CN103917459B - 带有优化的绝热值的绝缘部件、其制造方法及具有其的包装容器 - Google Patents

带有优化的绝热值的绝缘部件、其制造方法及具有其的包装容器 Download PDF

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CN103917459B
CN103917459B CN201280019642.5A CN201280019642A CN103917459B CN 103917459 B CN103917459 B CN 103917459B CN 201280019642 A CN201280019642 A CN 201280019642A CN 103917459 B CN103917459 B CN 103917459B
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insulating element
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bearing component
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尼科·罗斯
理查德·埃特尔
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Abstract

一种例如用于输送容器或包装容器的绝缘部件(1)，用来限定待热绝缘的空间，包括尤其板状的承载部件(2)，该承载部件由具有小导热率的材料比如聚合物构成，承载部件(2)设有金属的涂层(3)，该涂层具有低的辐射率，以便减小热辐射，但敷设层厚小于80nm优选小于50nm，以便金属涂层的热传导仅仅不明显地减小由此优化的绝热值。纳米级的金属涂层不仅减小了热辐射，而且能在热传导减小的情况下实现优化的气密性。

Description

带有优化的绝热值的绝缘部件、其制造方法及具有其的包装容器
本发明涉及一种例如用于输送容器或包装容器的绝缘部件，用来限定待热绝缘的空间，包括由具有小导热率的材料比如聚合物构成的承载部件。本发明还涉及一种特别是用于包装目的的容器，其壁均由至少一个绝缘部件构成。本发明还涉及一种用于制造绝缘部件的方法。
已知可以采用所谓的杜瓦原理来得到良好的热绝缘，该原理的主要内容是，在热反射的壁之间包夹一个高度真空的空间。该原理主要应用于柱形的绝缘容器。采用杜瓦原理的包装容器、保存容器或输送容器减少三种可能的热传递过程，即热传导、热辐射和对流。热传导例如通过选用导热率小的材料来予以影响，但器皿形状也有重要作用。通过辐射发生的热传递以容器壁的镜面化方式得到减小。真空减小了通过对流发生的热传递。
固体、液体或气体的导热率亦即导热系数（λ）是其借助热传导以热量形式输送热能的能力。以“瓦特/开尔文·米”为单位的（单位）导热率是与温度相关的材料常数。若在本发明的范围内谈及小的导热率，则其在未做其它说明的情况下系指材料的导热率小于100mWm-1K-1。
相比于柱形的绝缘容器，杜瓦原理在嵌板式绝缘部件上实现起来就不那么容易，因为带有扁平的壁的绝缘部件要求壁厚很厚，以便能够经受住外部大气压力。因此，针对嵌板式绝缘部件，人们通常放弃在部件的内壁与外壁之间的空腔中产生真空。就特别是嵌板式绝缘部件的绝缘材料而言，导热率、气密性尤其还有热辐射的反射对于绝缘特性来说意义重大。由聚合物构成的绝缘部件普遍地以导热率小见长。另一方面，其气密性及其对热辐射的反射能力不够用。然而，金属可以彻底地气密和反射热辐射，但由于其相对大的导热率而至今未被考虑作为用于阻抑热量的绝缘材料。
因此，本发明的目的在于，提出一种绝缘部件，其包括尤其板状的承载部件，该承载部件由具有小导热率的材料比如聚合物构成，其能够显著地提高对热辐射的反射和气密性，而不会由此减小整体导热率。
根据本发明的第一方面，为了实现所述目的，基于开篇所述类型的绝缘部件，主要规定如下：承载部件设有金属涂层，该涂层具有用于降低热辐射的小于0.2优选为0.02-0.09的辐射率和用于减小金属涂层的热传导的小于80nm优选小于50nm的层厚。采用本发明将实现把例如承载材料的聚合物的小导热率的优点与气密的纳米级的金属层结合起来，从而绝缘材料显著地反射热辐射，优选同时气密地封闭，但所提出的金属层的热传导减小至最低程度。对于绝缘部件来说，金属涂层由于其导热率高而出现问题，从而产生承载部件的小导热率的优点由于金属涂层的导热率高而至少部分丧失的危险。在本发明的范围内将实现显著地减小热辐射的辐射率（优选小于0.1），优化气密性，同时还能由于非常小的小于80nm特别是小于50nm的层厚而减小通过金属涂层发生的热传导。此外，特别是在聚合物承载体与金属涂层之间的过渡区中的形态致使难以在金属涂层与承载部件之间发生热传递。
