELISA对人新皮层大脑样品中的SDS-和甲酸抽提物进行分析。注意在早期AD时期,与Aβ1-42肽的十分温和的增加相比,AβN3(pE)-42肽浓度的强增加。图1(d)显示对来自正常老化对象和不同AD阶段的布鲁德曼区22总Aβ肽(通过4G8抗体)和AβN3(pE)-42肽的免疫组织化学检测。在正常老化中检测到稀疏的Aβ斑,但这些沉积物缺乏AβN3(pE)-42免疫反应性。然而,在所有AD阶段中,大多数Aβ斑含有AβN3(pE)-42肽。
图2显示对受激的THP-1细胞中QC和CCL2基因表达率的测定结果。
图3显示对THP-1细胞的条件培养基中QC比活性的测定结果。
淀粉样蛋白肽和趋化因子的序列
发明实施方案描述
本发明提供了诊断神经退行性疾病的有效且迅速的体外方法,其通过直接检测获得自对象的生物学样品中QC量并将检测到的QC量与正常对照特征性的QC量相比较。对象生物学样品中QC提高的量是AD、MCI或NDS的阳性指示。因此,如此处所描述,已阐明相对于正常对照,AD、NDS或MCI患者的生物学样品中QC量一贯地和显著地被提高。因而,本发明中通过检测或定量患者样品中QC量而诊断AD、MCI或NDS的方法会大大地改进现有对患上这些神经退行性疾病的患者的临床诊断评估。
相应地,提供了用QC作为生物学标记物评估对象是否会患上AD、MCI或NDS的方法。
谷氨酰胺酰环化酶或谷氨酰胺酰-肽环转移酶(QC,EC2.3.2.5)催化释放氨的N端谷氨酰胺酰残基分子内环化成焦谷氨酸(5-氧代-脯氨酸,pGlu*)和释放水的N端谷氨酰胺酰残基分子内环化成焦谷氨酸。
QC最早在1963年由Messer从热带植物番木瓜(Carica papaya)的乳胶中分离(Messer,M.1963Nature4874,1299)。24年后,相应的酶活性在动物脑垂体中被发现(Busby,W.H.J.等1987J Biol Chem262,8532-8536;Fischer,W.H.和Spiess,J.1987Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A84,3628-3632)。对于哺乳动物的QC,TRH和GnRH的前体可以显示QC对Gln形成pGlu的转化(Busby,W.H.J.等1987J Biol Chem262,8532-8536;Fischer,W.H.和Spiess,J.1987Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A84,3628-3632)。另外,最初的定位实验显示QC与其假定的底物在牛下丘脑垂体束共定位,更加证明提出的其在肽激素成熟中的功能(Bockers,T.M.等1995J Neuroendocrinol7,445-453)。相对而言,植物QC的生理功能比较不清楚。在来自番木瓜的酶的例子中,提出了在植物对致病性微生物的防御中的功能(El Moussaoui,A.等2001Cell Mol Life Sci58,556-570)。最近通过序列比较鉴定出其它植物的假定的QC(Dahl,S.W.等2000Protein Expr Purif20,27-36)。然而,这些酶的生理功能仍然不明确。
从植物和动物获知的QC显示出对底物N端位置的L-谷氨酸的严格特异性并且发现其动力学行为遵循米氏方程(Pohl,T.等1991Proc Natl AcadSci U S A88,10059-10063;Consalvo,A.P.等1988Anal Biochem175,131-138;Gololobov,M.Y.等1996Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler377,395-398)。然而来自番木瓜的QC和来自哺乳动物高度保守的QC的一级结构的比较没有显示任何序列同源性(Dahl,S.W.等(2000)Protein Expr Purif20,27-36)。由于植物QC看起来属于一个新的酶家族(Dahl,S.W.等(2000)Protein ExprPurif20,27-36),哺乳动物QC被发现与细菌氨肽酶类有显著的序列同源性(Bateman,R.C.等2001Biochemistry40,11246-11250),得出来自植物和动物的QC有不同的进化起源的结论。
Gostranova等人发现谷氨酰胺酰环化酶活性是多发性硬化患者和对照的脑脊液的特征性特性(Gostranova等,Clin Chim Acta.2008389(1-2),pp.152-159)。
