CN103917108B - 乳剂的稳定 - Google Patents
乳剂的稳定 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103917108B CN103917108B CN201280054310.0A CN201280054310A CN103917108B CN 103917108 B CN103917108 B CN 103917108B CN 201280054310 A CN201280054310 A CN 201280054310A CN 103917108 B CN103917108 B CN 103917108B
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- cocoa
- emulsion
- particle
- water
- emulsifier
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
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Abstract
本发明涉及可可颗粒作为乳化剂体系在用于稳定油包水或水包油型乳剂中的用途。另一个方面本发明提供了包含可可颗粒作为乳化剂的甜品,其不含任何合成的或人工的乳化剂,以及涉及制备此类甜品的方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及乳剂领域,更特别地涉及通过可可颗粒稳定乳剂。
发明背景
乳剂被广泛用于食品工艺,例如作为改善食品营养特性的方法,通过降低脂肪含量,和/或引入水溶性营养物和矫味剂。乳剂通常是借助不同的分子乳化剂获得的,例如乳化剂、蛋白质或两性聚合物(也称为稳定剂)。这些成分是制备基于稳定的可商购的基于乳剂的产品所必需的。有效的稳定剂和乳化剂体系已经存在,但是这些通常是基于化学修饰的成分。乳化剂和稳定剂通常被认为是添加剂,在很多国家的健康规定下其必须通过它们各自的E-编码在产品标签中告示,并且某些被认为是“合成的”成分,即通过化学处理获得。消费者对不含人工添加剂或所谓的“E编码”产品的需求是增加的。
因此,需要用天然乳化剂体系代替合成的或人工的乳化剂,所述的乳化剂体系可以提供必需的表面活性,同时不影响产品质量。
具有乳化性质的天然成分是已知的,但是它们通常不如合成的乳化剂有效和/或存在其它缺点。
特别是,已知卵黄具有乳化性质很长时间。EP2185003描述了用于冷冻甜品的稳定剂体系,其包含作为天然乳化剂的卵黄以及淀粉和柑桔纤维。然而,由于卫生原因所需的严格处理条件和非烹饪产品所需的储存条件,卵黄的使用具有相当的局限性。而且对于很多食品,不希望含有卵黄作为成分。而且由于它的变应原特性,在某些情况下卵黄的使用是有限的。
还已知皂树属具有乳化性质。然而,这种植物包含皂苷,其在一定浓度下对人体是有毒的。
已知蛋白质具有一些乳化性质。然而,通常它们的使用必须在食品标签中告示,因此被消费者视为添加剂。
目前在科学文献中已经确定固体颗粒也可以用于稳定乳剂(参见例如BernardP.Binks,Current Opinion in Colloid&Interface Science,7(2002),21-41)。通过使用固体颗粒,常规乳化剂的浓度可以降低,并且在某些情况下,乳化剂甚至可以完全被代替。目前,产生颗粒稳定的乳剂所选的大多数颗粒是合成的(聚合物骨架(lattices)、二氧化硅、金属氧化物、聚合的微凝胶体颗粒等)。天然存在的稳定剂的使用代表着一个有趣的延伸。然而,文献中仅描述了很少的天然存在的稳定剂。