一种优选的改进规定，涂层由银构成。银虽然具有非常高的导热率（429Wm-1K-1），以至于尽可能小的优选低于50nm的层厚尤为重要，但其特点是，耐氧化性高，气密性大，抗菌特性好。由于这种抗菌特性，带有银涂层的绝缘部件特别是适用于医疗领域的绝缘容器，其中，银涂层在任何情况下都设置在绝缘部件的面向容器内部空间的侧面上。附加地，也可以把金属涂层特别是银涂层设置在容器的外侧面上。
特别优选的是，采用溅射沉积法来敷设涂层。特别是对于银来说，在此将观察到高的溅射成果。溅射在本发明的范围内特别有利，因为其能在层很薄时就已经实现高的层品质，且允许在聚合物上形成边界层。溅射（阴极溅射）是一个物理过程，其中，用富含能量的离子（当前为惰性气体离子）撞击固体（目标物），使得原子从中脱离，并过渡为气态。在溅射沉积时，在目标物附近装上衬底，从而撞击出来的原子可以冷凝在该衬底上并形成一层。溅射沉积因而是属于PVD方法组的基于高度真空的涂层技术，其对本领域技术人员来说是已知的，因此这里无需予以详述。
本发明的绝缘部件有利地被构造成嵌板，其中，多个嵌板可以组装成一个绝缘容器，如果这些绝缘部件比如按照一种优选的改进是自承载的。但嵌板也可以用于对现有容器进行内护覆或外护覆。嵌板优选在其边缘处具有连接部件，从而能以简单的方式把相邻的嵌板相互连接起来。在此，所述连接部件例如可以是形状配合的连接部件，比如用于产生槽-榫连接的造型件。
为了进一步改善绝缘特性，可以优选地规定，承载部件本身具有至少一个封闭的空腔。承载部件本身优选具有多个特别是基本上蜂窝状的封闭的空腔。特别地用隔壁把多个小空腔相互隔开。限定至少一个空腔或多个空腔的壁特别优选设有金属涂层。在此，特别是给空腔的整个表面都涂层。
至少一个空腔或多个空腔可以充有气体比如空气。至少一个空腔在此可以部分地或者完全地被抽真空。这进一步减小了导热率。但气体填充物优选也可以由氮气或惰性气体特别是氩、氙或氪构成。对于当今的绝热材料而言，气体传导—相比于固体传导—起到决定性的作用，因为。空气的作用（λ=0.026Wm-1K-1）例如比聚苯乙烯的作用（λ=0.040Wm-1K-1）仅约低三分之一。对此仅能通过减小气体传导来进行实质性改善。目前为止，可以主要要么通过具有明显小于空气的导热率的惰性气体，要么通过真空，来实现所述减小气体传导。
但在建筑领域很少使用含惰性气体的绝热材料，因为其制造牵涉到高昂成本，因而这种绝热材料没有足够大的经济效益。另一方面，真空绝缘物的寿命很短，因为其效力因流入的空气视支撑结构而定在介于0.1-10mbar之间的压力下就已经明显减小。
如果现在按照本发明的一种优选的改进那样，空腔中的气体处于低于大气压力特别是低于100-700mbar的压力下，则可以通过减小气体压力把惰性气体填充的成本减小至很小的部分，从而充有惰性气体的绝缘材料在建筑领域或者为了其它目的是完全支付得起的。而在会另任何真空绝缘丧失其效力的压力范围内，利用低压使得惰性气体绝缘物的效力得以保持，从而虽然有空气流入，但所述惰性气体绝缘物的寿命显著延长。
改善绝热的优选方式也可以为，给至少一个空腔装有潜热蓄热器。潜热蓄热器是一种能潜藏热能、损失小、能以多个重复周期长期地蓄存热能的装置。为此采用所谓的相变材料（PCM，“相变材料”），其潜藏的熔化能量、溶解热量或吸收热量明显大于它基于其正常的比热容（无相变效果）所能蓄存的热量。潜热蓄热器利用蓄存介质的可逆的热动力学的状态变化比如固-液相变的焓来工作。在此，利用固-液相变是最常用的原理。
根据一种特别有利的设计，承载部件具有多个特别是蜂窝状的空腔，其中，根据WO2011/032299A1的蜂窝结构部件尤为有利。
根据本发明的一种优选的改进，承载部件可以特别轻易地且成本低廉地制得，如果它包括至少一个聚合物膜，该聚合物膜承载着金属的优选气密的涂层。相关内容例如参见根据WO2011/032299A1的蜂窝结构部件。尽管使用了聚合物膜，但为了实现使得承载部件带有足够的稳固性和强度，在此优选地规定，聚合物膜被结构化而形成至少一个空腔，其中，优选通过对膜的深冲来产生结构化。涂层优选敷设在聚合物膜的两侧。
根据本发明的第二方面，规定一种用于制造绝缘部件的方法，包括设置承载部件，该承载部件由具有小导热率的材料比如聚合物构成，该承载部件带有金属的特别是由银构成的优选气密的涂层，该涂层的敷设层厚小于80nm特别是小于50nm。如已提到的那样，涂层优选通过溅射沉积来敷设。