QC的不同同种型,谷氨酰胺酰-肽环转移酶类似蛋白质(QPCTL)被观察到(WO2008/034891)。这些新蛋白质与谷氨酰胺酰环化酶有显著的序列相似性,例如,人QPCTL(进一步命名为isoQC)(GenBank accession no.NM_017659)。
一个蛋白质的多种同种型,例如QC和人isoQC,可以从一个单个基因通过多种机制产生,包括选择性RNA剪接、翻译后蛋白酶解加工和细胞类型特异性糖基化。因此,此处所用术语“谷氨酰胺酰环化酶”、“QC”和“isoQC”指的是QC其天然形式以及其任何同种型。
本发明优选的是人QC及其同种型,其氨基酸序列选自SEQ ID NO:1、2、3、4和5的组成的组。
本发明的方法中更优选的是人QPCTL,其氨基酸序列是SEQ ID NO.2,或更优选SEQ ID NO:3。
本发明的方法中更优选的是人QPCTL的剪接形式,其氨基酸序列是SEQ ID NO.4或SEQ ID NO:5。
本发明的方法中最优选的是氨基酸序列为SEQ ID NO:1的人QC。
因此,根据本发明的第一个方面,提供了诊断对象的可能的阿尔茨海默病(AD)、唐氏综合症中的神经退行性变(NDS)或轻度认知障碍(MCI)的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)检测来自所述对象的生物学样品中的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的量;和
(b)将检测出的生物学样品中的QC量与正常对照特征性的QC量相比较;
由此相对于正常对照而言,所述生物学样品中QC提高的量是AD、NDS或MCI的阳性指示物。
本发明的发明人证明了生物学样品中QC提高的量会与N端截短和焦谷氨酸化的淀粉样β肽提高的量相关,例如AβN3pE-42和/或AβN3pE-40和/或AβN3pE-38。
因此,根据本发明的另外一个方面,提供了诊断对象的可能的阿尔茨海默病(AD)、唐氏综合症中的神经退行性变(NDS)或轻度认知障碍(MCI)的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)检测来自所述对象的生物学样品中的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的量;和
(b)进一步检测AβN3pE-X的量;
(c)将检测出的生物学样品中的QC和AβN3pE-X量与正常对照特征性的QC和AβN3pE-X量相比较;
由此相对于正常对照而言,所述生物学样品中QC和AβN3pE-X提高的量是AD、NDS或MCI的阳性指示物,其中X是选自38、40和42的整数。
在一个优选的实施方案中,X是42。
在一个另外优选的实施方案中,X是40
在一个仍优选的实施方案中,X是38。
进一步优选的方法,其中不仅N端截短和焦谷氨酸化的淀粉样β肽的单一形式,而且AβN3pE-42和/或AβN3pE-40和/或AβN3pE-38的组合,和QC一起被检测。
进一步优选的方法,其中不仅N端截短和焦谷氨酸化的淀粉样β肽的单一形式,而且AβN3pE-42和/或AβN3pE-40和/或AβN3pE-38和/或家族性阿尔茨海默痴呆中出现的肽(如pGluABri或pGluADan)的组合,和QC一起被检测。
“pGlu-Aβ”或“AβN3pE”指的是从Aβ氨基酸序列第3位的谷氨酸残基起始的Aβ的N端截短形式,其中所述谷氨酸残基环化成焦谷氨酸残基。特别地,此处所用的pGlu-Aβ意思是涉及或关系到淀粉样病理学的那些片段,包括但不限于pGlu-Aβ3-38、pGlu-Aβ3-40、p-Glu-Aβ3-42。
本发明的发明人还证明了生物学样品中QC提高的量会与趋化因子提高的量相关,所述趋化因子包括例如CCL2、CCL7、CCL8、CCL9/10、CCL13、CCL15、CCL16、CCL25和Fractalkine。
因此,根据本分明的另外一方面,提供了诊断对象的可能的阿尔茨海默病(AD)、唐氏综合症中的神经退行性变(NDS)或轻度认知障碍(MCI)的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)检测来自所述对象的生物学样品中的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的量;和