F.Leal-Calderon等人.,CurrentOpinion in Colloid&Interface Science13(2008)217-227提及了使用细菌和豇豆花(cowpea mosaic)病毒。最近,天然存在的石松(Lycopodium clavatum)孢子颗粒也显示出用于乳剂的有效稳定剂(Bernard P.Binks等人,“Naturally occurring spore particlesbehavior at fluid interfaces and in emulsions”,Langmuir2005;21:8161-7)。
目前文献中描述的稳定颗粒大都是非食品级的,并且为了能稳定乳剂,它们通常需要一些“活化”,即化学修饰,pH调节或与常规乳化剂或化学添加剂组合。WO2009/040341描述了使用食品级胶凝的纳米颗粒来稳定乳剂。然而,尽管胶凝的颗粒是食品级的,但是它们仍需要通过用于获得胶凝的颗粒的多糖的相关E-编码标示,并且在它们的制备中还需要化学处理。
因此,仍需要提供有效的方案来回答用于天然乳化剂体系的重要需求。
本发明的目的是提供食品应用中可以代替合成乳化剂的天然乳化剂体系。
提供特别是在制备甜品(confectionery products)中可以代替合成乳化剂而不影响产品质量的乳化剂体系是有益的。
发明概述
发明人令人惊讶地发现来源于可可的天然存在的颗粒可以用于代替常规乳化剂以有效稳定乳剂。
因此,本发明的一个方面包括可可颗粒作为乳化剂体系在用于稳定油包水或水包油型乳剂中的用途。
有利的是,本发明的可可颗粒稳定的乳剂无需添加任何其它乳化剂。
另一个方面提供了包含含有0.1至10%wt/wt可可颗粒作为乳化剂的的稳定乳剂的甜品。有利的是,甜品不含合成的或人工的乳化剂或构造剂。
另一个方面提供了制备乳剂形式的甜品的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)混合水相成分,
(b)混合脂肪相成分,
(c)将可可颗粒分散在水相或脂肪相之一或两者中,
(d)匀化两相,形成乳剂。
有利的是,本发明使得制备基于乳剂的食品并且特别是甜品成为可能,其不含任何添加剂或非天然成分。有利的是,稳定本发明的乳剂的可可颗粒无需添加任何乳化剂。有利的是,本发明的可可颗粒乳化剂体系可以代替特别是在制备甜品中的合成的乳化剂,并且无需在产品标签中告示。
附图简述
图1显示了使用不同来源的可可固体并且以不同的可可固体含量制备的本发明的实施方案的可可颗粒稳定的乳剂的显微照片。
图2显示了通过本发明的一个实施方案的可可颗粒稳定的水包油型乳剂的共焦荧光图。
图3显示了通过本发明的一个实施方案的可可颗粒稳定的油包水型乳剂储存的显微照片。
发明详述
除非另外说明,否则本描述中的%表示wt%。
本发明关注可可颗粒作为乳化剂体系用于稳定油包水或水包油型乳剂的用途。“乳化剂体系”应当理解为至少一种成分具有表面活性(tensoactive)性质。
在本描述中,“天然成分”表示天然来源的成分。这些包括直接来源于田地等的成分。它们还可以包括物理或微生物/酶处理(例如提取、发酵等)产生的成分。然而,它们不包括化学修饰处理产生的成分。
在本描述中,“食物成分”表示包含营养物的天然来源的成分,其被食用以提供机体的营养支持。
本发明的发明人令人惊讶地发现可可颗粒-天然存在的食物成分-能产生具有良好稳定性而无需添加乳化剂或构造剂或其它稳定剂的乳剂。
不同于文献中描述的稳定颗粒,本发明的可可颗粒是由天然存在的物质的食物来源获得的,而且无需活化以稳定乳剂。可可固体不归为食物添加剂,本发明提供了重要优点,使得制备的产品不含添加剂,例如不含所谓的化学乳化剂相关的“E-编码”。
令人惊讶地发现可可颗粒有效稳定乳剂,而无需任何合成的或人工的乳化剂。令人惊讶地发现可可颗粒显著稳定乳剂对抗聚结,并且更惊讶的是可以稳定乳剂对抗乳剂分层和沉淀。