作为承载部件，优选使用至少一个经过涂层的聚合物膜。在这种情况下，确切地说，特别是当承载部件被构造成根据WO2011/032299A1的蜂窝结构部件时，该方法的优选实施方式可以为，聚合物膜在未结构化状态下设置有涂层，然后通过深冲对经过涂层的膜进行结构化，把聚合物膜加工成承载部件，通过深冲得到的结构化物在承载部件内部至少部分地限定至少一个空腔。涂层特别是溅射因而在深冲之前进行，将会惊奇的观察到，聚合物膜在深冲之后也保持其良好的反射特性。
若承载部件的结构使用了经涂层的优选结构化的多层聚合物膜，比如根据WO2011/032299A1的蜂窝结构就是这种情况，则承载部件的在无涂层时为45mWm-1K-1的绝缘值在带有本发明的银涂层的情况下减小至约30mWm-1K-1。
优选规定，涂层分至少两个涂层阶段进行。由此实现多重涂层。
适用于承载部件或聚合物膜的塑料特别是聚烯烃比如聚丙烯（PP）或聚乙烯（PE）、聚酰胺比如尼龙-6或尼龙-6.6、聚安酯（PU）、聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）或聚酯比如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）。
原则上，本发明的绝缘部件既适合于使得冷的内部气氛与热的外围绝缘，又适合于使得热的内部气氛与冷的外围绝缘。
本发明将借助附图中示意性地示出的实施例予以详述。在这些附图中：
图1示出本发明的绝缘部件的第一实施方式；
图2示出本发明的绝缘部件的第二实施方式，其作为蜂窝结构部件包括多个层；
图3示出图2的组装的蜂窝结构部件；
图4a为图3的蜂窝结构部件的六边形的蜂窝室的俯视图；
图4b为图4a的蜂窝室的沿着线B剖切的剖视图；
图4c为图4a的蜂窝室的沿着线C剖切的剖视图；
图5a为带有六边形蜂窝室的蜂窝结构部件的一层的俯视图；
图5b为图5a的蜂窝室层的沿着线A-A剖切的剖视图；
图6为蜂窝结构部件的俯视图，其包括两个组装的层，用于形成封闭的蜂窝室；
图7示出由多个蜂窝结构部件构成的绝缘部件的另一实施例；
图8和图9示出组装成绝缘容器的绝缘部件；和
图10示出包括本发明的绝缘部件的绝缘容器的一个实施例。
在图1中，绝缘部件用1表示，它具有承载部件2，该承载部件由聚合物例如聚烯烃比如聚丙烯（PP）或聚乙烯（PE）、聚酰胺比如尼龙-6或尼龙-6.6、聚安酯（PU）、聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）或聚酯比如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）构成。承载部件可以是厚度为0.05-0.5mm的聚合物膜。但承载部件也可以是厚度大于3mm的自承载的构件。此外，承载部件可以具有封闭的腔。承载部件在至少一侧具有优选银质涂层3。该银质涂层的厚度小于80nm，特别是小于50nm，优选小于30nm。
据图2所示的第二实施例，绝缘部件被构造成蜂窝结构部件，其具体地包括两个层4和5。第一层4是带有内凹6的层，内凹的形式为单侧开口的蜂窝室，其在层平面8中的边缘形状7也是六边形的，就像内凹6的端部即其基底面9一样。内凹6的壁面10基本上为四边形，优选为梯形，且相对于层面8基本上垂直，优选略微倾斜。第二层5是带有内凹11的层，内凹的形式为单侧开口的蜂窝室，其在层平面13中的边缘形状12也是六边形的，就像内凹11的端部即其基底面14一样。内凹11的壁面15基本上为四边形，优选为梯形，且相对于层面13基本上垂直，优选略微倾斜。两个侧面还在前侧包括平的面16和17，以及在背侧包括平的面18和19。例如对内凹进行深冲的侧面称为背侧面，而例如在深冲时不变地保持扁平的侧面称为前侧面。
图2也具体地还示出包括四个层的第二实施例。除了已述的两个层外，该实施例还包括两个扁平的层20和21。本发明的金属涂层在此可以敷设在一个或两个层20和21的外侧面上，或者也敷设在两个层20和21上。附加地或替代地，层4和5也可以设有反射性的金属涂层。
图3示出图2的第二实施例的组装的蜂窝结构部件，其中，两个结构化的层4和5的内凹6和11相互嵌接，从而形成封闭的蜂窝室，这些蜂窝室在附图中由于所选择的视图形式而看不到，因而未标出附图标记，但可由随后的附图看到。单侧开口的蜂窝室6和11的基底面9和14在此接触彼此相对的结构化的层的背侧平面的面18和19。而两个扁平的层20和21接触相应的结构化的层的前侧平面的面16和17，并封闭单侧开口的蜂窝室6和11。由此，除了在蜂窝结构部件边缘的蜂窝室外，该实施例中所有的蜂窝室都封闭。
图4a、4b、4c示出图3的实施例的细节。在俯视图4a中以及在沿着图4a的线B及线C剖切的两个剖视图4b及4c中示出一个独立的六边形的蜂窝室。单侧开口的蜂窝室包括在其端部11处的六边形的基底面14以及相对于该基底面基本上垂直的优选略微倾斜的壁面15，这些壁面基本上为四边形，优选为梯形。