(b)进一步检测趋化因子的量;
(c)将检测出的生物学样品中的QC和趋化因子量与正常对照特征性的QC和趋化因子量相比较;
由此相对于正常对照而言,所述生物学样品中QC和趋化因子提高的量是AD、NDS或MCI的阳性指示物。
在一个优选的实施方案中,所述趋化因子是哺乳动物来源的。更优选地,该趋化因子是人趋化因子。最优选地,该趋化因子是人CCL2。
在一个进一步优选的实施方案中,前述的诊断阿尔茨海默病(AD)、唐氏综合症中的神经退行性变(NDS)或轻度认知障碍(MCI)的任何方法也可以在对象的生物学样品体外完成。
术语“对象”指的是患有或者怀疑患有如AD、MCI或NDS的神经退行性疾病的哺乳动物。优选地,“对象”指的是人。
术语“生物学样品”指的是任何来源的生物材料,包括但不限于,外周血、血浆、淋巴细胞、脑脊液、尿、唾液、上皮、成纤维细胞,或其它任何含有QC蛋白质的样品。
在一个优选的实施方案中,QC量检测自体液样品,该体液样品获得自哺乳动物,最优选地获得自人。术语“体液”指的是在人身体存在的所有流体,包括但不限于,含有QC的血液、淋巴、尿和脑脊液(CSF)。血液样品可以包括血浆样品或血清样品,或从这些样品得到的组分。样品使用前可以进行预处理,例如从血液制备血浆、稀释粘性流体等等。优选地,血浆样品用抗凝剂(如EDTA)处理。
根据本发明的一个优选的实施方案,QC量检测自取自对象的血液样品,更优选血浆样品。因此,本发明优选地涉及上面描述的方法,包括以下步骤:获得所述对象的血浆样品;检测血浆样品中的QC量;将检测出的血浆样品中的QC量与来自正常对照血浆样品中的QC量相比较,由此相对于正常对照QC提高的量是AD、NDS或MCI的阳性指示。已证明QC提高的量与AD、NDS和MCI相关,可用于辅助其诊断。
QC(或其同种型)“提高的量”意味着,如本领域公知的,在病人样品检测的QC量在实验误差范围之外大于正常对照者特征性的QC平均量。优选地,在对象样品检测的QC量比所述正常对照者特征性的QC平均量大10%。更优选地,在对象样品检测的QC(或其同种型)量比所述正常对照者特征性的QC平均量大25%,或甚至更优选的是大50或75%。最优选地,在对象样品检测的QC(或其同种型)量比所述正常对照者特征性的QC平均量大几倍,例如大2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10或更多倍。
“正常对照”是获得自对象的相同类型的生物学样品,例如,获得自至少一个正常年龄匹配对照者或获得自另一个时期的患者。在一个实施方案,正常对照取自早期的患者。来自正常年龄匹配群体的正常对照样品应该分离自健康的年龄匹配对照(其家庭没有AD、MCI或NDS历史)的足够的群体抽样。作为例子,血浆QC水平高于QC的对照水平,其决定于足够的对照群体抽样大小,对AD、NDS或MCI是指示性的。本领域的技术人员会理解,来自待诊断的对象的样品是依照正常年龄匹配对照进行评估,对象蛋白质样品QC量的显著提高或降低是基于与给定试验所用对照的比较而决定的。
根据本发明一个另外的实施方案,QC或其同种型的量,基于所述QC或其同种型的蛋白质水平或mRNA水平检测。
检测或定量对象生物学样品中的QC量可以通过本领域公知的任何手段实现。这些手段可以包括但不限于,例如免疫比浊法、免疫荧光法、免疫扩散、酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)、放射免疫测定法(RIA)、蛋白质印迹、蛋白活性测定法,或者,对于QC的mRNA水平的测定,Northern印迹、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分析,例如实时PCR。同样可用的是高效液相色谱(HPLC)、质谱(MS)和气相色谱,以及其多种的配置,包括气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)和液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)系统,仅举几例。
当QC的检测可以通过本领域公知的检测肽的方法实现时,优选使用用抗体、抗体片段、重组抗体等等的免疫学检测方法。因此,这样的QC检测包括但不限于,特异性结合QC或其同种型的抗体在形成免疫复合物中的用途,以及检测免疫复合物形成的试剂。具体地,使用一个或多个抗体的合适的检测技术包括免疫比浊法、免疫荧光法、免疫扩散、ELISA、RIA等等。