适合地,可可颗粒可以具有平均粒度(另外称为平均颗粒直径)为约1至约200微米,优选约1至约100微米的粒度。在某些实施方案中,颗粒具有平均粒度为约1至约50微米,例如约5至约40微米。在某些实施方案中,颗粒具有平均粒度为约10至约20微米。在其它实施方案中,颗粒具有平均粒度小于10微米,甚至小于5微米,例如约0.1至约5微米。
无需结合理论,认为可可颗粒的乳化能力来自可可颗粒吸附到油/水界面。令人惊讶地发现可可颗粒显示出观察到的非常好的乳剂稳定效果而无需添加任何其它乳化剂、稳定剂或构造剂,并且无需颗粒的任何活化。
常规的乳化剂包括例如糖酯、聚甘油脂肪酸酯、聚甘油聚蓖酸酯(PGPR)、聚山梨酯(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇酯)、单甘油酯/二甘油酯及其衍生物、硬脂酰基乳酸钠(SSL)、磷脂、单硬脂酸甘油酯等。有利的是,本发明使用可可颗粒稳定乳剂,而无需添加这些乳化剂或稳定剂。
在本申请书中,术语“构造剂”应当被理解为具有结合和/或构造水能力的组分。构造剂包括多糖和/或蛋白质,例如角叉菜胶、果胶、胶凝糖、明胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸钠、黄原胶或球状蛋白质例如乳清蛋白质分离物、卵白蛋白质分离物、大豆蛋白质分离物或其它来自动物或植物来源的球状蛋白质分离物中包含的那些。有利的是,本发明能制备基于乳剂的食品、特别是甜品,而无需这些构造剂。
有利的是,本发明能制备基于乳剂的食品、特别是甜品,其不含人工或合成的乳化剂。有利的是,本发明能制备不含单甘油酯、二甘油酯和它们的衍生物的食品。有利的是,本发明能制备基于乳剂的食品、特别是甜品,其不含单油酸甘油酯、聚甘油酯和聚蓖酸的聚甘油酯。
本发明的发明人令人惊讶地发现可可颗粒能产生具有异常稳定性的乳剂,而无需乳化剂、构造剂或其它稳定剂。
不同于文献中描述的稳定剂,可可颗粒是由天然存在的物质的食物来源获得,而且无需活化以稳定乳剂。由于可可固体不归为食物添加剂,本发明提供了重要优点,使得制备的产品不含添加剂,例如不含所谓的“E-编码”。
可可颗粒的来源和/或脂肪含量不重要。可可颗粒可以由不同来源的可可固体获得,例如可可液、可可粉、可可纤维和/或任何其它来源的可可固体。具有任何脂肪含量的可可颗粒是可行的。
发明人令人惊讶地发现用不同的可可固体获得的乳剂非常稳定,与可可固体脂肪含量无关。然而通常地预期可可颗粒中不同的脂肪含量(例如0.1至约60%)将对可可颗粒的亲水性有显著作用,因此对稳定乳剂的有效性有显著作用,因为它会修饰它们的润湿性。
任何脂肪含量的可可颗粒是可行的,例如具有约0.1%至约55%的脂肪含量的可可固体。在某些实施方案中,可可颗粒是脱脂的可可粉。脱脂的可可粉的脂肪含量可以小于约1%,通常脱脂的可可粉的脂肪含量为约0.1%至小于10%。在某些实施方案中,可可颗粒是标准的可可粉。标准的可可粉通常具有约10%至约15%、例如约10%至约12%的脂肪含量。在某些实施方案中,可可颗粒是高脂肪的可可粉。高脂肪的可可粉通常可以具有约20%或更高、例如约20%至约25%、例如约20至约22%的脂肪含量。在某些实施方案中,可可颗粒是可可纤维。可可纤维通常具有约5%的脂肪含量。在某些实施方案中,可可颗粒是可可液的可可固体。这些可可固体具有相对高的脂肪含量,通常脂肪含量为至少50%,例如脂肪含量为约50%至约55%。
发现可可颗粒能稳定乳剂,显著对抗聚结。甚至更令人惊讶地发现可可颗粒产生具有显著降低的可可颗粒沉淀的乳剂。可可颗粒比水更稠,因此在缺少常规化学乳化剂、稳定剂和/或构造剂下预期会沉淀在底部,然而令人惊讶的是,本发明制备的乳剂具有对抗可可颗粒沉淀的良好的稳定性。同时还令人惊讶地观察到可可颗粒显著稳定乳剂对抗油滴相的乳状液分层。