图5a、5b示出图3的实施例的一部分。在俯视图5a中以及在沿着图5a的线A-A剖切的剖视图5b中示出带有六边形蜂窝室的蜂窝结构部件的结构化层。结构化层的单侧开口的蜂窝室包括在其端部11处的六边形的基底面14以及相对于该基底面基本上垂直的优选略微倾斜的壁面15。结构化层还包括前侧的平面的面17以及背侧的平面的面19。例如对内凹进行深冲的侧面称为背侧面，而例如在深冲时不变地保持扁平的侧面称为前侧面。在图5a中还用虚线示出当两个互补的结构化层组装时产生作为二次结构的带有六边形基底面的封闭的蜂窝室22之处。
图6所示为图3的蜂窝结构部件的示意性的俯视图，其包括两个组装的层（4和5，类似于前述附图），带有基底面9和壁面10的蜂窝室6以及带有基底面14和壁面15的蜂窝室11有助于形成带有基底面23的封闭的蜂窝室22，所述蜂窝室的壁面各有一半形成蜂窝室6的壁面10和蜂窝面11的壁面15。假定无论蜂窝室6还是蜂窝室11都是单侧开口的蜂窝室，就会得到一种蜂窝结构部件，在该蜂窝结构部件中有三分之一的蜂窝室22都是封闭的，但蜂窝结构部件的边缘区域除外。根据一种改进的实施例，由此可以通过相应的顶层得到一种蜂窝结构部件，在该蜂窝结构部件中所有的蜂窝室（6、11和22）都是封闭的，但边缘区域除外。
图7示出了蜂窝结构部件的一种改型的实施例，据此，在两个扁平的层20和21之间，除了图2中设置的结构化层4和5之外，还设置有两个其它结构化层24和25，它们如同结构化层4和5一样也具有形式为单侧开口的蜂窝室26和27的内凹。蜂窝室26和27彼此间的相对布置方式与层4和5的蜂窝室6和11相同。
图8和9示出组装成绝缘容器29的绝缘部件28。这是根据前述任一个实施例的绝缘部件，例如根据图1、图2-6或图7的绝缘部件。在根据图8的分解图中可看到，方形容器的每个容器壁都由绝缘部件28构成。但本发明的绝缘容器可以具有任何形状，例如也可以为球形、金字塔形等。
图10为绝缘容器31的横剖视图，其完全包围冷却腔33的内部部件30装有潜热蓄热器。装有潜热蓄热器的这些部件30可以是独立的模块，或者是绝缘部件的或绝缘容器的部分。部件30例如可以是根据图2-7的绝缘部件，其蜂窝室装有潜热蓄热器。绝缘容器31包括例如由壁部件构成的外壳32，在壁部件的内侧面上分别安置有绝缘部件30。
就前述所有实施例而言，蜂窝室可以具有充气。例如考虑导热率小于22mWm-1K-1的气体比如特别是惰性气体例如氙、氪或氩作为气体。在此，在蜂窝室中优选产生低于大气压的压力。所述室中的气压优选为100-700mbar。

Claims (27)

1.一种带有优化的绝热值的绝缘部件，用来限定待热绝缘的空间，包括承载部件，该承载部件由具有小导热率的材料构成，所述承载部件设有金属的涂层（3），该涂层具有小于0.2的辐射率和小于80nm的层厚，其特征在于，承载部件（2）本身具有多个封闭的空腔（22），限定所述空腔（22）的壁设有金属的涂层。
2.如权利要求1所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，涂层（3）由银构成。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，涂层（3）通过溅射沉积来敷设。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，涂层（3）是气密的。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，绝缘部件（1）被构造成嵌板。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，至少一个空腔（22）完全地或者部分地被抽真空。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，至少一个空腔充有气体，所述气体具有小于22mWm-1K-1的导热率。
8.如权利要求7所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述气体处于低于大气压力的压力下。
9.如权利要求7所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述气体是氙、氪或氩。
10.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，至少一个空腔（22）装有潜热蓄热器。
11.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，承载部件（2）包括至少一个聚合物膜，所述聚合物膜承载着金属的涂层（3）。