这样的抗体可以是多克隆的或单克隆的。产生多克隆或单克隆抗体的方法是本领域公知的。作为综述,参看Harlow和Lane(Harlow,E.和Lane,D.,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,NY,1988),和Yelton等(Yelton D.E.和Scharff M.D.Monoclonal Antibodies:a powerful new tool in biology and medicine.Ann.Rev.Biochem.50:657-680,1981),此处都引用作为参考。对于单克隆抗体,参看Kohler和Milstein(Kohler G.和Milstein C,Continuous cultures of fused cellssecreting antibody of predefined specificity,Nature256:495-497,1975),此处引用作为参考。本发明的抗体是属于任何同种型的,例如IgG或IgA,而多克隆抗体是属于一个单一同种型或同种型的混合物。
根据本发明一个优选的实施方案,抗-QC抗体是单克隆抗体。尽管抗QC抗体可以广泛地商业上获得,此处描述的用于多种免疫测定的抗体可以根据标准方法产生。
另外,单克隆抗-QC抗体能够识别天然形式的QC,以及其任何同种型。因此,特异性识别QC(包括其同种型)的任何单克隆抗体可以用于所述定量QC的方法。
优选的是单克隆抗体,其特异性地识别QC但显示低的,或更优选地,没有和QC同种型的交叉反应性。可选地优选的是单克隆抗体,其特异性识别特定的QC同种型但显示低的,或更优选地,没有和QC的交叉反应性。
例如,合适的抗-QC抗体是商业上获得自Abnova(台北市,台湾),如鼠多克隆抗体(Cat.#H00025797-B01P)和兔多克隆抗体(Cat.#H00025797-D01P)。
例如,合适的抗-QPCTL抗体是鼠多克隆抗体,商业上获得自Abnova(台北市,台湾,Cat.#H00054814-B01P)。
保留了抗体可变区的来源于这些单克隆抗体的片段(如Fab、F(ab)2/ssFv(单链可变片段))和抗体类似构建体,只要它们保留了原有的结合性质,也可以用于本发明的方法。这样的片段通常由,例如木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶或其它蛋白酶酶消化抗体产生。本领域技术人员众所周知单克隆抗体或其片段可以被修饰而用于多种用途。因此,本发明的抗体可以是重组体,例如,嵌合的(如由鼠源的可变区和人恒定区联合构成)、人化的(人免疫球蛋白可变骨架和动物的超变区,如鼠源)和/或单链。
用于本发明的方法的QC或其同种型的特异性抗体可以用合适的标签标记,并依据标签的存在而在生物学样品中被识别。该标签容许在抗体结合QC时对其的检测。标签的例子包括但不限于下列的:放射性同位素(如,3H、14C、35S、125I、131I)、荧光标签(如,异硫氰酸荧光素、罗丹明、稀土磷光体)、发光标签、酶标签(如,辣根过氧化物酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、荧光素酶、碱性磷酸酶)、化学发光和生物素基团。
本领域普通技术人员可以容易地实现上面讨论的抗体的交联或标记方法(参看例如Inman,"Methods In Enzymology",Vol.34,Affinity Techniques,Enzyme Purification:Part B,Jakoby和Wichek(编),Academic Press,NewYork,p.30,1974;Wilchek和Bayer,"The Avidin-Biotin Complex inBioanalytical Applications,"Anal.Biochem.171:1-32,1988)。
对于诊断应用,抗-QC抗体是游离状态或固定于固体支持物上,例如管子、珠子或任何其它用于该领域的常规支持物。固定化通过直接或间接的手段达到。“直接手段”包括支持物和反应物之间的被动吸附(非共价结合)或共价结合。“间接手段”意味着一种与反应物相互作用的抗-反应物化合物首先连接于固体支持物。间接意味着也可以应用配体-受体系统,例如,一个分子(如维生素)被移植至反应物上而相应的受体固定于固相。由生物素-链亲和素系统例证。