有利的是,可可颗粒可以用于代替常规乳化剂和/或构造剂,从而有效稳定甜品中的乳剂。
本发明人令人惊讶地发现可可颗粒能显著稳定油包水型乳剂以及水包油型乳剂。这特别有利于应用于甜品。因此在一个优选的方面,本发明提供了可可颗粒作为乳化剂体系在用于稳定油包水型乳剂中的用途。
本发明的一个方面提供了包含含有可可颗粒作为乳化剂的稳定乳剂的甜品,其中不含任何合成的或人工的乳化剂或构造剂。
含有乳剂的甜品可以是巧克力、巧克力样(例如包括可可脂替代品或可可脂等价物)、巧克力酱、巧克力汁、涂层巧克力、冰淇淋的涂层巧克力、果仁糖(praline)、巧克力填充物、软糖、奶油夹心巧克力、冷冻的奶油夹心巧克力、挤出的巧克力产品等。甜品可以是任何常规形式,例如充气的产品、棒状、酱、汁或填充等形式。它还可以是包裹物、巧克力层、巧克力块、巧克力片、巧克力滴状物或成型的巧克力等形式。甜品还可以包括包裹物例如谷物,例如展开的或烘烤的米或干燥的水果片等。
作为乳化剂所包含的可可颗粒的量取决于其中乳剂产品所需的性质。通常可可颗粒是以甜品的约0.1至约20%wt/wt的量存在的,优选约0.1至约10%wt/wt,例如约1至约10%wt/wt。在优选的实施方案中,乳化剂是通过可可颗粒提供的,以占甜品的约2%至约10%的量存在。
在本说明书中,术语“脂肪相”应当被理解为包括与油或脂肪可混溶的任何固体和/或液体成分,或具有溶解在油或脂肪中的能力的任何固体和/或液体成分,并且“水相”包括与水可混溶的任何固体和/或液体成分,或具有溶解在水中的能力的任何固体和/或液体成分。
甜品可以含有糖。这些糖包括蔗糖、果糖、糖替代物例如多元醇(例如麦芽糖醇、拉克替醇、异麦芽酮糖醇(isomalt)、赤藓醇、山梨醇、甘露醇、木糖醇)或填充剂例如聚右旋糖或其它甜味剂例如塔格糖或高强度甜味剂例如糖精、阿司帕坦、乙酰舒泛K、环氨酸盐、新橙皮苷、thaumathin、三氯蔗糖(sucralose)、阿力甜、纽甜(neotame)或其任何组合。
甜品可以包含成分例如矫味剂、着色剂或乳成分。通常矫味剂用于添加香料例如香草、覆盆子、橙子、薄荷、柑橘、草莓、杏、薰衣草香料等,以及任何其它水果、坚果或花矫味剂等。乳成分可以是液体乳或乳粉,全脂、部分脱脂或脱脂的,以及去乳糖或未去乳糖的。
在甜品中,脂肪相通常是可可脂、可可脂取代物、可可脂替代物、可可改进剂和/或可可脂等价物等。
可可脂取代物是由棕榈树果实的仁通过分级和/或棕榈仁油氢化获得的月桂脂肪。它包含约55%月桂酸、20%肉豆蔻酸和7%油酸,可可脂取代物不能与可可脂混合。可可脂等价物是具有与可可脂类似的化学和物理特性的植物脂肪,其是通过混合其它脂肪的不同级分或通过互酯化获得的,并且其可以在任何配方中与可可脂互换使用。可可脂替代物是通过非月桂植物脂肪形成,其可以与可可脂混合,但仅以有限的比例:它们具有与可可脂类似的物理特性,但不同的化学特性。可可脂替代物可以用于部分基于可可块或可可脂的配方。可可脂改进剂是更硬的可可脂等价物,其不仅在它们的相容性中是等价的,而且改善了某些较软质量的可可脂的硬度。
有利的是,本发明提供了在不含任何添加的乳化剂、构造剂或其它稳定剂的情况下制备基于具有非常好稳定性的乳剂的甜品。有利的是,本发明提供了制备基于乳剂的具有非常好的乳剂稳定性的甜品,其通过作为乳化剂的可可颗粒来稳定,并且不添加任何其它乳化剂并且无需对可可颗粒进行任何活化步骤/处理。
用本发明的可可颗粒稳定的乳剂可以根据制备乳剂的常规方法制备。
根据一个实例性方法,在某些实施方案中,制备乳剂形式的甜品的方法包括以下步骤:
(a)混合水相成分;
(b)混合脂肪相成分;
(c)将可可颗粒分散在水相或脂肪相之一或两者中;
(d)匀化两相,形成乳剂。