12.如权利要求11所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，聚合物膜被结构化而形成至少一个空腔，其中，通过对膜的深冲来产生结构化。
13.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述绝缘部件是自承载的。
14.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，该涂层具有为0.02-0.09的辐射率。
15.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，该涂层具有小于50nm的层厚。
16.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述封闭的空腔（22）是大体上蜂窝状的。
17.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，至少一个空腔充有气体，所述气体具有小于20mWm-1K-1的导热率。
18.如权利要求7所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述气体处于100-700mbar的压力下。
19.如权利要求11所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述涂层（3）是气密的。
20.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述绝缘部件用于输送容器或包装容器。
21.如权利要求1或2所述的绝缘部件，其特征在于，所述承载部件是板状的。
22.一种用于包装目的的容器，其壁均由至少一个根据权利要求1-21中任一项的绝缘部件（1）构成。
23.一种用于制造根据权利要求1-21中任一项的绝缘部件的方法，包括设置至少一个聚合物膜，该聚合物膜带有金属的由银构成的涂层，该涂层的敷设层厚小于80nm，其中，给聚合物膜在未结构化状态下设置有涂层，然后通过深冲对经过涂层的膜进行结构化，把聚合物膜加工成承载部件，通过深冲得到的结构化物在承载部件内部产生多个空腔。
24.如权利要求23所述的方法，其特征在于，通过溅射沉积来敷设涂层。
25.如权利要求23或24所述的方法，其特征在于，分至少两个涂层阶段进行涂层。
26.如权利要求23或24所述的方法，其特征在于，所述涂层是气密的。
27.如权利要求23或24所述的方法，其特征在于，该涂层的敷设层厚小于50nm。
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DE102014221619A1 (de) * 2014-10-24 2016-04-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Isolierstruktur für eine Batterie
DE102015113693A1 (de) * 2014-10-24 2016-04-28 Thermosecure Medical Equipment Gmbh Thermoisolierter Transportbehälter mit an den Wänden anliegender Thermoisolierung sowie Wandaufbau eines derartigen Behälters
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BR112013027023A8 (pt) 2018-04-24
WO2012142639A1 (de) 2012-10-26
AT511420A1 (de) 2012-11-15
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CA2833183C (en) 2018-09-18
CA2833183A1 (en) 2012-10-26
US20140117026A1 (en) 2014-05-01
US9598221B2 (en) 2017-03-21
BR112013027023B1 (pt) 2020-08-25
CN103917459A (zh) 2014-07-09
BR112013027023A2 (pt) 2016-12-27
EP2699490A1 (de) 2014-02-26

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