本领域技术人员会容易地理解生物学样品中的QC和抗体之间形成免疫复合物,而任何非结合的材料在复合物检测前被除去。不言而喻,本发明中的抗体用于定量生物学样品(例如血液、血浆、淋巴细胞、脑脊液、尿、唾液、上皮和成纤维细胞)中的QC量。
如本领域所公知的,测定这样的抗体结合可以用许多不同的免疫测定形式进行,包括但不限于,免疫比浊测定法(凝集反应)、酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)和放射免疫测定法(RIA)(参看例如"Principles and Practiceof Immunoassay"(1991)Christopher P.Price和David J.Neoman(编),Stockton Press,New York,N.Y.;Ausubel等(编)(1987)in"CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology"John Wiley and Sons,New York,N.Y.,此处都引用作为参考)。检测可以是显色的或放射活性的方法或本领域技术人员公知的任何其它常规方法。其它本领域公知的的标准技术描述于:"Methods inImmunodiagnosis",第二版,Rose and Bigazzi编,John Wiley and Sons,New York1980和Campbell等;"Methods of Immunology",W.A.Benjamin,Inc.,1964;美国专利U.S.Patent Nos.4,366,241、4,376,110、4,517,288和4,837,168,其公开在此处引用作为参考。作为一般性免疫测定法的综述,也参看:"Methods In Cell Biology",Vol.37,Asai编,Academic Press,Inc.NewYork(1993);"Basic And Clinical Immunology"第七版,Stites和Terr编(1991)。
这些检测QC的测定方法可以是本领域所描述的直接的、间接的、竞争性的或非竞争性的的免疫测定法(参看例如:"Principles and Practice ofImmunoassay"(1991)Christopher P.Price和David J.Neoman(编),StocktonPress,New York,N.Y.;Ausubel等(编)(1987)in"Current Protocols inMolecular Biology"John Wiley and Sons,New York,N.Y.;以及Oellirich,M.1984.J.Clin.Chem.Clin.Biochem.22:895-904,在此处引用作为参考)。
非竞争性免疫测定法是是直接测定QC量的测定方法。例如,在“三明治”测定法中,抗-QC抗体可以被直接结合而固定于固体底物。然后这些固定化的抗体捕获存在于生物学样品中的QC。如此固定的QC然后被标签物结合,例如带有标签的第二个人QC抗体。
在竞争性免疫测定法中,存在于生物学样品中的抗原的量是间接测定的,其通过向样品加入已知量的已标记抗原并检测与抗体结合的已标记抗原的量。例如,在本例中将已知量的已标记QC加入生物学样品中,然后将样品与抗-QC抗体接触。结合抗-QC抗体的已标记QC的量与生物学样品中的QC的浓度成反比例。这是因为检测到越多已标记QC的量,生物学样品中能够与已标记QC竞争的QC就越少。
还提供了实施诊断对象的AD、MCI或NDS的测试方法的诊断试剂盒。因此,本发明可以用诊断试剂盒实行,所述诊断试剂盒包括如此处所描述,至少一种QC及其同种型特异性的抗体和检测抗体-QC结合免疫复合物的任何必需试剂。一般地,试剂盒可以包括一种单一的特异性识别QC及其同种型的抗体。另一方面,试剂盒可以包括一种特异性识别QC及其同种型的初级抗体和一种次级抗体,所述次级抗体与一个信号产生标签连接并能够结合初级抗体或结合于与初级抗体结合位点不同的位点。连接至次级抗体的信号产生标签可以是,但不限于,一种酶,例如辣根过氧化物酶或碱性磷酸酶。试剂盒还可以包括用于实施测定方法的其它试剂如缓冲液、固体支持物、溶液等等。试剂盒也可以含有实施在诊断检测中使用一种或更多抗体的本发明方法的说明。
发明实施例
实施例1:体内的AβN3pE-42形成和QC表达