在某些实施方案中,为了制备水包油型乳剂,将可可颗粒分散在水相中,并且在搅拌形成乳剂前,将油/脂肪相添加到水相中。在其它实施方案中,为了制备油包水型乳剂,将可可颗粒分散在油/脂肪相中,并且在搅拌形成乳剂前,将水相添加到油/脂肪相中。匀化通常用于提供形成乳剂的搅拌,然而其它常规技术是可以考虑的。
有利的是,本发明使得制备基于乳剂的食品并且特别是甜品成为可能,其不含任何添加剂或非天然成分。有利的是,可可颗粒稳定的本发明的乳剂无需添加任何乳化剂、构造剂或其它稳定剂。有利的是,可可颗粒稳定的本发明的乳剂无需对可可颗粒进行任何活化步骤/处理。
本文所用的术语“约”通常应当被理解为表示数值范围内的数值。而且,本文的所有数值范围应当被理解为包括范围内的每个整数。
将本申请中引用的所有专利和非专利文献的全部内容并入本文作为参考。
本发明将在下列非限制性实施例中进一步详细描述。
实施例
实施例1:用可可颗粒稳定的水包向日葵油(O/W)型乳剂的制备
水包油型乳剂是应用20%重量纯的向日葵油作为脂肪相制备的。水相包括其中分散不同可可颗粒来源的水(可可粉6%wt/wt的水相)。将油相缓慢加在水相上,并且水包油型乳剂是应用配备精细乳化剂筛网的匀化器(L5M Series,Silverson,UK)以8000rpm操作两分钟而制备的。
表1给出了试验的可可粉的列表。
表1.作为乳剂稳定剂试验的可可粉列表。可可粉的粒度如下述测量。
可可固体的粒度测量:
粒度分布是在低角度激光衍射粒度分析仪(LS13320series Beckman Coulter,Inc,UK)下使用Fraunhofer光学模型测量的。平均大小是用d4,3体积均值评估的。可可固体是用水作为分散剂测量的。
所有可可粉都获得均匀的乳剂。乳剂的滴径(droplet size)是根据下述方法测量。将乳剂样品在室温储存5天,然后测量滴径,以检查乳剂的稳定性。
可可颗粒稳定的W/O型乳剂的滴径测量
乳剂滴径分布是在低角度激光衍射粒度分析仪(LS13320series BeckmanCoulter,Inc,UK)下测量。平均大小是用d4,3体积均值评估的。乳剂测量是用水作为分散剂测量的,并且使用Fraunhofer光学模型。历经一段储存期监测乳剂滴径,并且滴直径的变化用作测量稳定性。滴径没有变化或略微增加表示稳定的乳剂,而滴径显著增加是滴聚结的证据,因此是不稳定的乳剂。
表2给出了结果并且显示出乳剂非常稳定对抗聚结。
表2:在第1天(当它们制备时)和第6天(在环境温度储存5天后)测量的可可粉稳定的乳剂的滴径。
实施例2:用可可颗粒稳定的水包玉米油(O/W)型乳剂的制备
首先,将不同来源的可可固体分散在蒸馏水中,随后添加精制的玉米油(MazolaTM当地商店购买的油)。试验五种不同来源的可可固体,并且细节见表3。制备的乳剂包含基于乳剂总重量的55%w/w油和10至15%w/w的可可固体,水是平衡成分,补充乳剂的剩余部分。使用配备乳化剂滤网的Silverson L4R混合器将混合物以8,000 rpm乳化4分钟。对于包含可可块的乳剂,乳化是在55℃进行的。制备后将样品在4℃放置原状,用于稳定性试验。样品的稳定性是通过目视观察和显微镜检查的。
可可固体来源 | 参考 | 脂肪含量,% | 粒度,d90(μm) |
可可液 | CM | 55 | 未测量 |
高脂肪可可粉 | HFCP | 22 | 104 |
标准可可粉 | SCP | 11 | 46 |
标准可可粉 | 2hr SCP | 11 | 14 |
高度脱脂的可可粉 | HDCP | 0.1 | 34 |
表3.所用的多种可可固体的脂肪含量和粒度。