在哺乳动物大脑中检测到广泛的QC分布并且在海马和皮层有大量的表达。为了评估在AD中QC表达是否可以与AβN3pE-42的产生相关,分析了死后的人新皮层大脑样品中的QC的mRNA和蛋白质浓度(图1a、b)。吸引人的是,发明人发现在AD大脑样品中QC的mRNA和蛋白质与正常老化比较的向上调节。而且,与非痴呆个体形成对比,在来自AD患者的样品检测到显著浓度的AβN3pE-42,支持了QC在AβN3pE-42产生的作用(图1c)。另一方面,ELISA分析显示了在正常老化对照对象中的高Aβx-42浓度和在早期AD阶段的更小的增加(图1c)。应用抗体检测总Aβ(4G8)或特异的AβN3pE-42的免疫组织化学法确证了该观察(图1d)。来自所有组的大脑切片都检测出明显的Aβ的免疫反应性。相反,AβN3pE-42不存在于正常老化但对AD大脑组织是特异的,在AD大脑组织中AβN3pE-42-免疫反应性斑荷载几乎和总Aβ斑密度一样高。
材料和方法
人脑组织
用于本研究的所有病例的AD的明确诊断是基于在海马结构和新皮层区存在的神经原纤维缠结和神经炎性斑,并符合National Institute ofNeurologic and Communicative Disorders and Stroke(NINDS)和Alzheimer’sDisease and Related Disorders Association(ADRDA)的标准。来自相同病例的皮质组织(布鲁德曼区22)用于对QC mRNA浓度、QC蛋白质和AβN3pE-42的定量。总共分析了10个对照病例和分别是Braak阶段I-II和V-VI的10个AD病例。这些组是性别和年龄配对的(对照:平均72岁±6.6岁;AD I-II:平均73岁±3.1岁;AD V-VI:平均77岁±6.6岁)。平均死亡时间(PMI)组间相似,范围从26到96小时。PMI的持续时间既不与通过蛋白质印迹分析对QC的检测相关,也不与通过ELISA对Aβ的定量相关。对于用qRT-PCR对QC mRNA的检测,只包括死亡时间低于48小时的组织样品。
QC mRNA定量和QC蛋白质印迹分析
采用Precellys均质器用1.4mm陶瓷珠(500rpm,30秒,peqlab)将组织样品均质化。RNA根据说明书指示用NucleoSpin RNA II试剂盒(Macherey Nagel)分离。用随机引物(Roche)和Superscript II(Invitrogen)将恒定的100ng RNA逆转录成cDNA。定量实时PCR在Rotorgene3000(Corbett Research)上用QuantiTect Primer Assay for QPCT(QT00013881,Qiagen)和QuantiTect SYBR Green RT-PCR试剂盒(Qiagen)进行。QC绝对量用六个稀释度的外部QC标准DNA(克隆于pcDNA3载体的全长QC)重复地测定。为验证PCR,生成了产物溶解曲线并用琼脂糖凝胶电泳确认单一扩增。绝对量用Rotorgene软件4.6版本在定量模式测定。依照两个最稳定表达的管家基因HPRT和GAPDH(geNorm)进行标准化。对蛋白质印迹分析,大脑样品(50mg)在缓冲液(1ml)中均质化,所述缓冲液含有10mM Tris pH7.5、100mM NaCl、5mM EDTA和0.5%Triton X-100和10%甘油。组织在Downs-均质器中进行几次击打并进行3x10秒的超声波震荡均质。获得的匀浆通过20000g离心25分钟而变清。每个样品的共12微克蛋白质通过Tris-Glycine SDS-PAGE分离。用纯化的由重组的人QC产生的鼠多克隆抗体检测QC。为可见,印迹膜与交联辣根过氧化物酶(CellSignaling)的第二抗体在含有5%(w/v)奶粉的TBS-T中孵育,随后根据说明书的方案用SuperSignal West Pico System(Pierce)显影。
实施例2:受激的THP-1细胞中QC和CCL2基因表达率的测定
人单核球白血病细胞系THP-1细胞在37℃、5%二氧化碳和95%空气湿度的空气中,悬浮培养(每毫升培养液5x105细胞)于含有10%FCS(=FBS,胎牛血清(Invitrogen))和60μg/ml庆大霉素(Invitrogen)的RPMI-1640培养液(Rosewell Park Memorial Institute Medium1640(Invitrogen))。
为了研究QC和CCL2的刺激效应,2x106个细胞被接种于在24孔板的1毫升没有FCS的培养液,所述培养液含有不同浓度的脂多糖(LPS;Sigma)。孵育24小时后通过离心(5分钟300g)将培养液从细胞除去。
用Nucleo-RNA II试剂盒(Macherey&Nagel)进行RNA分离,接着测定RNA的浓度。用Invitrogen的SuperScriptTM II Reverse Transcriptase试剂盒将1μg RNA逆转录成cDNA。
用实时循环仪Rotor-GeneTM3000,通过定量PCR测定QC和CCL2的基因表达率。用操作软件的比较方法可以显示受激探针比较于非受激对照的基因表达率的变化。依照参考基因YWHAZ(酪氨酸3-单加氧酶/色氨酸5-单加氧酶活化蛋白)进行标准化。结果显示于图2。
实施例3:THP-1细胞条件培养液QC比活性的测定
在25平方厘米的悬浮瓶(Greiner)接种5x106THP-1细胞于5毫升没有酚红和FCS的RPMI-1640培养液(Invitrogen),并用不同浓度的LPS(Sigma)刺激。在37℃和5%二氧化碳孵育24小时后,将细胞从培养液分离,用MWCO(分子量截留)10kDa的U-TubeTMConcentrators6-10(Merck,Novagen)通过离心将培养液减少至终体积250微升。接着通过Bradford方法分析蛋白质浓度。QC比活性的测定通过内部建立的HPLC方法实现。结果显示于图3。
实施例4:QC活性的测定
荧光测定法
所有的测量在30℃,用适用于微孔板的BioAssay Reader HTS-7000Plus(Perkin Elmer)进行。QC活性用H-Gln-bBA荧光测定。在250微升终体积中,样品由以下组成:0.2mM荧光底物、0.25个单位的焦谷氨酰氨肽酶(0.2M Tris/HCl,pH8.0,20mM EDTA;Unizyme,,Denmark)和适当地稀释的一份QC。激发/发射波长是320/410纳米。通过加入谷氨酰胺酰环化酶起始测定反应。QC活性从测定条件下的b-萘胺的标准曲线测出。一个单位定义为在所描述的条件下,催化每分钟从H-Gln-bNA形成1微摩尔pGlu-bNA的QC的量。
在第二个荧光测定法中,用H-Gln-AMC作为底物测定QC活性。反应在30℃用NOVOStar微孔板读数仪(BMG labtechnologies)进行。在250微升终体积中,样品由以下组成:不同浓度的荧光底物、0.1个单位的焦谷氨酰氨肽酶(0.05M Tris/HCl,pH8.0,5mM EDTA;Qiagen)和适当地稀释的一份QC。激发/发射波长是380/460纳米。通过加入谷氨酰胺酰环化酶起始测定反应。动力学数据用GraFit软件计算。
QC的分光光度计法测定
在本测定法中,用连续的方法分光光度分析QC活性,其使用谷氨酸脱氢酶作为辅助酶,修改自以前的不连续测定法(Bateman,R.C.J.1989JNeurosci Methods30,23-28)。在250微升终体积中,样品由以下组成:各自的QC底物、0.3mM NADH、14mM a-酮戊二酸和30单位/毫升的谷氨酸脱氢酶。反应通过加入QC开始,并继续进行8-15分钟对在340纳米吸收下降的监测。
计算初速度,而酶活性从测定条件下的氨的标准曲线测出。所有样品在30℃下测量,使用SPECTRAFluor Plus或Sunrise(都来自TECAN)微孔板读数仪。动力学数据用GraFit软件计算。
Claims (23)
1.一种确定存在于获得自患者的生物学样品中的QC量与获得自正常对照对象的生物学样品中的QC量之间差异的体外方法,所述方法包括:
(a)检测所述生物学样品中的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的量;和
(b)将检测出的所述生物学样品中的QC量与正常对照的特征性QC量相比较;
由此相对于正常对照而言,所述生物学样品中QC的提高的量是AD、NDS或MCI的阳性指示物。
2.一种确定存在于获得自患者的生物学样品中的QC量与获得自正常对照对象的生物学样品中的QC量之间差异的体外方法,所述方法包括:
(a)检测所述生物学样品中的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的量;和
(b)进一步检测AβN3pE-X的量,