使用表3所列的不同类型的可可固体成功制备了乳剂。参考“2hr SCP”表示标准可可粉“SCP”的样品,其应用行星式小型研磨机(PULVERISETTE 7 classic line, FritschGmbH, Germany)和20 g 1 mm直径球以800 rpm进行湿磨2小时。在任何乳剂样品中没有观察到油分离。乳状液分层的程度随可可固体来源而不同。所有的乳剂样品对乳状液分层都稳定。在4℃储存7天后,乳剂样品保持稳定,没有观察到油分离,并且乳状液分层的程度保持几乎不变。
乳剂样品是在配备20×放大镜片和数字照相机(megapixel Fireware PL-A662,Pixelink)的光学显微镜(Leitz Microscope Company)下分析的,并且在制备的第1天(第1天)和制备后7天(第8天)获取用不同来源的可可固体和不同可可固体含量制备的可可颗粒稳定的乳剂的显微照片。图2显示了第1天和第8天获取的显微照片。
在第1天,乳剂的滴径分布显示出随着可可固体含量的增加(即从10%w/w可可固体含量至15%w/w可可固体含量)没有任何显著变化。含有2hr SCP和可可液的乳剂的滴表现出最一致的滴径分布。在4℃储存8天后,照片显示乳剂的滴径分布仅轻微变化。含有可可粉2hr SCP(C)的样品表现出最稳定,仅观察到滴径非常小的变化。值得注意的是含有可可液(D)的样品显示出在4℃储存过程中可可脂的结晶。
用可可粉稳定的乳剂的共焦荧光图是在Leica TCS SP Confocal ScanningLaser Microscope(CSLM)上在488nm波长下获取的。图2显示了可可粉稳定的粗制乳剂的代表性的CLSM图。图2的共焦荧光图显示了覆盖油滴的可可颗粒。CLSM图非常清楚显示可可粉以不溶性颗粒存在于水相中。因此,认为可可粉良好的乳化能力来自可可颗粒吸附在油/水界面上,即系统用作可可颗粒稳定的Pickering乳剂。
实施例3:用可可颗粒稳定的向日葵油包水(W/O)型乳剂的制备
油包水型乳剂是用95%纯的向日葵油制备的。将标准可可“SCP“(脂肪含量11%,粒度46μm)分散在油相中(6%的油相),并且将作为水相的水(平衡w/w)缓慢添加在油相上,并且用没有配方滤网的匀浆器(L5M Series,Silverson,UK)以3000rpm操作2分钟制备水包油型乳剂。获得均匀的乳剂,然后将其在室温储存,用于稳定性检查。
乳剂样品是在如实施例2的显微镜下在第1天(制备日)、第3天和第6天分析,并且图4显示了显微照片。即使在第6天(制备后储存5天后),乳剂仍然稳定。由图3可以看出储存5天后(第6天)观察到乳剂的滴径分布仅有非常轻微的变化。
Claims (6)
1.可可颗粒作为乳化剂体系在用于稳定油包水或水包油型乳剂中的用途,其中颗粒的平均粒度为0.1至20μm,其中所述乳剂含有0.1至10%wt/wt所述可可颗粒,不含任何合成的或人工的乳化剂。
2.权利要求1的用途,其中乳剂是油包水型乳剂。
3.权利要求1或2的用途,其中乳剂是用于甜品。
4.包含含有0.1至10%wt/wt可可颗粒作为乳化剂不含任何合成的或人工的乳化剂或构造剂的乳剂的甜品,其中颗粒的平均粒度为0.1至20μm。
5.权利要求4的甜品,其中乳剂是油包水型乳剂。
6.制备权利要求4或5的甜品的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
(i)混合水相成分,
(j)混合脂肪相成分,
(k)将可可颗粒分散在水相或脂肪相之一或两者中,
(l)匀化两相,形成乳剂,
其中颗粒的平均粒度为0.1至20μm。
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US11213042B2 (en) | 2022-01-04 |
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