(c)将检测出的生物学样品中的QC和AβN3pE-X量与正常对照的特征性QC和AβN3pE-X量相比较;
由此相对于正常对照而言,所述生物学样品中QC和AβN3pE-X的提高的量是AD、NDS或MCI的阳性指示物,以及
其中X是选自38、40和42的整数。
3.一种确定存在于获得自患者的生物学样品中的QC量与获得自正常对照对象的生物学样品中的QC量之间差异的体外方法,所述方法包括:
(a)检测所述生物学样品中的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的量;和
(b)进一步检测趋化因子的量,
(c)将检测出的生物学样品中的QC和趋化因子量与正常对照的特征性QC和趋化因子量相比较;
由此相对于正常对照而言,所述生物学样品中QC和趋化因子的提高的量是AD、NDS或MCI的阳性指示物。
4.权利要求1、2或3中任一项的体外方法,其中所述QC是人QC或其同种型,其具有选自SEQ ID NO:1、2、3、4和5的氨基酸序列。
5.权利要求1-4中任一项的体外方法,其中所述QC是SEQ ID NO:1的人QC。
6.权利要求中1-5中任一项的体外方法,其中所述生物学样品是血清、血浆、尿或脑脊液。
7.权利要求1-6中任一项的体外方法,其中所述生物学样品是血浆。
8.权利要求1-7中任一项的体外方法,其中通过免疫比浊法、免疫荧光法、免疫扩散、酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)、放射免疫测定法(RIA)、蛋白质印迹、蛋白质活性测定、Northern印迹、PCR、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、质谱(MS)、气相色谱(GC)、GC-MS、LC-MS或LC-MS/MS检测QC的量。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项的体外方法,其中基于所述QC或其同种型的蛋白质水平检测QC或其同种型的量。
10.权利要求1-9中任一项的体外方法,其中用特异性地结合QC或其同种型的抗体检测QC的量。
11.权利要求1-9中任一项的体外方法,其中通过测量QC或其同种型的酶活性检测QC的量。
12.权利要求1-8中任一项的体外方法,其中基于所述QC或其同种型的mRNA水平检测QC或其同种型的量。
13.权利要求2和4-12中任一项的体外方法,其中X是42。
14.权利要求2和4-12中任一项的体外方法,其中X是40。
15.权利要求2和4-12中任一项的体外方法,其中X是38。
16.权利要求2和4-12中任一项的体外方法,其中不仅单一形式的N端截短和焦谷氨酸化的淀粉样β肽,而且AβN3pE-42和/或AβN3pE-40和/或AβN3pE-38和/或pGluABri和/或pGluADan的组合,和QC一起被检测。
17.权利要求3-12中任一项的体外方法,其中所述趋化因子选自CCL2、CCL7、CCL8、CCL9/10、CCL13、CCL15、CCL16、CCL25和Fractalkine。
18.权利要求3-12中任一项的体外方法,其中所述趋化因子是CCL2。
19.一种确定存在于获得自患者的生物学样品中的QC量与获得自正常对照对象的生物学样品中的QC量之间差异的体外方法,所述方法包括:
(a)使所述生物学样品与结合谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的抗体接触;
(b)使得抗体与QC形成免疫复合物;和
(c)检测形成的作为所述生物学样品中的QC量指示的免疫复合物量;和
(d)将检测出的量与来自正常对照对象的样品比较,
由此相对于正常对照提高或降低的检测量是神经退行性疾病的阳性指示物。
20.权利要求19中的体外方法,其中相对于正常对照提高的检测量是AD的阳性指示物。
21.权利要求19中的体外方法,其中相对于正常对照提高的检测量是MCI的阳性指示物。
22.权利要求19中的体外方法,其中相对于正常对照提高的检测量是NDS的阳性指示物。
23.结合作为生物学标记物的谷氨酰胺酰环化酶(QC)或其同种型的抗体在制备用于通过权利要求1-22任一项所述的体外方法确定QC量差异的试剂盒中的应用,所述体外方法包括使获得自对象的生物学样品与所述抗体接触而测定样品中的QC量。
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